The tsika Kujekerwa: Features

At pakuguma XVII remakore Kujekerwa, iro akafukidza zvose haizopereri XVIII remakore. Kiyi zviri nguva uye kuva wakasununguka-rationality. Paiva tsika Kujekerwa, iyo akapa nyika ine unyanzvi itsva.

mafungiro

Yose tsika Kujekerwa kwaibva papfungwa itsva kwouzivi akagadzira pedyo nevafungi nguva. The political chikuru nevafungi vaiva Dzhon Lokk, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Goethe, Kant nevamwe. Ivo kuziva yomudzimu chinoumba XVIII remakore (rinova kunzi Age Rokufunga).

The adepts Kujekerwa vakatenda kiyi pfungwa shoma. Mumwe wavo ndechokuti vanhu vose pachisikirwo vakaenzana, mumwe munhu ane zvavanofarira nezvavanoda. Akasangana navo, unofanira kuumba wakasununguka hostel vose. Unhu asimo pamusoro sechiedza - iri kuumbwa pamusoro nguva nokuti kuti vanhu vane simba mumuviri uye mune zvokunamata, uye pfungwa. Kuenzana vanofanira achinyanya kuva kuenzana zvose pamberi mutemo.

Kuvhenekerwa tsika - tsika nyore ruzivo zvose. Mukusarudza nevafungi tenda kuti chete kuburikidza kupararira dzidzo, unogona kugumisa mumagariro nyonganyonga. Ichi rationalism - kuzivikanwa mupfungwa inobva maitiro uye cognition vanhu.

Munguva Kujekerwa akaramba gakava pamusoro chitendero. Kuzvibvisa Musangano munzanga akakura chechi mira uye kuchinja (zvikurukuru Catholic). Pakati vatendi vakadzidza kuparadzira pfungwa dzaMwari, sezvo vamwe hurongwa mhedziso uyo akaita kuti pakutanga yaiva nyika. Nemhaka Zvakawanikwa vakawanda kwesayenzi vakawaridza nemaonero kuti vanhu vanogona kuzivisa zvose zvakavanzika zvakasikwa uye zvakavanzika nezvishamiso kare.

uri gwara

Kuwedzera uzivi, waivapo uye unyanzvi tsika Kujekerwa. Panguva iyoyo unyanzvi the Old World chaiva munzvimbo huru mbiri. Wokutanga aiva Classicism. Iye zimukadzimu mumabhuku, mumhanzi, nemicheka Arts. Izvi Muitiro raireva kuomerera weRoma uye nechiGiriki nemitemo yekare. iwe kwakadaro kwakasiyana symmetry, rationality, uchifunga uye zvakaoma abvume fomu.

The unyanzvi tsika Kujekerwa yechinangwa Romanticism akapindura mimwe mibvunzo: manyawi, fungidziro, okusika improvisation yokudhirowa. Kazhinji pane vakadaro kuti izvi akasiyana nzira mbiri dzakanga kubatanidzwa mune imwe chigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, mufananidzo aigona anoenderana classicism uye kugutsikana - Romanticism.

Akazviratidza uye experimental zvekunyanyisa. It rava chinokosha chaiyo sentimentalism. Haana kuva kwayo manyorero siyana, asi kuishandisa akaratidza ipapo maonero kunaka kwevanhu uye kuchena, iyo yakapiwa kuvanhu pachisikirwo. Russian unyanzvi tsika Kujekerwa, uyewo European, aiva pachake yakajeka gura zvaiva nekunzwisisa chokubuda. Kwakadaro kwaiva nyaya Nikolaya Karamzina "Poor Liza".

kunamatwa zvakasikwa

It sentimentalists akasika anozivikanwa Kujekerwa chitendero hwezvisikwa. The nevafungi of XVIII remakore payo vakatsvaka nzwisa yakaisvonaka uye vakanaka, chii aifanira kuedza vanhu. The ndiye nyika yakanaka vakanga vachishingaira kuonekwa panguva iyoyo Europe, mumapaka uye minda. Zvakasikwa somunhu akakwana zvakatipoteredza vanhu vakakwana. Nziyo idzi dzinosanganisira unyanzvi maberere, mumaraibhurari, mamiziyamu, temberi dzemitambo.

