Napoleon kwakaita nechisimba Russia. Hondo 1812

Musi Napoleon kuti nechisimba Russia - mumwe misi iri kunoshamisa munhoroondo nyika yedu. chiitiko ichi chamuita ngano zhinji uye pfungwa maonero pamusoro zvinokonzera, anoronga mapato uwandu mauto uye zvimwe zvinokosha. Ngatiedzei wofunga nyaya iyi sezvo chinangwa sezvinobvira uye kusimbisa Napoleon kuti nechisimba Russia muna 1812. Ngatitange nhoroondo.

Background kuti kunetsana

Napoleon kwakaita nechisimba Russia haana netsaona uye zvisingatarisirwi chiitiko. nganonyorwa This LN NdiTolstoy kuti "Hondo uye Rugare" ari touted se "anonyengera uye zvisingatarisirwi." Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zvakanga rwechiIsraeri. Russia kushanda kwayo uto pacharo akoka dambudziko. First Catherine II, ndakatya echimurenga zviitiko Europe akabatsira yokutanga mubatanidzwa Anti-French. Ipapo Paul ndaisagona kumukanganwira Napoleon akakunda Marita - chitsuwa chiri pasi pauzima patronage kuti mambo wedu.

Basic muchiuto nebope pakati Russia uye France yakatanga Anti-French mubatanidzwa wechipiri (1798-1800), umo mauto eRussia pamwe Turkish, British uye yeAustria vakaedza kukunda hondo Directory muEurope. Zvaive munguva zviitiko izvi chakaitika musi akakurumbira muMediterranean kwidza Ushakov uye umhare kufamba zviuru mauto Russian pamusoro Alps pasi murayiro Suvorov.

nyika yedu yaiva nguva yokutanga akasangana "kuvimbika" ari yeAustria vatsigiri, kuburikidza iyo zviuru hondo Russian rikawira kwezvakatipoteredza. Izvi, somuenzaniso, zvakaitika Rimsky-Korsakov muSwitzerland, iyo chakarasikirwa vanenge 20 zviuru. Of masoja ayo muhondo dzisakarurama kuzorwa French. Yaiva yeAustria mauto akasiya Switzerland uye akasiya 30000th kwedzimba Russian mumwe musi mumwe chete 70,000th Hull French. Uye yakakurumbira danidziro Suvorov akanga kumanikidzwa, sezvo zvose zvakafanana yeAustria mazano yakaratidza Chief yedu zvakaipa nzira mugwara risiri iro zvachose kushayikwa migwagwa uye kuyambuka,.

Somugumisiro, Suvorov airarama, asi kusarudza rinoshamisa wakagona kubva ibwe musungo uye achaponesa hondo. Zvisinei, pakati zviitiko izvi uye Second World War kwakaitika makore gumi. Uye Napoleon kwakaita nechisimba Russia muna 1812 vangadai vasina zvakaitika kana kwete mamwe zviitiko.

The rwechitatu norwechina Anti-French mubatanidzwa. Kutyora Chibvumirano Tilsit

Alexander I vakaendawo kuna hondo France. Maererano neimwe shanduro, nemhaka yokuBritain vakatambura nevapanduki kuRussia, izvo zvakaita kuti wechiduku Alexander choushe. Izvi zvingave zvakaita Kesari itsva atsigire British.

Muna 1805 zvinonzi kuumbwa yechitatu mubatanidzwa Anti-French. Unosanganisira Russia, Britain, Sweden neAustria. Kusiyana yapfuura maviri, mumwe mubatanidzwa mutsva rakagadzirwa somunhu azvidzivirire. Hapana akanga kuzodzosera Bourbon imba muFrance. Vazhinji Union zvose vaida Britain sezvo Channel Tunnel vakanga 200 zviuru. Masoja French tagadzirira nokudyara pana Albion, asi wechitatu mubatanidzwa kwavatadzisa zvirongwa izvi.

Mugumo mubatanidzwa raiva "Hondo Matatu Madzimambo" November 20, 1805. Iri ndiro zita iye akagamuchira nokuti muhondo pakati Austerlitz akanga wakapindwa zvose zvitatu anorwisana Mauto naMambo - Napoleon, Alexander I uye Franz II. Military kare vanofunga kuti kuvapo "Vanhu mukuru" chamuita kuti zvachose kuvhiringidzika vatsigiri. Hondo yakaguma wakakwana kukundwa of Coalition mauto.

