Historical marudzi e stratification: tafura. Historical maitiro ekugadzirwa kwevanhu

Mune zvidzidzo zvemagariro evanhu, nheyo yehutano hwemagariro evanhu hauna imwe chete, inokosha. Inobva mumagariro akasiyana-siyana akaenzana nekusawirirana kwehutano, chidzidzo chekirasi, masangano evanhu pamwe nevakuru, izvo zvinowirirana pamwe chete uye hazvina kutenderana. Nzira huru iyo inogadzirisa maitiro ezvakaitika zvekusimudzira zvinhu zvehupfumi, kodzero nemabasa, nzira yekugadzirisa, nezvimwewo.

Nheyo dzekutanga dze stratification theories

Stratification ndeye "kurongeka kwehutarchically kurongeka kwemapoka evanhu" (Radaev VV, Shkaratan OI, "Kugadziriswa kwevanhu"). Nzira yekusiyanisa nekuremekedza rudzi rwekare rwekusimudzira ndeyi:

• Physico-genetic;
• Muranda-ane;
• Caste;
• Chikoro;
• Etatratic;
• Social and professional;
• Chikoro;
• Tsika uye chiratidzo;
• Cultural and normative.

Muchiitiko ichi, chikonzero chega chekusiyanisa uye nzira yekusiyanisa kusiyana kwezvichaitwa ichagadziriswa nemhando dzose dzezvakaitika zvekusimudzira. Uranda, somuenzaniso, sechiitiko chezvakaitika kare, sechikonzero chikuru, chichapa kodzero dzekuva vagari venyika uye pfuma, uye senzira yekugadzirisa - kusungirwa kodzero neuto rehondo.

Mune fomu yakawanda kwazvo, zvinokwanisika kupa zvinotevera mhando dzezvinyorwa zvekusimudzirwa: Tafura 1.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mhando dzekare dzekusimudzira - varanda, mashesi, makirasi uye makirasi - haasi nguva dzose dzine miganhu yakajeka pakati pavo. Saka, somuenzaniso, pfungwa yekaseti inoshandiswa kunyanya kuIndia stratification system. Isu hatinosangana neboka re brahmanas mune imwe yeruzhinji rwevanhu. Bharhmanas (ivo vaprista ivavo) vakapiwa kodzero dzekodzero uye ropafadzo, iyo isina imwe nharaunda yevagari vemo. Zvaitenda kuti muprista aitaura muzita raMwari. Maererano nemitauro yeIndia, brahmanas yakasikwa kubva mumuromo waMwari weBrahma. Kubva pamaoko ake zvakasikwa varwi, mukuru pakati paiva mambo. Muchiitiko ichi, munhu aive kune imwe kana imwe chikwata kubva pakuberekwa uye haagoni kuchinja.

Kune rumwe rutivi, varimi vanogona kuita separte yakasiyana, uye sekirasi. Uyezve, vanogonawo kugoverwa mumapoka maviri - vasina ruzha uye vapfumi (vapfumi).

Pfungwa yekugara kwevanhu

Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika inonzi Russia Pitirim Sorokin (1989-1968), kutsvaga mhando dzezvinyorwa zvekusimudzira (varanda, caste, makirasi), anosarudza kunze kwe "nzvimbo yevanhu" sechinhu chinokosha. Kusiyana nehuviri, munzvimbo yehupenyu, zvidzidzo zvakaparadzana kune imwechete zvinogona kuitika panguva imwe chete zvakasiyana. Uye zvakasiyana-siyana: kana mamwe mapoka ezvidzidzo ari ezvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa, hazvisizvo zvakakwana kuti ivo vari munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana (Sorokin P., "Man, Civilization, Society").

Nzvimbo yevanhu munharaunda yeSorokin ine unhu hwakasiyana-siyana, hunosanganisira tsika, zvechitendero, unyanzvi nevamwe vecherechedzo. Iyi nzvimbo yakanyanya kuwedzera, iyo yakaoma kwazvo sangano uye mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvakaitika zvekusimudzira (varanda, castes, nezvimwe) zvinooneka. Sorokin inotarisawo matanho uye akaenzana ekuparadzanisa kwevanhu. Nzvimbo yakakosha inosanganisira masangano ezvematongerwo enyika, mabasa ezvemhizha, masangano echitendero , nezvimwewo....................................... ".

