The yokurega pamusoro Khrushchev. Paitonga zvikonzero ari kusiya basa ose Nikity Sergeevicha Hruschova

The post-hondo upenyu enyika muna USSR akatsiga. Nezvose kuna 1991, ndakanga apo neapo. Vanhu nokukurumidza kumbojaira kuti hwava mamiriro ezvinhu, vamiririri vayo zvakanaka vachifara vakatakura Portraits vatungamiri vatsva musi Red Square panguva May uye November mienzaniso, uye avo vari zvakare zvakanaka, asi ainyanyisa, panguva imwe chete navo kuita zvakafanana mune mamwe maguta, nzvimbo dzoruwa nemisha uye maguta. Pachigaro kana akafa bato uye hurumende mabhosi (kunze Lenin) akanganwa zvinenge pakarepo, kunyange anecdotes pamusoro pavo akarega kunyora. Mutsindo yokungotaura mabasa havana kudzidza muzvikoro, mumakoreji uye mumayunivhesiti - vakanga yakatsiviwa idzva mukuru vanyori ebhuku, pamusoro chete kugutsikana. An aikwanisa N. S. Hruschev - wezvematongerwe enyika, akapidigura Stalin simba kuitira kuti atore nzvimbo yake mupfungwa uye mweya.

rakasiyana nyaya

Zvakanga zvagara vose dzebato vatungamiri, kwete chete asati asiwo pashure pake. Kuvhiya uye yakanyarara yokurega pamusoro Khrushchev, pasina kukudyira yakatarwa mariro nezvakazarurwa vakatora nzvimbo dzinenge pakarepo uye sechigaro wakanyatsogadzirirwa zano. Mupfungwa, akanga saka, asi zvinodiwa Charter Party, zvose tsika uye zvetsika zvine dzemunharaunda vakanga kuchengetwa. It zvose zvakaitika zvikuru nevanhu, kunyange vane zvikuru mhosva admixture centralism. Akaunganidza plenum hunoshamisa vakakurukura maitiro nevamwe, akashora vamwe kutadza ayo uye vakabvumirana kudiwa yokutsiva ayo, panguva achidzora. Sezvazvakanyorwa mumaminitsi ipapo, "Teerera - kugadziriswa." Zvechokwadi, mune Soviet zvinoitika iyi yakanga yakasiyana nedzimwe, sezvo iye Khrushchev yaitonga ose zvishamiso zvakaitika kwaari uye mhosva. All vanyori yapfuura uye hunotevedzana zvayo kwazvo zvakatorerwa Kremlin necropolis - nzvimbo yavo yokuzorora yokupedzisira - musi pfuti ngoro, kunze Gorbachev, Chokwadi. Chekutanga, nekuti Gorbachev uye ikozvino mupenyu, uye chepiri mumhanyi haana nokuda pebindu, uye maererano abolition muhofisi yake sezvo vakadaro. Uye chechitatu, chinhu ivo Nikita Sergeyevich vakanga zvakafanana. Mumwe nedzimwe nyaya, asi ichi hachisi nezvake.

Wokutanga kuedza

The yokurega pamusoro Khrushchev, iyo yakaitika October 1964, kwaiva nevamwe mupfungwa panguva yechipiri kuedza. Anenge makore manomwe asati chiitiko ichi chinokosha nokuda nyika nhatu-nhengo Presidium of Central Committee, akadana voga "Anti-Party boka", zvinoti Kaganovich, Molotov uye Malenkov, akatanga muitiro rokubvisa kubva pasimba pakutanga munyori. Kana isu funga kuti chaizvoizvo paiva mana (kubuda ezvinhu, imwe conspirator, Shepilova, akazivisa "uyo akabatana"), ipapo zvose zvakafanana kwakaitika maererano webato bumbiro. Ndaifanira kushandisa non-mureza matanho. Nhengo Central Committee nokukurumidza vakauya kuna muMoscow plenum kubva munyika kubudikidza ndege rechiuto, uchishandisa mukuru-nokukurumidza interceptor third (chikuru anodzidzisa "Sparky" UTi) uye Ndege. Anokosha rubatsiro aiva Defense Minister G. K. Zhukov (pasina Khrushchev kuti kusiya basa zvaizoitika muna 1957). "Guard Stalin kuti" rave neutralized: wavo wekutanga adzingwa Presidium of Central Committee uye ipapo, sezvo muna 1962 uye akadzinga zvachose kubva Party. Uye vaigona kupfura sezvo L. P. Beriyu, asi hapana chakaitika.