Tinoedza kutsanangura zvishoma nemamiriro ezvinhu, pasina kunzwisisa kuti Napoleon kwakaita nechisimba Russia muna 1812 kujeka.

Muna 1806, pakava chechina mubatanidzwa Anti-French. Austria haachatyi kutora chikamu mune hondo Napoleon. The mubatanidzwa mutsva inosanganisira England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony neSweden. The brunt kurwa rakanga kuti nyika yedu uyewo England akabatsira kunyanya chete zvemari, uyewo gungwa, ukuwo vamwe Vatori havana simba nyika mauto. Muzuva rimwe, wose Prussian hondo panguva Hondo Jena yapambwa.

June 2, 1807, mauto edu yakakundwa pana Friedland, uye akafambira mhiri Niemen - rwizi Muganhu kumadokero nefuma reRussia Empire.

Pashure paizvozvo, Russia akasaina Chibvumirano Tilsit pamwe Napoleon, June 9, 1807 mu pakati Neman River, izvo zviri pamutemo zvichishandurwa sezvo wakaenzana mapato kana kusaina rugare. It kutyora Chibvumirano Tilsit aiva chikonzero zvakaitika Napoleon kwakaita nechisimba Russia. Kunyatsoongorora sungano pacharo, kuti unonzwisisika zvikonzero zvakaitika gare gare zviitiko.

Terms of Chibvumirano Tilsit

Tilsit runyararo chibvumirano kunoburitsa accession reRussia kune inonzi blockade kuBritain Isles. The chirevo chasainwa Napoleon zvakawanda November 21, 1806. Musimboti wacho "blockade" ndechokuti France pave wenyika yacho kondinendi European, apo England vairambidzwa kutengeserana. Napoleon aisagona kuvhara chitsuwa panyama, nekuti France haana kunyange chegumi zvikepe, yakanga dzinoshandiswa British. Saka, shoko rokuti "blockade" pane zvinodiwa. Kutaura zvazviri, Napoleon akasvika chii nhasi anonzi zvoupfumi zvirango. England achishingaira nhumbi Europe. From Russia izvozvo aivigirwa zviyo, saka "blockade" angavatsugudusa zvokudya omene Albion. Kutaura zvazviri, Napoleon akabatsira England kunyange sezvo yokupedzisira kuti kukurumidza kuwana itsva zvokutengeserana vadyidzani muAsia uye Africa, kwete zvakaipa kuti mari munguva yemberi.

Russia muna XIX remakore aiva agrarian nyika, chakatengeswa pamusoro aina zviyo. The chete guru mutengi mishonga dzedu panguva kwaingova England. kureva kurasikirwa misika akaparadza zvachose mutongo vepamusoro vavakuru mu Russia. Zvakafanana tinoona nhasi munyika yedu, kana kontrsanktsii uye zvirango zvave anosakadza nokuda mafuta uye gasi maindasitiri, zvokuti mutongo vepamusoro ane makuru varasikirwa.

Kutaura zvazviri, Russia zvasungwa Anti-British zvirango muEurope, initiator kwakanga France. The yokupedzisira yakanga pacharo chikuru okurima mugadziri, saka pakanga pasina mukana kutsiva wezvokutengeserana naye kuti nyika yedu. Chokwadi, kuti vepamusoro yedu Mutongo vasingagoni kutevedza chibvumirano Tilsit, sezvo izvi zvaizokonzera zvachose yose Russian upfumi. The chete nzira kumanikidza Russia kutevedza nezvaidiwa "blockade" aiva nechisimba. Naizvozvo, paiva nechisimba "Army Great" pakati Napoleon muRussia. The chaizvo chete mambo French haana kuenda kuenda zvakadzika kunyika yedu, kuda kungoti kumanikidza Alexander akazadzisa Chibvumirano Tilsit. Zvisinei, hondo yedu mambo French kwakamanikidzwa kure kubva kumadokero kumiganhu Moscow.

zuva

Musi Napoleon kuti nechisimba munharaunda Russia - June 12, 1812. On nhasi, mauto muvengi vakayambuka muganhu rwizi Neman.