Semhando dzekugadzirisa hukama hwevanhu, Sorokin anosarudza kunze sezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye unyanzvi. Mumumwe nomumwe wavo kune imwezve yakagadziriswa system. Uyewo, nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yeFrance Emil Durkheim (1858-1917) akafunga nzira yekuparadzanisa zvidzidzo mukati meboka rezvenyanzvi kubva pakuona kwezvakanyorwa zvebasa ravo. Sezvo basa rinokosha rekupesana uku ndiko kusikwa pakati pehuviri kana humwe huno humwe humwe hunoita hukama hwekubatana. Panguva imwechete iye anozvipa iwo unhu hwemunhu (Durkheim E., "Basa rekuparadzaniswa kwebasa").

Nhoroondo dzezvemhando dzehutano hwemagariro evanhu uye hupfumi hwehurumende

Uyewo, nyanzvi yemuAmerican Frank Knight (1885-1972), uyo anofunga nezvekugadzirisana kwevanhu mumamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi, anosarudza kugadziriswa / kugadziriswa kwehutano hwevanhu, kukurudzirwa kwehupenyu huri pakati peimwe mabasa makuru emasangano emari (Knight F., "Economic Organization" ).

Karl Polanyi (1886-1964), mumwe muAmerican-Canadian economist wekuHungary yakabva, anonyora pamusoro pehukama hwakakosha pakati pezvematongerwo enyika uye kukanganisa kwemagariro evanhu pamusoro pekuti: "Munhu haaiti kuti ave nechokwadi chezvaanoda iye pachake pane zvinhu, anoedza kuvimbisa hutsika hwake, Kodzero dzavo dzehutano uye dzinobatsira. Anokoshesa zvinhu zvenyama kunze kwekuti ivo vanoshumira izvi "(Polanyi K.," Societies uye Economic Systems ").

Dzidzai dzidziso munyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika

Pasinei nehumwe hukama hwemamiriro ezvinhu, inowanzo mumagariro evanhu kuti aparadzanise mhando dzekare dzekusimudzira. Makirasi, somuenzaniso, anofanira kuparadzana kubva pamagariro evanhu. Ruzhinji rwemagariro rinoreva kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu mukati mevanhu vanoita sangano rakarongeka (Radaev VV, Shkaratan OI, "Kugadziriswa kwevanhu"). Uyewo, chikwata chevanhu chinzvimbo cheboka revanhu vakasununguka mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvepamutemo.

Muenzaniso wakakurumbira wekirasi yekunyora ndiyo pfungwa yaKarl Marx, inobva pane dzidziso yehupfumi hwehupfumi. Kuchinja kwemasangano kunounza kuonekwa kwemakirasi matsva, nzira itsva yekutaurirana pakati pesimba rinobudirira uye ukama hwekugadzira. Muchikoro chekumadokero chemagariro evanhu pane nhamba dzakawanda dzinofananidzira kirasi sechimiro chemiviri, iyo inotungamirira kune njodzi yekuputira muganhu pakati pe "chikwata" uye "stratum" (Zhvitiashvili AS, "Kududzirwa kwechirevo che" kirasi "muzuva ranhasi reWestern Sociology ").

Kubva pamaonero ezvimwe nzira dzekugara kwevanhu, mhando dzezvakanyorwa zvekugadzirisa zvinorevawo kupatsanurana kusvika mumatunhu akakwirira (elite), pakati nepasi. Uyewo zvinogona kuchinja kusiyana kwekuparadzana uku.

Pfungwa yevadzidzi vechikoro

Mumagariro evanhu pfungwa yevakasununguka inonzwisisika pane zvinonzwisisika. Semuenzaniso, mu stratification dzidziso yeRandall Collins (1941), boka revanhu vane vazhinji kwazvo vari mutungamiri, vane vanhu vashomanana vari kutaridzirwa, vanoratidzika sevanyori (Collins R. "Stratification kuburikidza nejeri rematano ehondo"). Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), uyewo, anoparadzanisa sangano kuva elite (yakakwirira stratum) uye vasiri vasiri. Ikirasi yakakura inosanganisirawo mapoka maviri: kutonga uye kusina-kutonga vakuru.