prerequisites

Khrushchev muna 1964 aiva kubudirira kwete chete nokuda wakanyatsogadzirirwa chiito, asiwo nokuti kugutsikana zvinenge zvose. Anoti akaita musi October plenary chekupedzisira, nokuti zvose zvavo bato-lobbying kutsvetera haagoni kunzi chandakukanganisira. Munenge zvose dzine sokuronga inokosha zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi Vaifunga aiparadza kukundikana. The zvakanaka rwekuita makore pazvairamba, akashinga kuedza mumunda kudzivirira kwakaita kuti imwe hafu-upenyu hondo uye zvikepe, mapurazi simba, vova "shoroma pamusoro zvinopesana," mukurumbira dzakawanda akawira. Zvikonzero yokurega pamusoro Khrushchev vaiva rakawanda, uye akava chisingadzivisiki. Vanhu vakabvuma kuchinja simba akanyarara vachifara zvikuru rakapfupikiswa vakuru gleefully vachidzipukuta nemaoko avo, vemifananidzo vaya vakagamuchira weNobel mifananidzo iri Stalin yaitonga, akachingamidza kutaura bato hweruzhinji. Tired dyarai chibage varimi zvose okunze munyika dzine haana kutarisira kubva itsva munyori mukuru zvishamiso, asi vaguely achitarisira kuti zvakanakisisa. Kazhinji, mushure yokurega dzakakurumbira Khrushchev atanga kumukira hazvina kuitika.

Kubudirira Nikita Sergeyevich

In nokururama, hatigoni kukundikana kutaura yakajeka zvinhu akakwanisa kuita pamusoro makore hwake, akaendesa munyori wokutanga.

Chekutanga, nyika akava kakawanda kuti vanozvisanangurira imwe kuenda kubva kwakakwidibira uye anomanikidza zviito Stalin yaitonga. Vari kunzi kudzokera kuna Leninist misimboti yehutungamiri, asi chaizvoizvo kwaisanganisira kuparadzwa kusvika zvose zvakawanda Zvivako (kunze zvaiva Gori), mvumo kudhinda mabhuku achifumura muchivadzvinyirira, uye davi webato mutsetse uri unhu hunhu vakafa muna 1953 mutungamiri.

Chechipiri, varimi seboka pakupedzisira zvamatonga mapasipoti, pamutemo dzakakora navo muchikwata che vagari Soviet vane kodzero dzizere. Izvi hazvirevi rusununguko rwokusarudza yaaigara, asi vamwe pokunzvenga napo achiripo.

Chechitatu, kwemakumi mashomanana emakore yave iri budiriro iri chokugara kuvakwa. Mamiriyoni sikweya metres dzakarendwa pagore, asi pasinei zvakadaro hombe kubudirira, flats achiri asina kukwana. The guta rakava "zvimba" kuuya vaimbova varimi vavo seboka (cm. Previous ndima). Housing akanga wakatetepa uye kusagadzikana, asi ipapo "Khrushchev" zvaiita vagari dzavo nhurikidzwa dzakawanda dzinofananidzira itsva, ano kuitika.

Chechina, nzvimbo uye pezvakasikwa zvakare. Wokutanga yakanakisisa vaiva zvose zvombo Soviet. Gagarin, Titov, Tereshkova, uye pamberi pavo, imbwa mapurotini, miseve uye nyeredzi - izvi zvose zvakakonzera nechido chikuru. Uyezve, kubudirira aya nechokuita zvakananga okuchengetedza. Vagari Soviet vaidada munyika yavakararama, kunyange zvazvo zvikonzero izvi haana zvakawanda sezvavaida.

