Phraseological musaku: Mienzaniso

Anoshandura chomutsara - ndiwo bane naani inodzidza mutauro wokumwe, nekuti kana atarisana navo, vanhu kazhinji havagoni kunzwisisa zviri pangozi. Kakawanda, kunzwisisa mupfungwa mashoko, zvakakodzera kushandisa duramazwi pamusoro phraseological anofambidzana, izvo vasiri nguva dzose pedyo. Zvisinei, pane kugadzirisa - unogona kukudziridza kwaniso kuziva idioms, ipapo zvichava nyore kunzwisisa zvaanoreva. Zvisinei, nokuti ichi unofanira kuziva kuti marudzi vari uye sei zvinosiyana. Pfungwa panyaya iyi inofanira kubhadharwa kuti phraseological anofambidzana sezvo ivo (nokuti akasiyana nzira classifying pavo) kusika matambudziko akawanda. Saka, chii ichocho, chii avo chinosiyanisa zvinhu uye chii maduramazwi unogona kuwana mazano?

Mitsara uye nyaya kudzidza kwake

Science Mitsara, izvo unyanzvi kudzidza anofambidzana siyana kugadzikana, mudiki. In zvemutauro Russian, akatanga kumira panze somunhu yoga chikamu chete XVIII remakore., Zvino pakupera rino remakore, akavonga Mihailu Lomonosovu.

Inonyanya akakurumbira Vatsvakurudzi ayo - nyanzvi dzemitauro Viktor Vinogradov uye Nikolay Shan, uye muna Chirungu - A. The McKay, William Weinreich uye L. P. Smit. Sezvineiwo, zvinokosha kuziva kuti vaitaura Chirungu nyanzvi dzemitauro, kusafanana necheSalvic nyanzvi, ndoda pfungwa inobhadharwa phraseological dzakabatana, Nehunde mumutauro ichi anopa Russian, Ukrainian kana Polish.

The chadzainyanya pamusoro yokudzidza riri kutaura chirango ichi ndicho dimikira kana wokufananidzira okuti. Chii? Kubatana uku mashoko akawanda, izvo chezvipfuwo marongerwo uye sezvamunoita (kwete akambochera patsva neimwe nguva uye kushandiswa kare akapedza muchimiro). Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kana parsing dimikira, zvisinei rayo mhando uye urefu constituent mashoko aro, nguva dzose anooneka sezvo rimwe mutongo.

Set Phrasen mumutauro mumwe nomumwe akasiyana chinhu, chokuita nenhoroondo yaro uye tsika. Hahugoni zvizere Kutamiswa pasina kurasikirwa zvarinoreva. Saka, shanduro kakawanda kusarudzwa zvakafanana idioms zvinokosha, zviripo mumwe mutauro.

Somuenzaniso, akakurumbira Chirungu phraseological mubatanidzwa: "Rambai minwe yako pamusoro kupomba", iro rinoreva kuti "rambai minwe dzedu pamusoro kupomba," asi zvine musoro kuti 'varambe sezvaaienderana kuitika. " Zvisinei, sezvo pasina mumwe zana muzana Russian ishamwari zvinonzi kutsiviwa yakafanana chaizvo "kunzwa kurova kwemwoyo".

Dzimwe nguva, nokuda napedyo nyika, mitauro yavo pane zvakafanana majana chomutsara, uye ipapo nezvinetso rokushandura ikoko. Saka, mashoko Russian okuti "twiddle" (kukanganisa kumativi) ane nemunun'una wake mumutauro wokuUkraine - "byty baydyky".

Kazhinji mashoko akadai kuuya panguva iyoyo mumitauro akawanda pamusana zviitiko zvinokosha, zvakadai akadai zvechiKristu. Pasinei Kuva akasiyana Christian masangano, muna wokuUkraine, French, Spanish, German, Slovak, Russian uye Polish dimikira "Arufa naOmega" rinotorwa kubva muBhaibheri uye rinoreva "kubvira pakutanga kusvikira pakuguma" (kwazvo, kwazvo).

