KuCrimea: nhoroondo Peninsula. sei kuCrimea, uye chii ndiyo nhoroondo yevanhu vake?

A gore apfuura Crimean kweItari yaiva chikamu mamiriro Ukraine. Asi pashure yaMarch 16, 2014, iye chikatsiviwa "nzvimbo dzokugara" uye akava nhengo Russian Federation. Zvinonzi saka zvikuru kutsanangura kufarirwa sei kukudziridza kuCrimea. Nhoroondo Peninsula moita masaisai uye kwakakura.

Vagere munyika rekare

Nhoroondo vanhu Crimea yakatanga akawanda zvemakore. On Peninsula, vaongorori vakawana zvasara vanhu vekare vaigara kure shure sezvo Paleolithic yaitonga. Pedyo yokupakira Kiik-Koba uye Staroselie vanochera matongo vakawana mapfupa vanhu panguva iyoyo rinogarwa nzvimbo ino.

Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga BC, ivo Cimmerians akararama pano, kuti zvizivikanwe uye vaSitiya. Pachinzvimbo rudzi ndima, kana nani gomo racho uye kumahombekombe zvikamu zvichiri kunzi Tauris, muchiso, kana Tauridia. vanhu vekare vakaita izvi kwete chaizvo ivhu rakaorera kurima uye mhuka minda, uyewo kuvhima uye kuredza hove. Nyika yakanga itsva, vatsva uye rakajeka.

VaGiriki, vaRoma, uye Goths

Asi vamwe chekare chinoti chaizvo anoyevedza panyaya nzvimbo zvikazooneka kuti jeka kuCrimea. Nhoroondo Peninsula uye ane Zvisaririra muchiGiriki. Around 6-5 emakore fung BC, nharaunda akatanga nokushingaira nyuchi nevaGiriki. Ivo akatanga nyuchi rose, pashure yakauya yokutanga mamiriro. VaGiriki vakauya navo kubatsira yebudiriro: vaivaka temberi dzemitambo, nhandare uye dzimba dzokugezera. Panguva ino pane akatanga kuva shipbuilding. Hazvina kubva muchiGiriki kare dzakabatanidza kukura viticulture. Uyewo, vaGiriki akadyara nemiorivhi pano uye vaiita mafuta muunganidzwa. Zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura kuti pakaberekwa vavaGiriki nhoroondo Crimea akagashira kurudziro itsva.

Asi mushure emakore mashomanana, Rome simba vaiva ziso rake munharaunda ino uye akabata chikamu pamhenderekedzo. nepfari ichi chakavapo kusvikira 6 remakore AD. Asi chikuru kukuvara kukura Peninsula zvakakonzera madzinza Gothic uyo akapinda 3-4th emakore uye kuburikidza izvo akaputsa Greek mamiriro. Kunyange wakagadzirira nokukurumidza kumanikidzirwa mamwe marudzi, kukura kuCrimea kwazvo iyoyo seiyi.

Khazaria uye Tmutarakan

Crimea anonziwo Khazars vekare, uye mune dzimwe yaMakoronike Russian ndima iyi inonzi tmutarakani. Uye hazvina zita fungidzira yacho hwaakange Crimea. History akasiya Peninsula iri mubvunzo toponymic zita avo, izvo pane imwe nguva kana mumwe inonzi chikamu ichi pasi nyika vakawanda. Kutanga kubva 5th remakore, muCrimea yose inowira pasi yakaoma Byzantine simba. Asi kare muna 7th remakore, nharaunda yose Peninsula (kunze Chersonese) iri Khazar Khaganate, simba uye simba. Ndokusaka Western Europe inonzi "Khazars" inowanikwa muzvinyorwa zhinji. Asi Russia uye Khazars nguva zvose muvengi, uye munhoroondo-gore 960 kunotanga Russian kuCrimea. Khanate akaparadza, uye zvose zviri pasi Khazar Old Russian mamiriro uridzi. Zvino nzvimbo iyi inonzi tmutarakani.