Paiva nezvimwe inopenya mapeji munguva Khrushchev, asi havana kudaro zvikuru. Mamiriyoni vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vakasunungurwa, asi vakabuda kumisasa, vakabva vaona kuti zvino mutauro nani kuchengeta muromo wake rakavharwa. Saka yakavimbika.

nyungudika

Fani iyi nhasi ndiyo shamwari akanaka chete. vomunguva yedu sokuti kuti mumakore iwayo nyika vosprjala kubva refu muchando hope, semhare nebere. Zazhurchal Hova, kuzevezerana shoko rechokwadi pamusoro kutyisa Stalinism uye gulag mapoka, manzwi vadetembi vakaridza panguva shongwe Pushkin, dudes vanodada yakadengenyeka ravo bouffant hairdos uye akaenda kuzotamba dombo 'n' roll. About uyu mufananidzo dzinoratidzira mafirimu ano inobva musoro mashanu uye sixties. Haiwa, zvinhu zvakanga zvisina chaizvo zvakanaka. Kunyange rehabilitated uye akasunungura vasungwa Political kuramba disenfranchised. Housing haina kukwana, uye "kuipa", kuti haisi pasi vagari.

Zvino kwakanga kune rimwe chinhu chinokosha dzavo mupfungwa hunhu. Kunyange vaya aitambura Stalin kuti utsinye, kazhinji akaramba Fans ake. Havana kugona kushivirira kutsvinyirwa hwakaratidza panguva pakuputsa chifananidzo chavo. Ndakaenda pun pamusoro kapoka, izvo, chokwadi, akanga asiwo pamusoro ani, iyo yaiitwawo. The ruvhevhe aiva akaipa mamakisi nisprovergatelya uye yake mhosva kutambudzwa.

Stalinists akaumba munhu chinokosha chikamu vasingagutsikani mutemo Khrushchev uye paakadzingwa kubva simba vakaziva chakarurama wokutsiva.

mukurumbira kusagutsikana

Mukutanga sixties mamiriro ezvinhu Soviet Union zveupfumi akatanga kuderera. Zvikonzero izvi vazhinji. Kusakura haunted mapurazi, kunyimwa mamiriyoni akawanda vashandi uyo akashanda mumadhorobha kuvaka nzvimbo uye mafekitari. Matanho ari muchimiro yepamusoro mitero pamiti nemombe zvakatungamirira nemigumisiro yakaipa kwazvo; vakawanda watemwa uye "vachiridza pasi banga" unganidza.

Zvisati uye chinonyanya monstrous pashure pemakore "dzvuku kutya" zvaitambudzwa vatendi. Khrushchev Activities munzvimbo iyi inogona kurondedzerwa se ufuza. Kakawanda kumanikidzwa kuvhara machechi uye dzimba dzemamongi zvakatungamirira ropa.

Saka havaratidzi kuitwa uye kudzidza kuchinja "polytechnic" chikoro. We Akabvisa izvozvo chete muna 1966, uye migumisiro yacho sei kwenguva refu.

Mukuwedzera, muna 1957 hurumende akarega mubhadharo pamusoro pazvisungo, emakore anopfuura matatu nechisimba zvavakatemerwa ne vashandi. Nhasi aizonzi munhu default.

Zvikonzero kusagutsikana vaiva vazhinji, kusanganisira mwero kukura mumaindasitiri, achiperekedzwa vasanyanye mitengo, pamwe nokusimuka zvokudya mitengo. Uye mwoyo murefu vanhu haina akapukunyuka: mhirizhonga rakatanga, kupfuura inozivikanwa zvakanga Novocherkassk zviitiko. Vashandi vakapfura napamatare, vakapona vakanga vabata, vakaedza, uye kugara nechiyero yepamusorosoro. Vanhu vane njodzi dzinongoitika mubvunzo unomuka: nei Khrushchev akashora Stalin kuti kunamatwa unhu uye chii iye nani?

Next akuvara - Armed Forces of USSR

In yechipiri yezana vamakumi mashanu, Soviet Army akanga pasi hombe, kuparadza uye unokuvadza kurwisa. Kwete, kwete varwi NATO uye vokuAmerica avo rehydrogen mabhomba yakatakura kunze. USSR akarasikirwa varwi mamiriyoni 1,3 vari rugare chaizvo zvakatipoteredza. Hondo yokupedzisira, vava nyanzvi uye hapana zvakawanda vasingagoni, asi kushumira Motherland, varwi vaiva mumugwagwa - Vakaparadza. Zvinoitwa Khrushchev wapiwa kwavari, chingava nyaya mitauro tsvakurudzo, asi kubudisa bhuku censors akasatendera. Panyaya zvikepe, ipapo kunyange kukurukura chaiyo. zvikepe zvose guru-vanokwanisa nechokwadi kugadzikana wengarava kubatana, kunyanya battleships, chete kuchekwa nokuti chinyorwa. Asina hanya uye maturo vakasiyiwa chawo sokuronga kukosha China uye Finland, mauto akasiya Austria. Kunenge kuti zvokunze kurwisa aizounza kukuvadza zvikuru se "kuzvidzivirira" kushandiswa Khrushchev. Vavengi maonero ichi vangataura, vanoti, kutya zvombo zvedu mhiri kwemakungwa nzira. Haiwa, vakatanga kuva pasi Stalin.

