History of Smolensk. Interesting chokuita Smolensk

History of Smolensk inofarirwa kwete chete kune vagari uye nevashanyi guta rino. Kunoonekwa zvakawanda zvakaitika National kukosha. Diamond guru Russia, inokosha-guta, guta-gamba, akatambanudzira pazvikomo 7 ... Kana vanhu nezvazvo Smolensk, taura nezvenhoroondo yose Russia, nokuti pano kuti kazhinji vayambuka yemberi uye nzira Yababa wedu.

Usati watanga nyaya nezvenhoroondo yeguta, vanoti mashoko mashoma pamusoro pana Smolensk. It riri kuchamhembe-kumadokero kubva Moscow, 378? Km kure, munyika dzokumusoro kunosvika kuna Dnieper. On Ndima yayo musha vanenge 330 zviuru. Man. Pamepu segwapa tsvuku Smolensk nharaunda.

A pebhanhire chinoratidza muguta Smolensk

Smolensk nderimwe remaguta ekare mu Russia. Ndiye chete zera sezvo Novgorod uye Kiev mukuru Moscow. History of Smolensk akatanga mugore 863, kana guta yakavakwa mumugwagwa "kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki." It temberi vekare, kuzvidzivirira yevhu rusvingo, nhare neshongwe anoyeuchidza pachake. Zvivako izvi uye zvivako takaona chidzoke uye pave Smolensk, uye nawo yose Russia. It Smolensk Region ndiwo musha Gagarin, Asimov, Glinka, Przewalski, Twardowski uye vamwe vanhu vanozivikanwa kunze mamiriro edu.

Very yakanaka Smolensk centre nhasi. The guta akakwanisa chokubatanidza mweya kare uye modernity rakajeka vakagwinya mhepo. Anorarama nhasi vakabatikana upenyu voujaya. Pane trendy Nightlife, vakawanda mumayunivhesiti uye cinémas. The zvekumwe tii, unodziya kofi zvitoro namazariro ruzha, dzinoungana, kuine, girini anovaraidza uye unyengeri makona mutinhimira reguta, ayo pulsation uye kufema.

Achitaura Smolensk uye Smolensk nharaunda, hazvibviri haana kucherechedza hunhu hwemunhu uye mumapaki, runako girazi-kufanana pose madhamu uye masango manyoro. vanoda Nature achakwanisa kufema sango mhepo, kushanyira isina kumbobatwa makona hunhu anogona kuwanikwa Smolensk Lakes - National Park.

Kuchinja pamusoro kwenguva, guta rino richiri kukwanisa kuramba wepurovhinzi runako, tsika dzekare uye akasiyana netsika. Zvomumhepo anopa ndivanaani Smolensk eclectic youth upenyu, achirova kiyi, uye tsika dzekare.

The kwaita Smolensk, mapeji enhau rokutanga

guta rino rakaumbwa okumusoro kunosvika of Dnieper River somunhu wedzinza muzinda-Krivichy Slavs. Smolensk History kunotanga kutaurwa wokutanga payo yaMakoronike Ustyug, iyo yakatanga kubva gore 863. In nyaya sei kukupfura Askold uye DIR vakanodzika musasa paguta mambo, anoti guta Smolensk panguva yakanga "chimvuramabwe chikuru kwazvo vanhu." Muna 882, paiva wokukundwa Prince Oleg pamusoro kugarwa ichi, icho anotaurwa wokutanga Novgorod Chronicle. History Smolensk kwakaratidzwa kuti akanga ari pakuguma IX remakore yakava chikamu Kievan Rus, asi vakatonga vechem kwenguva refu pashure paizvozvo. The manotsi kuti Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (the Byzantine Emperor) chokuita pezana X remakore, guta rino anonzi, pamwe Kiev nhare.

Smolensk mu XI-XII emakore

Mushure akafa muna 1054 Yaroslav Mudry, nepo Smolensk muduku akatonga vanakomana vake: Vyacheslav pakutanga, uye pashure pake - Igor.