Ngano nechisimba

Paiva ingano kuti Napoleon kwakaita nechisimba Russia yakanga zvisingatarisirwi. The Emperor vakabata bhora, uye vose courtiers yaunosarudza. Kutaura zvazviri, mabhora ose European madzimambo ose nguva zvakaitika kakawanda, uye havasi novimba gwara kuitika uye nekusiyana, yakanga chinokosha. Yaiva kuramba tsika monarchical munzanga. Kuti chaizvoizvo vakatora nzvimbo dzinowanikwa hearings pamusoro pezvidzidzo. Kunyange muHondo Yenyika I muna dzokugara vakuru yaiitwa zvemaoresa mhemberero. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuziva kuti Alexander bhora yokutanga Vilna vachiri akabva akaenda St. Petersburg, apo iye akaramba yose Second World War.

akanganwa magamba

Uto Russian ichagadzirwa kuti nechisimba French refu zvisati. The Minister Hondo Barclay of Tolly akaita zvose zvinogoneka kune hondo Napoleon raMwari akaswedera Moscow panguva muganhu wavo kugona uye makuru varasikirwa. The chaizvo chete hondo gurukota akaramba mauto ake zvizere kurwisana akagadzirira. Zvinosuruvarisa nhoroondo Hondo Yenyika II yakanga kubatwa zvisina kubudikidza Barclay of Tolly. Sezvineiwo, ndiye chaizvoizvo akasika zvinhu ramangwana njodzi French, uye nechisimba mauto Napoleon muna Russia pakupedzisira raguma kukundwa kwavavengi zvakakwana.

The nzira of Minister Hondo

Barclay of Tolly akashandisa akakurumbira "muSitiya nzira". Kure pakati Niemen uye Moscow kwazvo. No chikafu reserves, urongwa mabhiza kunwa mvura "Grand Army" akava mumusasa huru mujeri, umo semafiro yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura Nokurasikirwa kurwa. The French havana kutarisira rinotyisa kuti akasika navo Barclay of Tolly, vanhuwo zvavo akapinda musango, achitora navo mombe uye nokupisa zvokudya, matsime muuto munzira muchetura, zvichiguma muuto French yatanga nguva nenguva matenda. Zvisinei, mabhiza uye vanhu akawira nenzara, vanobudisa kusiya, rakanga risiri kumhanya munzvimbo yausingazivi. Uyezve, mashoko partisan mapoka varimi akaparadza mamwe mapoka varwi French. Gore Napoleon kuti nechisimba Russia - gore rino isati yamboitwa nyika nechido vose Russian vanhu vakabatana kuparadza atadza. Pfungwa iyi zvakare kunooneka uye LN NdiTolstoy kuti yokufungidzira "Hondo uye Rugare", umo vatambi vake vakashinga kuramba kutaura French, sezvo izvi ndiwo mutauro atadza, uye kupa mari dzavo dzose pamusoro zvinodiwa vehondo. Russia ine kwenguva refu nguva havana kuziva izvozvo nechisimba. Kokupedzisira pamberi yeSweden vakarwisa anenge zana apfuura munyika yedu. Nguva pfupi asati kuti, chose munyika Russian vayemura shasha pamusoro Napoleon, vaifunga aiva munhu mukuru munyika. Zvino shasha izvi zvingangoisa mungozi redu rusununguko uye akava muvengi mhiko.

Number uye zvakakurumbira kweuto French

Kuwanda kwehondo Napoleon ari nechisimba Russia yakanga inenge 600 zviuru. Man. peculiarity Its yakanga kuti akafanana Pacchiwaku pamucheka. Zvinoumba mauto Napoleon ari nechisimba Russia yaisanganisira Polish lancers, Hungary dragoons, cuirassiers Spanish, French dragoons nevamwe. Over yose Europe, Napoleon vakaungana ake "Grand Army". Zvakanga motley, kutaura mitauro yakasiyana. Dzimwe nguva, vatungamiri uye varwi havana kunzwisisa mumwe, handidi kuteura ropa nokuda France Great, saka ari chiratidzo matambudziko anokonzerwa vedu vokutanga "yakatsva pasi," ivo vakasiya. Zvisinei, paiva simba kuti rwakabata ose Napoleon kuti hondo panguva Bay - pachavo varindi Napoleon. Izvi kwaiva vepamusoro rechiFrench mauto, kwakaitika pamwe nemauto shasha ose matambudziko mazuva okutanga. Pakanga chaizvo zvakaoma mariri. Varindi vakabhadharwa mari yakakura, vakadini nani zvokudya. Kunyange Moscow nzara kuti vanhu vawane migove vakanaka, ukuwo vamwe dzakamanikidzwa kuwana makonzo akafa zvokudya. Guard yakanga chinhu ane ano private kuchengeteka Napoleon. Akatarira, zviratidzo yokurega zvinhu kuitira mune motley hondo Napoleon raMwari. Sezvazvakanyorwa zvaikandwa kurwa vari zvikamu mberi apo shure kunyange chimwe musoja kungaita kumigumisiro inosuruvarisa kuti uto rose kupfuura ngozi. Varindiri havana kumbobvira yaserera uye vakaratidza kusingaenzaniswi nemishonga uye heroism. Zvisinei, vaiva vashoma kwazvo vari kubva muzana mazwi.

