Vanotsvakurudza vari Africa uye avo nomukova

Munyaya ino, isu tichareva mupiro akaita kukura nzvimbo vaongorori Africa. Zvavakawana kunge zvachose pfungwa Dark Continent.

Zvidzidzo wokutanga Africa

Chokutanga anozivikanwa rwendo vakapoteredza kondinendi African yave ichiitwa kare 600 BC. e. vatsvakurudzi muIjipiti yekare varayirwa Farao Neko. Mapiyona African akapota kondinendi uye vakaona ndisingazikanwi kunyika ino.

Uye kuMiddle Ages, chikamu ichi munyika akatanga kukonzera hombe mu Europe, izvo zvakaita kuti basa kutengeserana vokuTurkey, resold pane chihombe mari Chinese uye Indian zvinhu. Izvi chakakurudzira navigators European kuedza kuwana kwavo nzira India uye China kuitira kudzivisa Turkish Mediation.

Vatsvakurudzi African akazviratidza, uye yawanika zvikuru nhoroondo yenyika. Wokutanga rwendo yakarongwa nokuda muchiPutukezi Prints Genri. Mumwedzi wokutanga rwendo vafambisi yakawanikwa Boyador Cape, riri kurutivi kweAfrica. Vatsvakurudzi vakatsunga kuti ichi ndicho Kumaodzanyemba pfungwa huru. Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano vanodavira kuti muchiPutukezi kungoti kutya zvemo vatema. VokuEurope vaidavira kuti zuva rakanga rakarembera saka ingakuma nyika itsva, vanhu veko vanopisira dema.

Portuguese Korol Huan II akashongedzerwa rwendo itsva, rinotungamirirwa Bartolomeo Diaz, uye Cape of Good Hope rakaonekwa muna 1487 - chaiye Kumaodzanyemba pfungwa huru. Izvi yawanikwa yakabatsira vokuEurope kutungamirira nzira nyika yokumabvazuva. Muna 1497-1499 Vasco Da Gama akatanga kusvika India uye vakadzokera Portugal.

Systematize zivo vakawana kuchabatsira tafura "Vaongorori mu Africa", pazasi.

Shure kwaizvozvo zvakawanikwa, vokuEurope kudirwa Africa. Muzana remakore rechi16 vakatanga kwevaranda, uye rechi17 dzine zhinji kondinendi vatema wakabatwa uye nyuchi. Rusununguko zvichengeteke chete Liberia uye Ethiopia. Muzana remakore rechi19 vakatanga kushingaira kutsvakurudza Africa.

David Livingstone

WokuScotland akaongorora Africa David Livingstone aiva musayendisiti wokutanga European akabudirira kumaodzanyemba kuchamhembe kuyambuka Kalahari Desert. Akatsanangura renje nzvimbo, vagari vemo - nomutorwa-Tswana akagadzirisa uye anongofamba bushmen. In kuchamhembe Kalahari akawana maberere masango kuti kukura murwizi mabhanga, uye akaronga kuti kuongorora mikuru nzizi Africa.

Uyewo, masayendisiti akadzidza kwegungwa Ngami, River Zambezi, arondedzera ari Bushmen madzinza, uye bakalahari Makololo uye vakaona Lake Dilolo, yokumadokero eko izvo rinopa Congo uye kumabvazuva - Zambezi. Muna 1855 nayo akavhura mapopoma hombe, iyo inonzi mushure British Queen Victoria. Livingstone vakarwara chaizvo uye aenda kwekanguva. It akawana mufambi Genri Morton Stenli, uye pamwe chete vachiongorora Lake Tanganyika.

Most hwake akatsaurira muongorori muAfrica, aiva mumishinari uye humanist, vakaedza kumisa kwevaranda. Scientist akafa panguva imwe neboka ramakororo.

Mungo Park

Mungo Park akaita maviri nzendo kuti Black Continent. Chinangwa chaiva kudzidza muWest Africa, kunyanya ayo mukati, zvinotisimbisa enzizi Gambia uye Sinegal. Uyewo chinangwa chinodiwa chaiva kumisa chairo nzvimbo paguta Timbuktu, izvo vokuEurope kusvika panguva iyoyo akanga anzwa kubva veko chete.

Sponsor kunorwa akatora Dzhozef Benks, uyo aimbotaurawo rwendo Jakobho Cook rokutanga. The bhajeti chaizvo aizvininipisa - makirogiramu 200 chete.

Yokutanga rwendo yakanga ashandiswe muna 1795. Hwakatanga muromo Gambia, apo kunyange ipapo vaiva kugarwa Chirungu. Kubva mumwe wavo, mumwe mutsvakurudzi pamwe vabatsiri vatatu akakwira Gambia. The Pisani akamanikidzwa kumisa kwemwedzi miviri, sezvo nemarariya.

Gare gare, akaenda mberi kumusoro Gambia uye vabati vechibharo ayo NERICA, muganhu wokumaodzanyemba Sahara, apo akanga akabatwa. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare musayendisiti kutiza uye kusvika rwizi Niger. Pano akaita zvakawanikwa - Niger haasi panobva Gambia uye Senegal, kunyange zvisati kuti vokuEurope vaidavira kuti rakakamurwa. Vamwe nguva mutsvakurudzi anoenda kuna Nigeria, asi zvakare achirwara uye akadzokera pamuromo Gambia.