Mhando yakatarwa mitsara

Panyaya kupatsanura Mitsara achiri-nyanzvi dzemitauro havana kuuya chete pfungwa. Mamwe chinzvimbo vavo zvirevo ( "Pasina zuva haugoni kugara, haagoni kurarama pasina inonaka") uye mashoko ( "Mwari hauzobudisi - nguruve Hamungadyi") uye mitauro clichés ( "rutsigiro nechido", "kushanda zvakatipoteredza"). Asi pavanenge vari vashoma.

Panguva iyoyo, mashoko rakakurumbira East necheSalvic mitauro anova kupatsanura nyanzvi Viktor Vinogradov, izvo anoparadzirwa zvose yakatarwa mashoko pamusoro matatu anokosha Categories:

• Phraseological musono.
• Phraseological kubatana.
• Phraseological anofambidzana dzayo.

A yakawanda nyanzvi dzemitauro dzinorondedzera Fusion uye kubatana ne rokuti "dimikira" (zviya, shoko riri cognate pamwe rokuti "fuza"), izvo zvamazvirokwazvo kureva kuti rokuti "dimikira". Izvi imhaka yokuti dzimwe nguva kuzochera musiyano pakati pavo zvakaoma chaizvo. Zita iri Zvinokosha kuyeuka, sapamazuva Chirungu phraseological musono, kubatana, Kusanganisa akatamisira achibatsirwa wayo - idioms.

Mubvunzo wokufananidzira mashoko

Bhururu Vinogradova Nikolay Shan vakasimbirira kuvapo rudzi rwechina - mashoko. Kutaura zvazviri, iye akagovana phraseological anofambidzana Vinogradov muzvikamu zviviri: chaiwoiwo anofambidzana uye mashoko.

Kunyange zvazvo kupatsanura pakati Shan uye zvinotungamirira vavhiringidzika tsika kuparadzirwa yakatarwa mitsara, asi anobvumira kuti funga zvakadzama ichi mitauro chaiyo.

Musiyano phraseological musono, phraseological kubatana, phraseological mubatanidzwa

Kutanga, zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti izvi akasimba dzakabatana dziri rakakamurwa kwemarudzi aya lexical pamwero rusununguko yenhengo dzavo.

Turnovers vari zvachose vasingasiyani, ane chinangwa hakunei kukosha yenhengo dzavo, ivo makadanirwa phraseological musono. Somuenzaniso: "Vanorodza fritters" (kutungamirira upenzi kukurukura), kupfeka munhu mwoyo pamusoro kwomunhu ruoko (kuva zvokutaura, rinoreva "kupfeka mwoyo pamusoro ruoko rwake"). Panzira, nokuti adhesions maitiro yemifananidzo kazhinji muka kubva kutaura nevanhu, kunyanya hachibatsiri kana mashoko mabhuku ekare.

Phraseological kubatana zviri kuzviraramira maonero, maringe yenhengo dzayo. Kusiyana adhesions, semantics dzavo imhaka kukosha vomumatunhu avo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ichi zvinosanganisira puns. Somuenzaniso: "diki asi zvakakwana aumba" (munhu anoita chinhu zvakanaka, pasinei ayo asina hunoshamisa zvokunze Data) uye Ukrainian dimikira: "katyuzі pamusoro zasluzі" (mutadzi vakapiwa zvakakodzera kurohwa wake zvakaipa). Nenzira, mienzaniso miviri inoratidza rakasiyana kuchiitwa unities: rhymed consonance. Zvichida ndokusaka Viktor Vinogradov akaiverenga zvirevo uye mashoko, kunyange zvazvo ndezvaJehovha mitsara vachiri nharo nevanhu nyanzvi dzemitauro zhinji.

Mhando wechitatu: Kuwanikwa nemutsara collocations. Vava yakasiyana pamusoro maviri. Chokwadi kuti kukosha yenhengo dzavo zvakananga zvarinoita zvinoreva yose turnover. Somuenzaniso: "kunwira kudhakwa", "kumutsa nyaya".