The Kujekerwa vaidavira kuti idzva "rwokuzvarwa munhu" anofanira kudzokera ayo dzinongoitika Hurumende - kuti ndiyo hunhu. Maererano nepfungwa iyi Russian unyanzvi uye tsika Kujekerwa (kana kuti, mapurani) akapa vomunguva Peterhof. Over pakurigadzira basa ezvivako akakurumbira Leblon, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Nemhaka ravo pamusoro Gulf Finland vane akasiyana Ensemble, yaisanganisira yakasiyana park, mizinda namatsime.

mufananidzo

In kupenda, unyanzvi tsika Europe Kujekerwa rakavapo dziratidze secularism. Religious akatanga kutora nzvimbo kunyange munyika idzodzo umo zvisati ainzwa nechivimbo zvakakwana kuAustria, Italy uye Germany. Landscape kupenda chakatsiva mafungiro kwenzvimbo uye rakapfava asian chakatsiva pamutemo Portraits.

In yokutanga yezana XVIII remakore French tsika Kujekerwa chamuita kuti Rococo manyorerwo. iwe kwakadaro kwaibva asymmetry, yakanga vakamusweveredza, tamba uye pretentious. Favorite vatambi murayiro uyu womufananidzo ari Bacchante, nymphs, Venus, Diana, uye dzimwe inofananidza dzekare mungano, uye zvikuru nyaya - rudo.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa French Rococo - okugadzira zvinhu Fransua Makamboona, wainzi "ari painter mambo wokutanga." Iye kupendwa theatre rinovira, mifananidzo mufananidzo mabhuku vapfumi dzimba dzoushe. Inonyanya nomukurumbira emifananidzo ake: "The Toilet pamusoro Venus", "kuchakunda Venus" uye zvichingodaro ..

Antuan Vatto nekusiyana, kuramba kutendeukira kuupenyu ano. Under ake simba, wokugadzira kwakasimbiswa chikuru Chirungu muotokuva rokupenda Thomas Gainsborough. Zvakasiyana pakunamata, chakagadziridzwa pakunamata uye nhetembo.

The chikuru Italian painter pamusoro XVIII remakore rakanga Dzhovanni Tepolo. tenzi ichi Prints uye murals muri vatsoropodzi vaiona wokupedzisira mumiririri mukuru wechikoro Venetian. In guru wakakurumbira kunotenga Republic wakasimukawo Veduta - ose dzomumaguta yakanaka. Most rakakurumbira creators ari Genre vakatanga Francesco Guardi uye Antonio Kanaletto. This Kujekerwa tsika akasiya akawandisa hunoshamisa mifananidzo.

mitambo

XVIII remakore - chendarama makore yemitambo. Panguva Kujekerwa, ichi iwe chimiro yasvika vanova kukurumbira ake uye kuwanda. MuEngland, chikuru chaiva munyori wemitambo Richard Sheridan. The kupfuura nomukurumbira mabasa ake, "Kuenda Scarborough," "Chikoro Njodzi" uye "vavengi" vaishora paunzenza bourgeoisie.

Dynamic yemitambo yose tsika muEurope Kujekerwa yakatanga muna Venice, kwaaishanda dzemitambo 7 chete. Traditional wepagore guta haradhi anofarira vaenzi vaibva zvose pamusoro Old World. In Venice, akaita munyori yakakurumbira "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. munyori wemitambo iyi, uyo vakanyora 267 mabasa, airemekedzwa uye rinoyemurwa Voltaire.

The yakakurumbira mutambo mukuru XVIII remakore yakanga "The Kuroorana Figaro," rakanyorwa mukuru wokuFrance Beaumarchais. In kutamba ichi, mudzidziso mafungiro nzanga ine mafungiro paMhedziso umambo pamusoro Bourbons. Makore mashomanana pashure pokunge bhuku rokutanga kubudiswa uye comedies muFrance paiva chimurenga kuti akapidigura hurumende yekare.

European tsika Kujekerwa haana yunifomu. Mune dzimwe nyika mune unyanzvi vakasimuka yenyika zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mutambo German (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), mabasa ake hwaipfuura zvakanyorwa Genre njodzi. In yemitambo iyi Kujekerwa muGermany wakaonekwa ari emakore mashoma pane muFrance kana England.

Iogann Gete haana chete mudetembi chinopenya uye munyori wemitambo. Kwete nokuti hapana chinonzi "shasha yezvisikwa" - mumwe connoisseur uye uri theorist, nyanzvi, novelist uye nyanzvi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Its chigadzirwa anokosha - dambudziko "Faust" uye mutambo "Egmont." Chimwe chinoshamisa mufananidzo Germany Kujekerwa, Friedrich Schiller, akanyora kwete chete "chivande uye Rudo" uye "makororo", asi akasiya mabasa zvesayenzi uye zvakaitika kare.

nhema

The chikuru mabhuku Genre pamusoro XVIII remakore yaiva yokufungidzira. Zviri nemhaka mabhuku matsva kuuya yakunda Bourgeois nemagariro, iro yakatsiva yekare feudal dzidziso tsaru. Achishingaira rakabudiswa mabasa hausi Vanyori chete, asiwo evanhu, vazivi uye nezvoupfumi.