Zviya, haana kurega First uye Muponesi wake kubva "Anti-Party clique". Zhukov kutorerwa vanoshumira zvepamusoro, akaiswa kubva Presidium of Central Committee uye vakatumira Odessa - kurayira muruwa.

"Ini nekutsvaga mumaoko avo ..."

Hongu, ndicho Mutsara Lenin enyika testamende chose kushanda wrestler pamwe paitonga Stalin chitendero. Muna 1958, N. S. Hruschev akava sachigaro Council of Vashumiri, mumwe chete bato ushe zvakanga zvisina kukwana. Management nzira, akaiswa se "Leninist", chaizvoizvo haana kubvumira mukana kutaura maonero zvisingakwanisi uwirirane vakawanda mutsetse. A tsime muromo wake ndivo munyori wokutanga. Nokuti zvose ake authoritarianism, I. V. Stalin kazhinji akateerera paanopikiswa, kunyanya kana vachibva vanhu vanoziva basa ravo. Kunyange vakawanda inosuruvarisa makore "mudzvinyiriri" aigona kuchinja chisarudzo, kana iye angoratidza. Khrushchev anogara wokutanga kutaura pfungwa dzavo uye kuramba ose vachinzwisisa sechipo nokutuka. Uyezve, mune zvakanaka tsika Communist, iye akafunga kuti murume anoziva zvose - kubvira michina kusvikira unyanzvi. Munhu wose ajaira nyaya iri Arena, apo chains-garde vemifananidzo vakanga vawirwa kurwiswa yaita nehasha, "mukuru webato." Paiva nemiedzo Vanyori yanyadziswa, vavezi vemabwe aipedza yendarira akakuzvidzai, iro "pamusoro zvombo hakuna kukwana." Nenzira, pamusoro pavo. About sei Khrushchev aiva nyanzvi mune rocketry, iye anotaura kunonyatsopupurira rake kupfimbwa V. A. Sudtsu, muvambi ADMS "Dvina" (S-75) vayambukire yavo yakaoma ... Zvakanaka, zvarwo, kure kure. Maiva muna 1963 muna Kubinka, panguva nzvimbo.

Khrushchev-Wenyika

About sei N. S. Hruschev banged shangu yake pamusoro pakagadzirwa nematanda, vose vanoziva, kunyange nhasi vadzidzi chinhu, asi akanzwa nezvazvo. No zvishoma dzakakurumbira uye zvakakonzera zvinetso vashanduri mutsara pamusoro nemuriwo, iyo mutungamiriri weSoviet aifanira kuratidza capitalist nyika yose. prices mbiri idzi vanozivikanwa, kunyange zvazvo akanga ari avo zvakananga uye akazaruka Nikita Sergeyevich kwazvo. Asi chikuru chinhu - kwete mashoko asi zviito. With zvose groznosti mashoko, chaiwo wokuti USSR akanga vakakunda zvishoma. Zvarisingazivi kutumira zvombo kuna Cuba wawanikwa, uye kurwisana kwakatanga, akapotsa akava chinokonzera rufu wemarudzi ose. Kupindira muHungary akaita kushatirwa kunyange pakati vatsigiri USSR. Support "mberi" neChikomonisiti muna Africa, Latin America uye Asia asi murombo mari yacho bhajeti Soviet zvinodhura chaizvo uye asingadi kunangana kuzadzisa chero anobatsira zvinangwa nokuti nyika, uye kukonzera mukuru kukuvara kumadokero kunyika. The initiator pamusoro ploys izvi kakawanda akanga Khrushchev pachake. Mitemo yakasiyana yokutungamirira kuti anofunga chete kwenguva pfupi zvido. Ndizvo chaizvo chaipiwa kuna Ukraine, muCrimea, kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo hapana aigona kufanotaura kuti chisarudzo ichi kunotoreva migumisiro dzakawanda.