Tiri kuziva muguta pakupera XI remakore inova guta chaiwo Vladimira Monomaha, yaakanga apiwa mukuwedzera Pereyaslavl South, ake ekare "fiefdom." Smolensk kwavabati yabudirira rusununguko enyika apo Rostislav Mstislavovich, muzukuru Monomakh. Rostislav noruzhowa muna 1134 Smolensk townsmen masvingo. Panguva iyoyo, guta rakanga kare guru kwazvo. Rakanga vakaperekedza ndichibvunza ibwe kuvaka mberi pasi vanakomana vake Rostislav Mstislavovich - Roman, ane pfupi yokumbozorora Knyazhye 1160 ne 1180, uye David (kubvira 1180 ne 1197). In Smolensk, kubudikidza kuguma XII remakore pane mapurani chikoro yakazvimirira.

On yakanaka nomunzvimbo dzine pfungwa ichitevedza Dnieper River, tine guru dzomumaguta uye yemamongi kereke, townsmen uye machinda chechi, uyewo episcopal makereke. Izvi akasika yakanaka Panorama pamusoro Smolensk, akaita pamusoro basa vanhu vakanga vabva kune dzimwe nyika, mupfungwa zvechigarire.

upenyu ungwaru kweguta

Literature uye Culture panguva iyoyo akasvika padunhu chechetere. Kana temberi vakasikwa mumawekishopu dzavanoshumira vaikopa mabhuku uye zvikoro achidzidzisa chiRatini uye nechiGiriki. Izvi vanofunga zvikuru vaibva Smolensk munyika, sezvo Clement Smolyatich, munyori uye muzivi, uyo akasarudzwa Metropolitan pamusoro Kiev muna 1147, uye Zvak Avraamiy Smolensky, "zvipo hanya yomufundisi" uye "Kudzidza" iro rinopembererwa musi siyana vakararama panguva yake.

Development rwokugadzira uye kutengeserana, nechisimba Batu

Kukudziridza Crafts uye kutengeserana. Muna 1229 tiri akaita chibvumirano domsaga, Riga uye kuchamhembe-German guta. chibvumirano ichi chinozivikanwa "Smolensk kutengesa chokwadi." Pashure kunokunda Boka Batu muna 1239, Smolensk vakapukunyuka Mongol kuparadzwa, kunyange zvazvo ivo vakabva aifanira kubhadhara mutero kuna Golden Horde. MuArabhu muna 1339 akaedza guta rinopandukira zvakare, asi akaona masvingo simba panguva nzvimbo Smolensk ichidzokera.

Smolensk sechikamu Duchy pamusoro Lithuania

guta rino kubva XIV remakore pasi kumanikidzwa Lithuania. Vytautas, Grand Duke pamusoro Lithuania, muna 1404 nokunyengera atora Smolensk pashure okukomba yacho-mwedzi miviri. Muna 1410 Smolensk, kuva nechekare chikamu Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, muchirongwa Hondo Grunwald. The brunt of Teutons akatora vatatu Smolensk chemazana chehondo, vaiva nechepakati hondo necheSalvic avanhu. Ivo vakarwa kuti rufu, vachifunga, chokwadi, mugumisiro muhondo iyi.

Kusunungurwa Smolensk, guta racho chiitiko XVI remakore

Apo Prince Vasily III muna 1514 Smolensk akasunungurwa. Akava chikamu Muscovy. Apo Ivan vanotyisa pakati pezana XVI remakore, zviri kuvakwa yevhu wepfumo itsva pomuouki nhare. Posad ari Dnieper dzinokwanisa kuwedzerwa, rinowanikwa rworuboshwe pamahombekombe dzomumisha itsva mbiri - uye Churilovskaya Rachevsky. John Kobentsel mutorwa, uyo muna 1575 akashanyira guta, achienzaniswa kukosha kwayo Rome. Polish-Lithuanian mauto, kunyimwa nhare, sokuronga zvinokosha kwavari, kakawanda akaedza dzokorora guta. Chisarudzo kusimbisa boka ravarwi kumadokero kumiganhu nyika rakatorwa pakupera yacho XVI remakore. In Smolensk, ane simba nhare rusvingo yakavakwa mumakore 1596-1602.

nechisimba Poles

City anomira mumakore 1609-1611 dvadtsatimesyachnuyu kukombwa, kwaakashandisa pasi hondo yose Sigismund III, mambo wePolish. Mune imwe tsamba Untitled inonzi kuti kurwisa zvisingaiti, zvainzi kuti kana Russian mamiriro akanga kupfuura zvishoma izvi "maguta krepkostoyatelnyh", vavengi vangavatake nepovadno kupinda Russian munyika. Kuvhiya Smolensk yakawira June 1611. Makore 43 chete gare gare, munguva yokutonga Alexei Mikhailovich, akasunungurwa kubva Poles uye akanga pakupedzisira apinda Russian mamiriro.