The yokufungidzira, sezvinoita Genre, akakura kubva Advocacy venhau. With payo, vanofunga zvenyika XVIII remakore vakawana mufananidzo mutsva kutaura pfungwa dzavo mumagariro uye dzouzivi. Akanyora "Gulliver kuti Nzendo" Dzhonatan Svift kupinzwa basa rake nemadimikira dzakawanda uipi panguva vanhu. Akanyorawo vaiva "The zvakaedza rimwe fura." In chipepanhau ichi, Swift satirized iyoyo dzechitendero mirairo uye kukakavadzana.

Kukura tsika Kujekerwa kunogona kurondwa kusvikira kwaita mabhuku Genres matsva. Panguva ino, paiva epistolary yokufungidzira (a yokufungidzira mutsamba). Izvi zvakanga Somuenzaniso, "Tsamba Persian" munhu nekunzwisisa basa Ioganna Gete "Mabote Young Werther," umo protagonist akaita kuzviuraya, uyewo Montesquieu. Paiva muvhidhiyo enganonyorwa vari Genre kunyora pakufamba uye rondedzero kufamba ( "Nzendo muFrance uye Italy," Tobias Smollett).

In mabhuku, tsika Kujekerwa kuRussia, vakatevera vemunyika classicism. Muzana nyanduri XVIII remakore Alexander Sumarokov akashanda Vasily Trediakovskii, Antiochus Cantemir. Paiva inomera vokutanga Sentimentalism (kare akataura Karamzin "Poor Lisa" uye "Natalie, boyar mwanasikana"). The tsika Kujekerwa kuRussia akasika zvose prerequisites kuitira kuti pakutanga XIX remakore, zvipfuwo mabhuku, rinotungamirirwa Pushkin, Lermontov uye Gogol, ruzivo ayo yendarama zera.

mumhanzi

Yakanga panguva Age of Kujekerwa, mumwe ano mutauro mimhanzi. Its muvambi anonzi Iogann Tsvatu waro. Ichi Munyori mukuru akanyora mabasa mu Genres zvose (Kusara aiva dhanzi). Bach uye nhasi anonzi ane tenzi unrivaled kuti polyphony. Mumwe munyori wokuGermany George Handel akanyora zvinopfuura 40 operas uye vakawanda sonatas uye Inn. Inspiration iye, akaita Bach, akacherera ari yemubhaibheri nyaya (dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza okuremekedza: "Israeri muIjipiti", "Sauro", "Mesiya").

Other chinokosha chiitiko mimhanzi nguva - the Viennese School. Mabasa nhengo dzayo kuramba kumhanya zvedzidzo vairidza nhasi, saka kuti vanhu vemazuva ano vanogona kubata nhaka kuti asiya tsika Kujekerwa. Remakore rechi18 riri chokuita mazita geniuses akadai Wolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig Van Beethoven. Zviri izvi Viennese Vanyori kuti uongorore zvakare yekare zvokuridza siyana uye Genres.

Haydn anonzi baba dzekare nezvimwe (akavanyorera vanopfuura zana). Vazhinji mabasa aya yakavakirwa chevarwere vachitamba uye nziyo. Yepamusoro okugadzira zvinhu zviri Haydn kuti London symphonies kutenderera zvakanyorwa naye panguva nzendo kuEngland. The tsika yacho Renaissance yaitonga, paraiitwa Kujekerwa uye imwe nguva munhoroondo yevanhu hakuwanzowaniki kuita kuti pave saka iwane Artists. Kunze nezvimwe quartet Haydn nhengo 83, vakawanda 13, 20 uye 52 operas clavier sonatas.

Mozart kwete chete mimhanzi. Ndiye risingaenzaniswi vairidza harpsichord uye gitare tenzi Ezvemutauro aya muduku. operas ake uye Concerts akasiyana siyana chaizvo manzwiro (kubva wokufananidzira mashoko kusvika mafaro). The chikuru mabasa Mozart vaiona symphonies ake matatu, zvakanyorwa mune imwe chete muna 1788 (nhamba 39, 40, 41).