Kudzorerwa mashandiro

Saka chii chakanga Khrushchev? The tafura muzvikamu zviviri kurudyi izvo akaratidza zvaizova kubatsira zvinhu, uye kuruboshwe - zvinokuvadza, kuti kusiyaniswa pakati zviviri zvinobatanidzwa hunhu hwake. Uye tombstone, wakasika Zvinoshamisa kupika nayo naErnst isingazivikanwi, kukabatanidzwa dema uye chena. Asi zviri acho, asi chaizvoizvo zvaizopedza Khrushchev ainyanya nokuda kusagutsikana nezvinhu bato ravo Nomenclature. Vanhu kana hondo, kana chinzvimbo uye faira nhengo CPSU haana kubvunza, zvose kwakasarudzwa shure noruzhinji uye, chokwadi, pakavanda.

Musoro State akanga achizorora chinyararire muna Sochi, nokuzvikudza vachifungawo nyevero pebindu yapihwa. Paakanga akashevedza kuMoscow, akanga pasina aitarisira kuti igadzirise zvinhu. Support Zvisinei, akanga asiri. The State Security Committee, rinotungamirirwa A. N. Shelepinym, vakatsigira vamukira, uto akaratidza vasina wavanotsigira (vemauto uye achaunganidza sokuti haana kukanganwa zvinhu uye rutapudzo). A refu count akanga asiri munhu. Khrushchev kwakaita yokurega kwakaitika pamusoro Stationery zvachero uye pasina zvinosuwisa.

-Gore 58 okuberekwa Leonid Ilich Brezhnev, nhengo Presidium, akatungamirira uye rakatangwa ari "wamambo kubvuta masimba." Pasina mubvunzo, kwaiva ukashinga: panyaya kukundikana nemigumisiro nokuti vechikamu pakurangana aigona kuva zvikuru vainzwisa tsitsi. Brezhnev uye Khrushchev aiva shamwari, asi neimwe nzira, ari mubato. Zvakafanana kudziya yaiva ukama Nikita Sergeyevich Lavrenty Pavlovich. Uye Stalin pamudyandigere pamwe tsika vabatwe pane imwe nguva yokuremekedza chaizvo. In kuwa 1964 Khrushchev kuti nguva yakanga yapera.

kuita

KuMadokero, pakutanga chaizvo nokungwarira vakambundirana kushandura mukuru aivamo iri Kremlin wacho. Enyika, wehurumende uye mutungamiri vakafungidzira specter kuti "Sekuru Joe" iri paramilitary fatigues ake rusingaperi nyere. Khrushchev kuti kusiya basa kungareva apiwa Stalinization zvose wechipfuwo uye vatorwa mutemo pamusoro USSR. Izvi, zvisinei, haana kuitika. Leonid Ilyich akava mutungamiriri noushamwari chaizvo, mutsigiri rugare coexistence miviri hurongwa, kureva, kazhinji kutaura, akaonekwa ave vakirisito yechiKomonisiti pererozhdenchestvo. Mafungiro kuna Stalin panguva akarwarisa zvikuru ukama Chinese mamwe masoja. Zvisinei, kunyange kushora Khrushchev somunhu revisionist characterization haana kwakatungamirira kurwisana nezvombo, apo pasi Brezhnev, achiri akaonekwa (musi Damanskiy Peninsula). Czechoslovak zviitiko vakaratidza mumwe chamazuva iri kudzivirira zvavakawana ose gutsaruzhinji uye anounza neshamwari pamwe Hungary muna 1956, kunyange zvazvo asina zvachose zvakafanana. Rakatanga Papera, muna 1979, hondo pakati Afghanistan dzakatsigira akaipisisa kutya nezvokuva nyika communism.

Zvikonzero yokurega pakati Khrushchev painyanya kuitwa zvinhu zvakadai sekuimba kwete chido kushandura Vector okukura, asi kuchiva webato vepamusoro varambe uye vawedzere dzavo zvavanosarudza.

The chaizvo chete yanyadziswa munyori aipedza vamwe nguva yake anosuruvarisa kufungisisa patepi nadiktovyvaya netsamba, umo akaedza zviito zvavo, uye dzimwe nguva dai navo. Nokuti iye, kubviswa kubva kuhofisi kwakaguma nekaupenyu zvakanaka.