Zviya, pano Kiev Prince Vladimir, uyo akatora Kherson (Korsun) muna 988 akanga pamutemo christened.

Tatar-Mongol muhwezva

Kubvira muzana remakore rechi13 nhoroondo annexation pakati Crimea zvakare nezvechinhu Muchiitiko nemauto: Peninsula asvika Mongol-Tatars.

Pane ari akaumba Crimean Khanate - kupesana Yechinwiwa Horde. Mushure Zolotaya Orda rinotsemuka, muna 1443 pamusoro Peninsula pane Krymskoe Hanstvo. Muna 1475, rikawira chose pasi pokudzora Turkey. Hazvina kubva kuita pano Kurwisa yakawanda pamusoro Polish, Russian uye Ukrainian nyika. Uye pakapera remakore rechi15, nechisimba zvinova kwakapararira vanotyisidzira kuvimbika zvose Moscow State uye Poland. Zvikurukuru, vokuTurkey vakanga vachivhima zvakachipa kubata vari akabatwa vanhu uye kutengesa vave muuranda pamisika kweTurkey nhapwa. Mumwe zvikonzero pokugadzwa Zaporizhzhya sich muna 1554 yaiva nemishonga kuti kukunda izvi.

Russian nhoroondo

Russian kuCrimea chinja nyaya mberi muna 1774, apo Chibvumirano Küçük Kandira akanga kakasainwa. Pashure pehondo 1768-1774 Russian-Turkish yakaguma anenge makore 300 yokutongwa hweOttoman. The vokuTurkey akaramba Crimea. Panguva ino Peninsula pane maguta pakukura Sevastopol uye Simferopol. Crimea huri kuwedzera, mari iri paakapiwa pano, anotanga kukurumidza maruva kuti bhizimisi uye zvokutengeserana.

Asi Turkey haana kupa urongwa vavezve kukwezva chikonzero uye kugadzirira hondo itsva. Tinofanira kubhadhara mutero kuna uto Russian, izvo haana kubvumira kuita kudaro. Pashure imwe hondo Chibvumirano Jassy akanga yakasainwa muna 1791.

Nemaune zvasarudzwa Catherine II

Saka, chaizvoizvo chimwe chiwi zvino chikamu simba roumambo, ane zita - Russia. Crimea, ane nhoroondo kunosanganisira zvakawanda achichinja kubva muruoko kuisa, dzaida simba kuzvidzivirira. Vakatodzidza kumaodzanyemba nyika vanofanira kuchengetedzwa kuitira kumuganhu kuchengeteka. Empress Catherine II akaronzesa kuna Prince Potemkin kudzidza zvakanakira uye utera annexation pakati Crimea. Muna 1782, Potemkin akanyora tsamba kuna Empress, iyo achingoramba kuitwa zvisarudzo zvinokosha. Catherine nenyora ake nenharo. Iye anonzwisisa sei kukosha kuCrimea kuti kugadzirisa dzakawanda zvinetso ehurumende uye dzimwe negwaro sezvazviri.

April 8, 1783 Catherine II akapa Manifesto pamusoro accession of Crimea. Chaiva yenhamo gwaro. Kubvira, kubva musi, Russia, muCrimea, nhoroondo umambo, uye Peninsula hwakada zvakanyatsobatana kwemazana emakore. Maererano Manifesto, zvose Crimean vagari vakanga akavimbisa kudzivirira nharaunda kubva muvengi, ndichengetedze pfuma uye nokutenda.

Zvisinei, vokuTurkey ari accession pakati kuCrimea kuRussia vakaziva masere chete pemwedzi. nguva yose iyi, mamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza Peninsula yakanga nerongo. Kana Manifesto yakabudiswa, wokutanga yokuvimbika kuna Russian Empire akapika vafundisi uye chete ipapo - yose kwevanhu. Peninsula yakaronga pakuzvichenesa kupemberera, mutambo, akatakura mitambo uye bhiza marudzi, pfuti kurira kwepfuti pamusoro mafayawekisi akapiwa mumhepo. Sezvataona kubudikidza vakararama, muCrimea yose nomufaro nokufarisisa, ndokupfuura kusvikira Russian Empire.

