Nezvekwakabva mutero wemuTesitamende Russia: yokuvhota

Kutanga yokuvhota kuRussia chokuita nezita Peter Mukuru. Zvisinei, chimiro ichi mutero aivapo kare risati akazviratidza munyika yedu, pamusoro rweRoma yekare, uye gare gare - munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope, uye akanga akadzima mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 pashure pakatanga itsva mari mutero siyana.

Muna 1724: yezvisikwa vaverengwe, izvo haana kupinda vafundisi uye kwamachinda rakapedzwa muna Russia. Maererano migumisiro chacho uye yakanga kwatemwa mutero, iyo zvino yaifanira kubhadharwa nevanhu vose varume nyika, kusanganisira vachangoberekwa uye vakwegura. Yokuvhota - rinokosha mutero yaitarirwa vamwe vanhu munyika achitsigira hurumende yepfuma. Zvinofanira akayeuka kuti mutero yakadaro (kana mutero faira) iripo muna Russia kubvira muzana remakore rechi15, kubva kubhadhara uyewo vasingachafaniri vashumiri machechi uye chemhando makirasi ropafadzo.

Mumatsutso 1718 Kesari Peter Mukuru akabvunza unganidza Revizsky "rungano", kureva kuti kuitisa Verengai vose hono Vagari venyika. "Rungano" panguva inonzi magwaro anokosha umo zvose zvinoratidza migumisiro okuverengwa. Gwaro iri rinoti pachavo mashoko ari muridzi muchivanze, uye dzimwe nhengo dzemhuri yake (anonziwo, zita, patronymic, zuva rekuzvarwa). Rokunyora vakanyoresa varume "Ngano" mumaguta nharaunda vaiita nevamiririri muguta remakurukota, muruwa - musha musoro, landlords kana zvavo mamaneja. Revizsky "rungano" compulsorily chakagadziridzwa, ari nguva pakati zvavo muunganidzwa waya chengetedzo kusavapo kana pamberi munhu ari panzvimbo yake yaanogara. Kana munhu chisipo, zvikonzero (rufu, Tiza, mauto basa). tevera chakagadziridzwa All kurapwa pashure muunganidzwa "Tales" by. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mumwe munhu aigona kufa, uye mhuri yake vaifanira kubhadhara iye kushandisa nokuti gore rakatevera pashure pokufa. gadziriro yakadaro kuti vaverengwe akabvumira hurumende kuvandudza mitero uye mari yakanaka pamusoro dzinonzi "mweya akafa".

Raparurwa muna 1718 okuverengwa rakapera chete muna 1724, vakaverengwa somugumisiro mufambiro wayo (yokugezera) vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni mashanu. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti yokuvhota, hwakatangwa Peter Mukuru, akanga chete chinangwa - kuunganidza mari kubva kuruzhinji pamusoro zviri kuitwa wehondo Russian. zvazvingava chekutanga mutero zvakaenzana 80 kopecks pagore paminiti nhengo yemhuri (varume), mumakore akatevera nayo akadonha kusvika 74 cent. Old Vatendi kubhadhara kaviri mwero yokuvhota pamberi 1782, nokuda chii vanhuwo vaimudana kwavari "dvoedanami". Kusvikira 1775 nomushambadzi kirasi aifanira kubhadhara mutero pamusoro ndima pamwe nevamwe, ipapo ivo vakanga inotanga nemashoko raivapo kufarira mhosva guru pfuma.

A zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera hurumende mari vaisagona kukanganisa uwandu mutero yaitarirwa nyore hwevanhu. By 1794 yokuvhota yakawedzera mumwe Ruble. Sezvo pezana remakore rechi19, mutero unodiwa yava zvachose runotsamira panzvimbo yake yakagara payer. vaifanira kubhadhara hurumende dzomumaguta vagari pagore pasi chitsama 2 rubles 61 kopecks. Yokuvhota vomumusha waiva nguva ino 1 Ruble 15 kopecks.

Kwemakumi emakore, yevateresi urwu kwainyanya wehurumende kwemari. Pakatanga ari kunanga mutero (muwedzero kuti mutengo zvinhu kana mabasa), kukosha kwayo nokuti kwerunyararo State Treasury ndokuramba yekudyidzana. Muna 1863 akanga akamira kuunganidza yokuvhota kusvika pakati kirasi (nechepazasi dzomumaguta makirasi) uye workshop (nemhizha, vanodhirowa mifananidzo, vadzidzi vavo vabatsiri) vari dzinenge yose ndima Russian Empire (kunze kuSiberia uye Bessarabia).

Large ruzhinji chikwereti mamiriro, kunzwisisa kwakaita kuunganidzwa mutero zvakakonzera kuti muna 1887 yokuvhota muRussia havasisipo. Kunze kwaiva Siberia, uko mutero iri yaitarirwa vanhu kusvikira mukutanga ramakumi remakore.