Phraseological anofambidzana mumutauro Russian (sapamazuva wokuUkraine uye Chirungu) vane chaivo: zvinoriumba zvavo zvinogona kutsiviwa pasina kurasikirwa zvinoreva rakafanana nerokuti "chakagumbura rukudzo" - "kurwadzisa kudada", "naka mabhero" - "jingle". Sezvo muenzaniso mutauro vanozvikudza British - dimikira kuratidza munhu mazino (kuratidza meno), izvo zvinogona chakatorwa kuti chero munhu: kuratidza wangu (wako, ake, wake, redu) mazino.

Phraseological mashoko uye mubatanidzwa: nevamwe zvinhu

Kupatsanura Victor Vinogradova, sezvamakaropafadzwa murwiyo iri dzinounzwa mumwe chete Analytical chimiro (mubatanidzwa chomutsara) zvishoma nezvishoma vaisanganisa Nikolaem Shanskim. Kusiyanisa idioms uye wemishonga raiva nyore (nokuda kusawirirana kwavo maumbirwo). Asi chikwata mutsva Shan - okuti ( "kutya pamapere - mumasango arege kuenda"), zvakanga zvakaoma kusiyanisa kubva mubatanidzwa.

Asi kana kunzwisisa mubvunzo, unogona kuona mutsauko yakajeka, iyo inobva kukosha phraseological mubatanidzwa. Saka, mashoko okuti ine zvachose rwokutaura, zvakazara tinazvo akazvimiririra semantics ( "zvose hachisi ndarama - kuti glitters"). Zvisinei, kubva zvatinosiita zvirevo uye mitsetse, avo akasiyana kuti vane akatsiga mashoko regai komponiruyutsya itsva uye anoshandiswa rapera chimiro somunhu template, "horseradish radish haisi chinotapira" (Ukrainian shanduro "hrіn radish hakusi solodshy").

Phraseological mubatanidzwa ( "Rega aruise akagura" - "kupa ruoko kudimbura") anogara marongerwo vane mashoko mashoma unmotivated kukosha, zvinoumba zvose mashoko semantically zvachose akazvimirira apo ( "Man - unonakidza zvakanaka"). Sezvineiwo, ichi chiri kwavari zvinoita dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitauro chokwadi mashoko enzvimbo yakatarwa zvirevo.

Izvo zvose mashoko hakusi wokufananidzira okuti

Dimikira, mumwe lexical nemaonero, munhu akasiyana chakajairika: rumwe rutivi, vane zvose zviratidzo mitsara, asi zvivako zvakawanda zvakafanana mashoko. Achiziva izvi features, unogona kudzidza nyore kusiyanisa igadzikane phraseological anofambidzana, kubatana, Fusion kana mashoko kubva dzose mashoko.

• Dimikira, uyewo mitsara ine interconnected zviratidzo zvakawanda, asi vakawanda vavo zvaanoreva asingakwanisi kuenda mhiri Verengai zvavo zvinoriumba tsika. Somuenzaniso :. "Kuderedza musoro wako" (kumira kufunga nenjere) uye "kurasikirwa chikwama" Words anoumba dimikira, rinowanzoshandiswa yokufananidzira.
• Parinoshandiswa pakutaura uye kunyora sezvamunoita vakaumba mitsara neimwe nguva patsva. Asi kubatana uye Fusion vari kuramba kuburitswa wokupedzisira muchimiro (kuti kunovabatanidza nokutaura clichés). Phraseological mubatanidzwa mashoko uye phraseological mashoko dzimwe nguva nokuvhiringidza panhau iyi. Somuenzaniso: ". Kudzikisa musoro wake" "akaremberera pasi" (kusuruvarisa) kunyange zviri Mitsara, asi chimwe nechimwe yenhengo dzayo anogona takasununguka akazviratidzazve kwakajairika zvirevo "akaremberera jasi" uye
• Wokufananidzira (nokuda kutendeseka zvinokosheswa yenhengo dzayo) kakawanda hunogona kungoparara ne anoreva zvakafanana, haugoni kuita nemashoko. Somuenzaniso: mashoko okuti "muranda Melpomene," hunogona kungoparara kushandurwa kuti nyore shoko "Artist" kana "mutambi".
• Dimikira haana kuita mazita. Somuenzaniso, hydronym "Gungwa Rakafa" uye phraseological Tikafunga "kubvisa mwaka" (vasingadzikurudzire mwaka), "nhema akafa uremu" (nhema tsva zvinhu).