Kubvira ipapo, muCrimea, Peninsula nhoroondo uye mararamiro vagari vemo vakanga zvakabatana chaizvo kuna vose yezvakaitika iri Russian Empire.

A kurudziro simba kukudziri-

A Brief History of Crimea mushure annexation kuna Russian Empire inogona kurondedzerwa neshoko rimwe - "kutumbuka." Pane kutanga nokukurumidza kuva bhizimisi uye zvokurima, winemaking, viticulture. Mumaguta pane hove uye munyu nomumakango, vanhu aishingaira kukura dzaishandiswa ukama.

Sezvo Crimea ari noushamwari chaizvo uye akanaka ezvinhu, vakawanda vakapfuma vanhu Tsarist Russia aida kuti pano panyika. Machinda, nhengo dzemhuri youmambo, maindasitiri aiona kukudzwa akawana mhuri chivako pamusoro Peninsula. Muna 19 ndipo - mangwanani 20 remakore vakasuwa pane anotanga kukurumidza maruva kuti mapurani. Vakuru indasitiri, wamambo vakadzi, vepamusoro Russian vari kuvaka pano yose dzoushe kutyora mumapaki dzakanaka zvakachengetedzwa pamusoro munharaunda Crimea nhasi. Uye pashure kwamachinda Peninsula akatambanudza vemifananidzo, vatambi, vaimbi, vanodhirowa mifananidzo, theatre-goers. Crimea ari kuva tsika mecca yeRussian Empire.

Usakanganwa pamusoro salubrious okunze Peninsula. Sezvo vanachiremba vane nekusimba kuti mhepo yacho kuCrimea zvikuru akanakira kurapa tibhii, pano vanobudisa outorwa vachida pakurwara uku chinouraya. Crimea ava anoyevedza kwete chete nokuda vamwe bohemian, asiwo utano ushanyi.

Pamwe yose nyika

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 Peninsula yakazokudziridzwa pamwe yose nyika. Kwete akapfuura, uye October Revolution uye haizopereri hondo yevagari. Yakanga kubva Crimea (Yalta, Sevastopol, Theodosia) vakaenda ngarava kare uye nemidziyo, iro wokuRussia akasiya Russian intelligentsia. Izvi kwaiva vakawanda Kubuda nevachena. The nyika wakasika gadziriro itsva, uye kuCrimea haana kusiya.

Yakanga iri 20s remakore yokupedzisira kwakaitika kuCrimea kuchinja zvose-Union utano dzisina. Muna 1919, ivo Bolsheviks kubvuma "Mutemo SNK pamusoro kuchirapa nzvimbo National kukosha." Crimea rakanyorwa mu yake tsvuku mutsetse. A gore gare gare akasaina mumwe gwaro rinokosha - ". On kushandiswa Crimea kuti kurapwa vashandi" Chirevo

Kusvikira hondo, ndima kweItari kushandiswa senzvimbo dzisina kuti consumptives. At Yalta muna 1922 kunyange anopa kushandiswa Institute of Tibhii. Mari vari zvakakwana sandara, uye nokukurumidza SRI kuri kuva chikuru pakati nyika kuti kuvhiyiwa yemapapu.

Epochal Crimean Conference

Panguva Great Patriotic War, Peninsula yakanga pachimiro hombe nemauto kushandiswa. Pano isu akarwa panyika nomugungwa, iri mhepo uye mumakomo. maguta maviri - Sevastopol uye Kerch - vakagamuchira zita Hero City kuti rakakura kukunda Fascism.

Zvisinei, kwete pavanhu vose vagere nemakambani Crimea, vakarwa kurutivi Soviet Army. Vamwe vamiririri of Crimean Tatars vakatsigira nechisimba pachena. Ndokusaka muna 1944 Stalin akarayira pokubudiswa munyika Crimean Tatars kunze Crimea. Mazana nezvitima pazuva vakapinza rudzi rwose muCentral Asia.