Kune vamiririri vekirasi yepamusoro, Collins anosanganisira vakuru vehurumende, vatungamiri vehondo, vanoita zvebhizimisi vane simba, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Nyika inoona maitiro ezvizvi zvakatemwa, kutanga pane zvose, nekusvika kwekuwana kirasi yakapiwa simba: "Kunzwa kugadzirira kwekuisa pasi kunoreva chinangwa chehupenyu, uye kusabvumirana kunowanikwa munzvimbo ino seusingafungidziki" (Collins R., "Kuratidzira kuburikidza nejeri rezvidzidzo zvekupesana"). Icho chiri chikamu chekirasi yakapiwa iyo inosarudza kuwanda kwesimba iyo munhu anenge ane mumiririri wake. Panguva imwe chete, simba rinogona kunge risati riine zvematongerwo enyika chete, asiwo mari, zvechitendero uye zvinangwa. Uyewo, maitiro aya anogona kubatanidzwa pamwechete.

Kunyatsozivikanwa pakati pepakati peboka

Ichi chikamu chinowanzotumidzwa seyinzi inotenderera yevatambi. Kunyatsoratidzwa kwepakati peboka ndeyekuti vamiririri varo panguva imwe chete vane chinzvimbo chakakwirira pane zvimwe zvidzidzo uye pasi pevamwe. Chikamu chepakati chinewo chimiro chepakati mukati: boka repamusoro boka (vanoita zvinongoratidzira chete nevamwe vanoita, pamwe chete nevarume vakuru, vanozvimiririra vanozvimiririra vanozvimirira uye vashandi vanovimba nehukama hwakanaka nevatengi, vanobatsirana, vatengesi, nevamwe) uye nechepasi pepakati Vatungamiri, vatungamiri - avo vari pamucheto wakaderera muhutano hwehukama hwemasimba).

AN Sevastyanov inoratidzira rutivi rwepakati sevanopesana nechinangwa. Maererano nemutsvakurudzi, iyi chokwadi inotsanangurwa nekuti chikwata chepakati chakine chimwe chinhu chokurasikirwa-kusiyana nechechigadzirisa kirasi. Icho chinonzi pakati peboka chinotsvaka kuwana chinogona kuwanikwawo pasina revolution. Panyaya iyi, vamiririri veboka iri havana hanya nenyaya dzekugadzirisazve hurumende.

Kushanda kirasi yeboka

Mhando dzezvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa hutano hwevanhu kubva pachigaro chezvikoro mumusangano wakasiyana kusiyanisa kirasi yevashandi (boka rezasi muhutungamiri hwevanhu). Vamiririri varo havana kuiswa muhurongwa hwekukurukurirana. Izvo zvinotarisirwa kune iye zvino aripo, uye nzvimbo yakatarisa inoita mukati mavo chimwe chisimba mukuona uye kuongororwa kwehutano hwevanhu.

Girasi rezasi rinoratidzirwa nemaonero evanhu pachavo kune zvayo uye zvido zvayo, kushayikwa kwehukama hwakagadzikana nehukama. Ichi chikamu chine vashandi venguva pfupi, vasingagari kushanda, vapemhi, nezvimwewo.

Kutaridzika kwemukati mune dzidziso ye stratification

MuRussia sangano rezvematongerwo enyika, panewo maonero akasiyana nezvemhando dzezvakanyorwa zvekusimudza. Masangano uye kusiyanisa kwavo munharaunda ndiyo inotangira maonero evanhu uye mafilosofi muRussia isati yachinja, iyo yakazokonzera kukakavadzana muSoviet nyika kusvika kuma1960.