Great Northern War munhoroondo kweguta

Smolensk munguva Great Northern War akanga kamwe zvakare munzira vakundi. Kakawanda ndauya pano Peter I, muna chiitiko nechisimba yeSweden rakavakirirwa muguta. mambo ichi muna October 1708 pagungano City Hall pamutemo akasangana mauto Russian, uyo akakunda mumusha Forest vakaenda kubatsira Charles XII Swedish Corps pasi murayiro General Lewenhaupt.

The itsva chinzvimbo

Tiri kuziva muguta 1708 akapiwa idzva chinzvimbo - mamiriro guta dzematunhu. The jasi yekare maoko Smolensk, iyo chinofananidzira pfuti uye shiri paradhiso akagara pamusoro payo akatendeka muna 1780. Pazasi tepi sirivha nhasi Mashoko: "vakarumbidza nhare". Modern jasi Smolensk kukurukurwa pazasi. In Smolensk, kuguma XVIII remakore Vagari 11579 vagari.

The reunification risingakanganwiki wemauto maviri pedyo Smolensk

Munhoroondo Smolensk akanyora peji umhare muna 1812. Russian hondo 1st uye 2nd kuenda kubva kumadokero kumuganhu pashure nechisimba Napoleon, akabatanidzwa Smolensk. The French zvakasangana ne aishorwa zvakasimba Russian: pamadziro uye bastions kurwisa muvengi noushingi yairatidza masoja Russian. Batanidza mauto Bagration uye Barclay of Tolly pa Smolensk Napoleon kwakakanganiswa urongwa kuvakunda mumwe nomumwe. Munzira dzakawanda, zvanzi akasarudza mugumisiro Hondo Borodino (mukuru mukuru - Kutuzov).

Hondo Smolensk: mashoko

varwi French vaizodzvinyirira pasinei raiva zuva rokuberekwa mambo (Aug. 4) kupinda muguta rino. Uye pano August 4-5 kwakaitika Hondo Smolensk. Mazana magirinedhi uye nuclei, zviuru mabara vakanga kugeza guta. The French akanga zvinenge Inoziva pasuwo Molohovskimi. Asi rubatsiro akasvika, nenguva akamhanya mumadziro, Russian ndokupfura kubva parusvingo rechiFrench. Uyewo kumwe magamba Smolensk akarwa kure kurwisa. Takatora chikamu Hondo zhinji veguta, akatakura vakakuvadzwa kuguta chinoumba uye kudyisa nemasoja. Pasina kutya enyukireya, vakadzi vakauya migomo yemvura varwi vaneta. Kwenguva refu nguva mberi kudzivirira Smolensk. The French zvakare uye zvakare vaimhanyira taramba guta, asi nguva dzose hazvina zvazvakabatsira. Ipapo mambo Napoleon arayirwa kubatidza bhomba, uye guta vakakwira murazvo mumoto.

August 6 mangwanani rakasvika French, kwete pasina kutya chinhu Smolensk. In Gate Nikolsky I akadzinga Napoleon. Emperor mauto 4 mamazuva akaenda Moscow. Zvisinei, hondo Russian zvabatanidzwa, uye vakadzokera shure. Mauto Russian pamusoro Borodino munda, akafuridzirwa nokuvapo gedhi mufananidzo Amai vaMwari mumapoka avo (nayo aipfeka mumusasa pamberi hondo), unonyangadzwa kudenha chiFrench. ipapo Bonaparte ainzwisisa simba wokuRussia mweya.