The rwendo rechipiri nani, vanhu 40 ariita. Chinangwa chaiva kuongorora Niger River. Zvisinei, rwendo kwakanga kwakundikana. Pamusana chirwere, uye apesane veko kuti Bamako vakakwanisa kuwana vanhu 11 chete vapenyu. Park akaenda pakundopambara, asi vasati chikepe akatuma mubatsiri zvinyorwa zvavo zvose. Vatsvakurudzi African havagoni kudzokera kumusha vachibva kunzvimbo ngozi nguva dzose. Park akaurayiwa pedyo netaundi Busa, achitiza kubva veko.

Genri Morton Stenli

Chirungu African aiongorora Genri Morton Stenli - akakurumbira mufambi uye mutori. Akapinda kunotsvaka asipo Livingstone pamwe Boka zvizvarwa zvemo uye akamuwana arwara muna Ujiji. Stanley vakauya mishonga, uye nokukurumidza akaenda kuna Livingston Amendment. Pamwe chete Akaongorora kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo Tanganyika. 1872 akadzokera Zanzibar uye akanyora akakurumbira bhuku, "How ndakawana Livingstone". Muna 1875, achiperekedzwa guru boka remasayendisiti yakasvika kwegungwa Ukereve.

Muna 1876, aine yokuzviparadzanisa vanhu 2,000, iyo akashongedzerwa namambo Uganda, Genri Morton Stenli vakafamba kwazvo, wakaiswa map Lake Tanganyika, vakaona Lake Albert Edward, yakasvika Nangve, Akaongorora rwizi Lualaba uye vapedza rwendo pamuromo Rwizi rweCongo. Saka, iye akayambuka kondinendi kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira. Travel musayendisiti inorondedzerwa mubhuku "Kuburikidza Dark Continent."

Vasiliy Yunker

Vatsvakurudzi Russian mu Africa vakabatsirawo zvikuru kudzidza Black Continent. Vasiliy Yunker anoonekwa somunhu mumwe vaitungamirira vatsvakurudzi of Yokumusoro Nile uye kuchamhembe chikamu Congo Basin. Rwendo rwake akatanga muna Tunisia, apo akadzidza Arabic. The chinhu kutsvakurudza musayendisiti akasarudza ichinaya uye kumabvazuva Africa. Nomunyika Libyan murenje, nzizi Bharaki, Sobat, basa, Jute, Tonzhi. Backer akashanyira nyika, Kalika.

Junker haana chete akaunganidza isingawanzowanikwi wemabhuku kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. zvidzidzo ake cartographic vaiva yakarurama, akaita mepu rokumusoro kunosvika murwizi wokutanga, uyewo musayendisiti akatsanangura nemiti uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, kunyanya zvakadzama netsoko yakawanikwa isingazivikanwi mhuka - shestokryla. Anokosha uye ethnographic data, izvo dzakatorwa Juncker. Paainyora duramazwi amarudzi Negro, akaunganidza akapfuma ethnographic muunganidzwa.

Yegor Kovalevsky

Vaongorori vakasvika yeAfrica uye kukokwa zviremera zvemo. Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky akakumbira kuuya kuIjipiti yomunharaunda viceroy Muhammad Ali. Masayendisiti ichiitwa kuchamhembe-okumabvazuva Africa, siyana Geological kudzidza rakawanikwa placer goridhe deposits. Ndiye mumwe wokutanga kuratidza nzvimbo panobva White Nile iye, akadzidza zvakadzama uye vakanyora mamiriro ayo zhinji nzvimbo Sudan uye shona, akarondedzera upenyu dzavanhu Africa.

Alexander Eliseev

Aleksandr Vasilevich Eliseev musi yacho kwemakore, kubvira muna 1881 kusvika 1893. Akaongorora kuchamhembe uye kuchamhembe-mabvazuva Africa. Iye akarondedzera mumashoko ose oudzame hunhu chavagari uye Tunisia, Gungwa Dzvuku uye dzakaderera kunosvika yorwizi rwaNire.

Nikolai Vavilov

Vatsvakurudzi Soviet dzaiwanzoshanyira Africa Dark Continent, asi pakati pavo Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov anomira kunze kwazvo. Muna 1926 akaita chikuru sayenzi rwendo. Akaongorora Algeria, Biskra oasis muna Sahara murenje, gomo munharaunda Kabylia, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia, Ijipiti, Etiopia uye Eritrea.

Bhotani vanofarira zvikurukuru muhomwe zvirimwa chidzoke. A yakawanda chose kuna Ethiopia, apo akaunganidza vanopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu specimens ose kukudziridzwa zvinomera uye vakawana anenge 250 mhando gorosi. Uyezve, zvakawanda pamusoro kasvisto dzomusango rwaiwanikwa.

Nikolai Vavilov akafamba munyika, kuongorora uye kuunganidza zvirimwa. akanyora "Five mumakondinendi" rimwe bhuku pamusoro kunzendo dzake.