Nekutanga kweKhushchev thaw, nyaya yekushamwaridzana kwevanhu inowira pasi pechirongwa chakasimba chekutonga kwehurumende. Nheyo yehutano hwemagariro evanhu ndeyekirasi yevashandi nevashambadzi, uyewo humwe hutenderedzwa hwekuchenjera kune imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana. Pfungwa ye "class convergence" uye kugadzirwa kwe "social homogeneity" inochengeterwa zvachose mukuziva kwevanhu. Panguva iyoyo, nyaya dzehutungamiri nemasclature muhurumende dzakanyarara. Kutanga kwekutsvakurudza kushingaira, chinangwa chavo chaiva mhando dzezvakaitika zvekugadzirisa, dzakagadzirirwa munguva yeperestroika nekuvandudzwa kweglasnost. Kutanga kwekugadziriswa kwemashamba muhupenyu hwehupfumi hwehurumende kwakaratidza zvinetso zvakakomba muhutano hwemagariro evanhu veRussia.

Zviratidzo zvevanhu vakaregererwa

Nhengo yekusarura inobatawo nzvimbo yakasiyana mumagariro evanhu. Muchirevo chemasayendisiti evanhu, pfungwa iyi inonzwisisika inoreva "nzvimbo yepakati pakati pemagariro evanhu, kana nzvimbo yakaderera muhutano hwezvemagariro evanhu" (Gansanamzhilova ON, "Pamusoro wehutano hwemagariro munharaunda yeRussia").

Muchirevo ichi, zvinowanzosiyanisa marudzi maviri: marginal-peripheral, marginal-transitive. Ikokupedzisira inoratidzira chinzvimbo chepakati chechinyorwa panguva yekushanduka kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yemamiriro evanhu-nzvimbo kune imwe. Izvi zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yekusununguka kwevanhu munyaya yacho, pamwe chete nemugumisiro wekuchinja kwehutano hwemagariro munzanga nekodhinha kuchinja mune mararamiro ehurukuro, rudzi rwebasa, nezvimwewo. Kushamwaridzana kwehukama hakuna kuparadzwa. Chimwe chinhu chinowanikwa mumhando iyi ndechekusakwana kwekushandura (pane dzimwe nguva, zvakaoma kuti nyaya ienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu ehutano hwemagariro evanhu-rudzi rwe "hang-up" runoitika).

Zviratidzo zvekuparara kwepakati ndezvi: kusakosha kwechinangwa chekuita kwechikonzero kune imwe nzvimbo yemagariro evanhu, kuparadzwa kwehukama hwake hwekare hwevanhu. Muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagariro evanhu, rudzi urwu rwehuwandu hunogona kutakura mazita akadaro se "kunze", "vakadzingwa", "vakadzingwa" (vamwe vanyori "vakataura zvinhu"), nezvimwewo. Mukugadzirisa kwemazuva ano kukanganisa mafungiro, munhu anofanira kutora zvidzidzo zvehupenyu husina kukodzera - kusawirirana, Kusarudzwa kwehumwe hukama hwehukama nehupfumi (huwandu hwekuwana mari, basa, dzidzo, nezvimwewo). Zvose izvi zvinotungamirira mukusawirirana mu stratification system.

Dzidziso ye stratification uye nzira yakabatana

Nheyo yemazuva ano ye stratification system yehutano iri munharaunda yekushandura, inokonzera zvose nekushandurwa kwezvimwe zvezvakaitika kare zvevanhu, uye nekuumbwa kwemashure matsva (kunyanya nekuda kwekugadzirisa hupfumi hwehupfumi).

Mune dzidziso yezvemagariro evanhu inofunga nezvemhando dzezvinyorwa zvekusimudzirwa kwevanhu, chinangwa chinokosha hachisi chokuderedza kune imwechete inotarisana nevanhu (semuenzaniso wekirasi yedzidzo mukati mehutano hwekudzidzisa kweMarxist), asi kuti iongorore huwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvingaita. Imwe nzira yakasiyana inofanira kupiwa kune imwe nzira inobatanidza iyo inofunga zvimwe zvikamu zvehutano hwemagariro kubva kune chinangwa chekubatana kwavo. Munyaya iyi, mubvunzo unomuka wehutungamiri hwezvikamu izvi uye chimiro chekuita kwavo kune mumwe nemumwe sezvikamu zvehuwandu hwehutano hwevanhu. Kugadzirisa mubvunzo wakadaro kunosanganisira kuongorora zvakasiyana-siyana mazano ekuenzanisa kunoenzanisa nheyo dzinokosha dzeumwe neumwe wezvinyorwa.