Kupatsanura pakati phraseological dzakabatana mu mavambo

Tichitarisa mubvunzo nezvekwakabva phraseological anofambidzana, mashoko kubatana uye splices vanogona kukamurwa mapoka akawanda.

• Mubatanidzwa iyo vabva vanhu inzwi, "kuwana pamakumbo ayo", "pasina mambo musoro wake" (benzi), "kwete, vhiki" (pfupi chaizvo rokuti).
• Professional Pedhi, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma dzikava phraseologisms :. "Black uye chena", "kudira mvura kuti chigayo", "panguva nzvimbo velocity"
• Izvo vava iconic mashoko akakurumbira evanhu kana mabhuku vatambi, firimu kutaurwa: "Chinhu chikuru kuti zvienderane Sat" ( "Wizards"), "Careful, vakomana" (M. Zhvanetskiy), ndine hope (Martin Luther King).
• Kugadzikana phraseological anofambidzana akakweretwa kubva nendimi, dzimwe nguva pasina rokushandura. Somuenzaniso: o tempora, o mores (nenguva, pane tsika), carpe diem (Batai zuva), tempus vulnera sanat (nguva anoporesa maronda ose).
• Quotes kubva muBhaibheri: "marozari kukanda" (nokuvuka / kuratidza chinhu romora vateereri / vanoiona), "kumirira kusvikira kwepiri" (kumirira chinhu kwenguva refu, uye zvichida musoro), "Mwanakomana Akapanduka", "mana kubva kudenga."
• Mashoko kubva venguva mabhuku: "Apple kupesanisa" (nhau nharo), "Greek chipo" (zvakaipa akuvadzwa mu achinyepera zvakanaka), "tarira Medusa" (chii chinoita kuti ndakadaro sedombo).

Other classifications: shanduro Petra Dudika

• Mukuwedzera Vinogradov uye Shan, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitauro vakaedza kugovera idioms, anotungamirirwa pachavo mitemo yavo. Saka, imwe nyanzvi akataura Dudik kwete ina, asi mhando shanu phraseological dzakabatana:
• Semantically indivisible dimikira "kuva pamusoro pfupi gumbo" (pedyo munhu kuziva).
• Mitsara kubatana looser semantics ari constituent zvinhu "sipo mutsipa" (kuranga munhu).
• Phraseological mashoko, inoumbwa zvachose kuzvimirira mashoko, kuti mari iri zvisingaiti kusarudza ndi. Dudik izvi kazhinji anorondedzera mashoko uye zvirevo: "Gus nguruve haisi shamwari."
• Phraseological anofambidzana - anofambidzana kunobva dimikira rinoreva "mutema ropa", "Hawkeye".
• Phraseological zvirevo. Dzinoratidzwa kushaya kubatana dimikira uye syntactic zvinoriumba: ". Chikuru zvimba"

Kupatsanura Igorya Melchuka

Kunze ose pamusoro kupatsanura vanofanira Mel'chukov phraseological dzakabatana. Maererano zvinonzi dzinounzwa zvakawanda marudzi, izvo akaparadzirwa muzvikwata mana.