Kudzoka Napoleon

Napoleon 2 months mushure kubatwa zviri Smolensk vakatiza vatova shure neuto rake nzara. Akaenda netsoka Smolensk October 28 nepamagedhi Dnepropetrovsk pasina mutambo, pamusoro nechando mumugwagwa. Sapakutanga, guta rakanga risina chinhu. Nenzara kuchitonhora, uye akasangana vakasara wehondo yake. Napoleon, chakatsamwisa izvi uye akarayira kuti kuridza masvingo eguta, zvinouraya kwaari, uye vakasiya kuti kumhanya pasi. Mudenga akabhururuka 9 Smolensk shongwe. Kubva pasi vamwe vakapindira rangers Russian akakwanisa kubvisa tambo dzaisveta.

Smolensk pakutanga XX remakore

Smolensk kusvikira pakutanga XX remakore yakanga wepurovhinzi taundi emapuranga. 283 2.698 zvivako chete vaiva ibwe. Muguta rino, maererano Verenga 1881, paiva 33.9 zviuru. People. Machechi 40 uye dzimba dzemamongi aiita Smolensk. Pausiku October 31, 1917 kwakaguma pre-echimurenga nhoroondo guta rino. It vakatanga peji itsva - Soviet Smolensk. Panguva iyoyo veko Bolsheviks, zvakaziviswa pokugadzwa simba Soviet muguta. Kuuya kuparadza, uye ipapo kudzorerwa upfumi, asi monstrous paitonga Stalin udzvanyiriri munguva yevaNazi basa.

The Great Patriotic War munhoroondo kweguta

Smolensk muna June 1941, kwakanga munzira huru nokurohwa mauto eGermany. Heavy kurwa nokuti guta yevhiki mbiri. Long-rokuti kudzivirira Smolensk zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti mheni kubatwa kuronga guru rakanga ichi chakakundikana. Pano mauto eGermany kokutanga muHondo Yenyika II dzakamanikidzwa kuenda pamusoro achizvidzivirira.

Muna 1943, 25 September, paiva pahondo Smolensk, somugumisiro iro guta rakanga vakasunungurwa. The hondo yakaunza kutambura kusingatauriki panyika. Military Smolensk akatambura inorema varasikirwa. Zvinenge kuti mujinga muvengi vakaparadza guta. Liberators pakati 157 zviuru Vagari kurarama pano pamberi hondo, akamirira vanhu zviuru chete 13.

"Key City"

Smolensk, dzichidzidzisa zvose tawira mugove wake pamatambudziko, akaita rakaramba rakasiyana nemamwe Kutarira. Akakomberedzwa namasvingo netemberi yekare, mwero shongwe uye anoshamisa monument - akafanana rinokosha muupenyu hwake, chokuita zvikuru nyika yedu zvichaguma. Smolensk tipone moto moto, nechisimba muvengi kuparadzwa, akawana mukurumbira murindi kumuganhu Russian wehurumende, zvava chiratidzo Russian uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika uye kutsungirira. Hakusi kuti hapana anonzi kiyi-guta.

Historical Museums Smolensk

Nhasi, nhoroondo reguta unogona kutaura naye kuti miziyamu. This Historical Museum, "St. Petersburg - Russian Shield" (yaifananidzira pazasi), "Smolensk Kukuru Patriotic War 1941-1945". Mumwe nomumwe wavo mhindu. Historical Museum achakuudzai pamusoro kare muguta kubva prehistoric nguva kusvika XX remakore. "St. Petersburg - Russian nhoo" riri Vokutinhira neshongwe, inova chikamu Smolensk nhare norusvingo.

By kushanyira nzvimbo iyi, unogona kuona nameso enyu rakasiyana nemamwe richienda neshongwe, vanokwira dzayo pamawere uye yakamanikana masitepisi mukati kuyemura yematanda kanopi, uyewo kudzidza pamusoro hondo dzakarwiwa pano ari XVI-XVII emakore, uye kuvakwa wakakombwa rusvingo.

"Smolensk mu WWII" - mumwe miziyamu riri muimba kare vaiva ne City vanhu School, yakavakwa muna 1912. Kuvaka ichi chivako chakatsaurirwa kuna centennial gore kukunda Napoleon. May 8, 2015 kuti miziyamu yakavhurwa pashure pedutu.

By kushanyira mamiziyamu ava Smolensk, uchanzwa nhoroondo yeguta, dzidza yakawanda itsva uye zvinofadza zvinhu pamusoro pake.