All muuto Napoleon wakange pamusoro hafu French pachavo, iyo rakazviratidza mune hondo muEurope. Zvisinei, zvino, ichi chaiva yakasiyana hondo - kukunda, basa, izvo zvinoratidzwa kwayo morale.

hondo

"Grand Army" rave muAtlantic mu echelons maviri. Huru Mauto - vanhu vanenge 500 zviuru uye vanenge 1 zviuru pfuti - .. yaiva mapoka matatu. The rworudyi bapiro pasi murayiro Jerome Bonaparte - vanhu 78 chiuru 159 pfuti -. Kudai kutamira Grodno uye kutsausa chikuru masimba Russian. Central boka rinotungamirirwa Beauharnais -. Vanhu 82 chiuru 200 pfuti - chaiva kudzivisa mhesano maviri makuru Mauto Russian, Barclay of Tolly uye Bagration. Napoleon pachake namapoka itsva vakatamira Vilna. Basa rake raiva kuputsa Russian Army oga, asi naiyewo akabvuma kubatana kwavo. Shure akaramba kuchengeterwa hondo pakati 170 zviuru. People uye vanenge 500 pfuti Marshal Augereau. Maererano nokufungidzira kweuto wenhoroondo Clausewitz, Napoleon vose vanobatanidzwa yokuRussia mushandirapamwe, 600 zviuru. People, uyo dzinenge 100 zviuru. Vanhu vakayambuka muganhu rwizi Neman kubva Russia.

Napoleon akaronga kumanikidza hondo reRussia vokumadokero miganhu. Zvisinei, cormorants of Tolly vakaisa mutambo wake "katsi uye mbeva". Major mauto Russian nguva dzose vaitambira kure kuhondo uye ichidzokera kuruwa, vachiverengera French kure kubva Polish mumatanda, nokunyima iye zvokudya uye zvokudya kunharaunda yayo. Ndicho chikonzero nechisimba Napoleon nemauto muRussia kwakaita kuti mberi tsaona "Grand Army".

mauto Russian

Russia yakanga panguva iyo kumukira vanenge 300 zviuru. Nomumwe 900. pfuti. Zvisinei, hondo yakakamurwa. First Western Army wakaraira nomuromo Minister Hondo pachake. Muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano pamusoro Barclay of Tolly, pane vanenge 130 zviuru. Wemunhu 500 pfuti. It ruoko achibva Lithuania kuna Grodno muna Belarus. Second Western Army Bagration akanga vanenge 50 zviuru vanhu -. Up mutsara kumabvazuva Bialystok. Third Tormasov hondo -. Uye vanenge 50 zviuru vanhu vane 168 pfuti - yaiva Volyn. Uyewo, mapoka makuru vaiva Finland - nguva pfupi yaiva hondo Sweden - uye Caucasus, apo Russia rave dzinozivikanwa akatungamirira hondo Turkey uye Iran. Paivawo boka revarwi dzedu pamusoro Danube, pasi murayiro Admiral PV Chichagova mu uwandu 57 zviuru. Nomumwe 200 pfuti.

Napoleon kwakaita nechisimba Russia: kutanga

Manheru, June 11, 1812 mumwe patrol of Life Guards Cossack hondo vakawana kufungira kufamba pamusoro Neman River. Manheru, ivo sappers muvengi akatanga kuvaka mazambuko matatu makiromita kuchamhembe kweNew kubva Kovno (chipo kuKaunas, Lithuania). Kuyambuka rwizi ose ehondo vakatora 4 Mazuva, asi French chains-garde yaiva Kovno mangwanani musi 12 Chikumi. Alexander I panguva yakanga iri bhora Vilna, kwaakanga nezvengozi kurwisa.