• Dhigirii zvizere nguva, polufrazema, kvazifrazema.
• Basa pragmatic zvinhu pakugadzirwa phraseologism: kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro uye pragmatemy.
• Izvo mitauro chikwata hunosanganisira: chiratidzo, mutsara wokuti, nemarongerwo frazema.
• mitauro zvinoriumba chiratidzo dzinogara frazeologizatsiyu: syntactics kusaina, signifier ndokuratidza.

Kupatsanura Boris Larin

nyanzvi iyi vakagovera akatsiga mubatanidzwa mashoko padariro shanduka wavo, kubva munhuwo kusvika mitsara Mitsara:

• Shanduka mubatanidzwa (mubatanidzwa analogue uye wokufananidzira kutaura): "vherevheti mwaka".
• Vakafirwa vamwe zvikuru zvinoreva, asi vakakwanisa kuwana madimikira uye kufanana nevechiduku: ". Chengeta ibwe pachipfuva chake"
• Idioms, zvachose isina kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro rusununguko yenhengo dzavo, uye havachakwanisi kubatsira avo yepakutanga lexical zvaanoreva uye zvivakamutauro basa (analoginen phraseological adhesions uye kubatana), "pamaoko" (zvakaipa).

Common mienzaniso phraseological mubatanidzwa

Pasi mashomanana nokururamisira vanozivikanwa akatsiga mubatanidzwa.

• "Ivai akasununguka," (dzamira).
• "Meso chakaunyana" (kunyara).
• "Kukunda" (kurova munhu).
• "Nyaya minzwa" (dambudziko kunoda unyanzvi nezvazvo).

Kunyange zvazvo Chirungu idioms Vinogradov kupatsanura uye Shan haushandi Zvisinei, unogona kusarudza yakatarwa mashoko anogona semhosva mubatanidzwa chomutsara.
mienzaniso:

• Pachipfuva shamwari - pachipfuva shamwari yake inomubatsira (pachipfuva shamwari - shamwari pachipfuva).
• A Sisyfean basa (Sisyphean).
• A ndokudzika hondo - hondo yaityisa (hondo dzinotyisa - hondo yaityisa).

Phrasebook

Vakawandisa phraseological dzakabatana classifications nokuti kuti hapana wavo asingadi kupa vimbiso kwakakwana hakuna chikanganiso. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuziva chii duramazwi unogona kuwana mhinduro, kana iwe usingagoni zvakarurama kuziva rudzi phraseologism. maduramazwi All yakadaro rakakamurwa monolingual uye mitauro. Below isu ashandura mabhuku akakurumbira zvikuru mhando iyi, iyo unogona kuwana mienzaniso pazvinhu mashoko, chinonyanya kushandiswa mumutauro weRussia.

• Monolingual: "Training phrasebook" E. Bystrova; "Kupisa pashoko - Dictionary zvavo Mitsara" V. Kuzmich; "Phraseological duramazwi wokuRussia Language" Fedoseev; "Phraseological duramazwi wokuRussia mabhuku mutauro" I. Fedoseyev uye "Big nenjere-phrasebook" M. Michelson.
• Mitauro: "Chirungu-Russian phrasebook" (yakatarwa mitsara zviuru makumi maviri) A. Kunin, "Great chiPolish-Russian, Russian-Polish phrasebook" Yu Lukshina uye Random House Russian-Chirungu Dictionary Idioms Sofia Lubensk.

Zvichida vachiziva kuti dzimwe nguva zvakaoma pakarepo kusiyanisa chii howa runobva chimwe dimikira, nhamba iyi angaita kusimba kuoma. Zvisinei, kwete kuti dhiabhorosi ari kupendwa. Huru nzira kuumba kugona kuwana kodzero wemishonga mashoko phraseological phraseological dzakabatana pakati vamwe - maekisesaizi nguva dzose. Uye kune mitauro yokumwe - kudzidza kwakatangira izvi mitsara uye nemusoro. Izvi kwete chete kunobatsira kuti kwete kupinda vachinyara ezvinhu mune ramangwana, asi ndichaiita yakanaka chaizvo uye fungidzira.