Crimea akaburuka munhau nemhaka yokuti muna February 1945, yakaitirwa Livadia Palace muna Yalta musangano. Vatungamiri vatatu dzine - Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA) uye Churchill (United Kingdom) - nemasaini Crimea zvinokosha magwaro dzakawanda pamusoro iyo hurongwa nyika chave chichirondedzerwa vazhinji post-hondo emakore.

Crimea - Ukrainian

Muna 1954 kunouya mberi itsva. Utungamiriri Soviet anosarudza uchatamisa Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea. Nhoroondo Peninsula akatanga kuva Muchiitiko itsva. The chirongwa akauya pachake kubva ipapo musoro Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev.

Izvi zvakaitwa kuti kumativi date: mugore iroro munyika vaipemberera 300th musi unoenderana Pereyaslav Batsirai. Kupemberera zuva iri rinokosha uye anoratidza kuti kuRussia uye Ukrainian vanhu vakabatana, muCrimea hwakatamisirwa Ukrainian SSR. Zvino zvakaitika kuti kuonekwa hwose uye chikamu yose peya "Ukraine - Crimea". Nhoroondo Peninsula nichinaet anorondedzerwa munezvimwe yenhau pamwe yakachena pabhodhi.

Yaingova chisarudzo zvoupfumi zvatatadza, zvakanga zviripo apo kutora danho rakadaro - mibvunzo yakadaro kunyange akazviratidza panguva. Sezvo Soviet Union yakanga mumwe, hakuna munhu azopiwa kukosha kana Crimea achava chikamu RSFSR uye Ukrainian SSR.

Kuzvionera mukati Ukraine

Kana akaumba yakazvimirira wokuUkraine mamiriro, muCrimea vakagamuchira mamiriro kuzvionera. Muna September 1991, zvakanga vakatanga Declaration of State uchangamire Republic. A December 1, 1991 referendum wakaitwa umo 54% of Crimean vakawanda vaitsigira rusununguko rweUkraine. Muna May gore rakatevera, vakatanga kushandisa Constitution of Zimbabwe Crimea, uye muna February 1994 Crimeans wasarudza President of Zimbabwe Crimea rokutanga. Vakava Yuri Meshkov.

Maiva mumakore perestroika nokupokana rotanga kakawanda kuti Khrushchev akapa Crimea kuUkraine zvisiri pamutemo. Pro-Russian pfungwa iri Peninsula vaiva nesimba chaizvo. Naizvozvo, rekukwazisa mukana, muCrimea kuRussia.

Raiva Rakaoma Zvikuru March 2014 ndipo

Paaiva Ukraine mukupera 2013 - mangwanani 2014 akatanga kukura dambudziko guru-pamwero hurumende, yakawanda manzwi Crimea kuti Peninsula wadzokera kuna Russia. Pausiku 26 musi wa27 February kubudikidza vasingazivikanwi vanhu yokuRussia mureza akamutswa pamusoro pakuvaka Supreme Council of Crimea.

The Supreme Council of Crimea uye Sevastopol City Council adopts rondedzero pamusoro rusununguko Crimea. Panguva iyoyowo iye vakataura pfungwa kuomerera-Crimean zvose referendamu. Pakutanga, zvakanga yaizotongwa March 31, asi zvino vakatambura mavhiki maviri adarika - musi 16 March. Crimean referendamu zvabuda vakanga kunoshamisa: vari kuCrimea va- Russia akavhotera 96,6% kuti vavhoti. Zvinonyatsorehwa pamwero rutsigiro Mutongo Crimean kweItari vemo aiva 81,3%.

Ano kuCrimea anoramba kutora chimiro pamberi edu. Havasi venyika vose vakaona mamiriro Crimea. Asi Crimeans kurarama nokutenda mune ramangwana yakajeka.