Kubva Niemen kuna Smolensk

Ndadzokera May 1811, zvichireva mukana Napoleon kuti nechisimba Russia, Alexander I akataura pamusoro French Ambassador: "Isu nani kusvika Kamchatka, pane kusaina rugare misoro yedu Nokuti tiri kuenda kundorwa chando uye nzvimbo yacho.".

Zano iri rakanga kushandisa: mauto Russian nokukurumidza vakadzokera shure kubva Niemen kusvikira Smolensk mauto maviri, vasingakwanise batanidza. Mauto Vose vari kuramba achinetswa French. Paiva hondo dzakawanda Russian aiva chibayiro chose mapoka rearguard kuti maximize refu abate simba guru French, kuti varege kuvapa kubata kwedu masimba makuru.

August 7 Hondo Valutina gomo, yainzi Hondo Smolensk. Barclay of Tolly vakabatsirana nguva iyi Bagration uye kunyange vakaedza kakawanda counterattack. Zvisinei, izvi zvose zvakanga chete anofambisa dzenhema akamanikidza Napoleon kufunga nezveramangwana munhu adzika hondo pedo Smolensk, uye gadziridza shongwe rwokufamba pasi kurwisa. Asi Russian mukuru mukuru akarangarira murayiro chamambo "kupfuura ini haana nehondo," uye vakasarudza kupa ndokudzika hondo, zvakarurama vachifanotaura ramangwana kukundwa. Near Smolensk, French akatambudzika zvikuru kurasikirwa. Pachake Barclay of Tolly aiva mutsigiri mamwe shure, asi yose Russian muvanhu vaimuona mbwende uye mutengesi kuti shure kwake zvisina kururama. Uye Russian mambo chete, nechekare kamwe vakapukunyuka Napoleon pana Austerlitz, achiri akaramba kuvimba mufundisi. Apo mauto yakakamurwa, Barclay of Tolly akanga achiri kukwanisa kukurira kutsamwa vehondo, asi kana zvabatanidzwa mauto pedyo Smolensk, akanga achiri kuita pakaunda-kurwisa muviri Murat. Kurwisa ichi yaidiwa zvikuru kuti afadze kuvatungamiriri Russian, pane kupa hondo inokosha kuna French. Asi, pasinei ichi, gurukota akapomerwa kuzengurira, kuverengera, woumbwende. Iye akataura wokupedzisira vagadzirisane yake Bagration, nechido vakamhanyira kuna kwacho, asi vasingagoni kupa murayiro, sezvo zvakanga zviri pamutemo pasi Barkalaja of Tolly. sezvo Napoleon pachake nehasha akataura kuti Russian haana kupa hondo mutsindo, sezvo ake tsanzira workaround chikuru mauto kwaizochinja wavanozvisunga shure wokuRussia, saka kuti hondo yedu vaizova zvachose kuputsika.

Change mukuru

Under paruzhinji kumanikidzwa Barkalaja of Tolly vachiri kubviswa pambiru mukuru mukuru. vemauto Russian muna August 1812 akaita sabotaged mirairo yake yose pachena. Zvisinei, chitsva mukuru mukuru, MI Kutuzov, ane simba yave chichivhiringidza Russian muvanhu, uyewo akarayira mberi dzokera shure. Yakanga chete musi waAugust 26 - uyewo pasi kumanikidzwa kubva kuruzhinji - zvose akapa yairwirwa hondo Borodino, umo Russian vakakundwa uye akasiyiwa Moscow.

zvabuda

To muchidimbu. Musi Napoleon kuti nechisimba Russia - chimwe chezvinhu zvinosuwisa munhoroondo nyika yedu. Zvisinei, chiitiko ichi chakaita kuti nokukurumidza kuti uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika munzanga yedu, ayo nenzvimbo. Napoleon zvakanga zvakaipa kuti Russian murimi mudiki yaachasarudza abolition kuti serfdom mukutsinhana anotsigira occupiers. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti vagari zvedu zvehondo kurwisa kwakanga zvikuru kupfuura zvipfuwo socio-zvoupfumi kuzvipokanidza.