Chimwe chikuru klassiske Beethoven Aifarira umhare nyaya vanotadzisa overtures "Egmont," "Coriolanus" uye "Fidelio," ari dhanzi. Somunhu muiti, akarova vaairarama kuridza piyano. Nokuti ichi Beethoven chokushandisa 32 Sonata zvakanyorwa. Most ake anoshanda munyori akasikwa muVienna. Uyewo hazvina mwene 10 sonatas kuti gitare uye piyano (chinonyanya dzakakurumbira ndiye "Kreutzer" Sonata).

Beethoven rwakaona chakakomba okusika matambudziko anokonzerwa nezvinhu vaunzwe. Munyori kurerekera kune kuzviuraya Vapererwa akanyora ngano "Moonlight" Sonata ake. Zvisinei, kunyange chirwere chakaipisisa havana kutyora kuda the artist. Zvaakanga kukurira yayo lethargy, Beethoven akanyorawo mabasa mazhinji symphonic.

Chirungu Kujekerwa

England aiva nzvimbo yechizvarirwo of European Kujekerwa. Munyika ino, pamberi vamwe, vari XVII remakore, paiva Bourgeois chimurenga, izvo zvakasimbisa tsika kukura. England akava muenzaniso wakanaka evanhu mberi. Muzivi Dzhon Lokk aiva mumwe wokutanga uye chikuru theorists ose akarurama pfungwa. Nokupesvedzera zvaakanyora anokosha gwaro enyika Kujekerwa rakanyorwa - the American Declaration of Independence. Locke aidavira kuti ruzivo rwomunhu vagara vandifungira kutsinga dzinouya maonero uye ruzivo kupfuura vasati inopikisanawo akakurumbira muuzivi Descartes.

Chimwe anofunga inokosha kuBritain zviri XVIII remakore rakanga Devid Yum. Izvi muzivi, Economist, wenhoroondo, Wenyika uye publicist yoku- sayenzi tsika. Adam wake panguva Smith akava muvambi ano zvoupfumi dzidziso. The tsika Kujekerwa, iri pfupi, asati pfungwa dzakawanda dzemazuva ano uye pfungwa. basa Smith aiva saizvozvo. Akanga wokutanga inofananidza kukosha kumusika hurumende kukosha.

French nevafungi

Vazivi French zviri XVIII remakore aishanda ezvinhu nokushorwa raivapo panguva iyoyo magariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika muhurongwa. Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu - vose akatsutsumwa pamusoro mumhuri mirairo. Kutsoropodza aigona kutora siyana: kusatendera, ari idealization kare (nokusimudzwa ari Republican tsika yekare), etc ...

A yakasiyana Fani Kujekerwa tsika yaiva 35 mavhoriyumu "Encyclopedia". Kwairatidza chikuru nevafungi "Chizvarwa Rokufunga '. Inspirer uye mukuru mupepeti aikosha bhuku rino raiva Denis Diderot. Inobatsira kuti vakaparadzana mavhoriyamu vane Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy nevamwe vakakurumbira vakadzidza pamusoro XVIII remakore.

Montesquieu zvikuru vakatsoropodza kwesimba despotism nezviremera. Nhasi, ari zvakakodzera vaiona muvambi Bourgeois liberalism. Voltaire akazova muenzaniso zvaiti uye netarenda. Akanga muvambi satirical nhetembo, enganonyorwa ouzivi, maturakiti enyika. Double-anofunga pachake mutirongo, yakawanda nguva aifanira kuviga mupoteri. Yaiva Voltaire akasika fashoni mahara mafungiro uye kusava nechokwadi.

Kujekerwa German

tsika German of XVIII remakore iripo mune ezvinhu enyika kusabatana kwenyika. Advanced pfungwa waitsigira Kuramba kwakaita feudal survivals uye yemubatanidzwa. Kusiyana French nevazivi ari German nevafungi vasingafariri nyaya chokuita chechi.

Kufanana Russian tsika Kujekerwa, ari Prussian tsika yakaumbwa pamwe zvakananga Kupinda ari autocratic mambo (mu Russia, yakanga Catherine II, muna Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). Musoro State inotsigira yemhando zvinangwa nguva yake zvakasimba, kunyange asina kurega simba rake risingagumi. gadziriro yakadaro inonzi "chinoziva absolutism".

Huru zvivheneko Germany XVIII remakore rakanga Immanuel Kant. Muna 1781 akabudisa chinokosha basa 'nekuongorora Rokufunga Kwakachena. " Muzivi vakatanga matsva zivo, vakadzidza mukana kwepfungwa dzevanhu. Yakanga vaakaruramisa nzira tichirwisa pamutemo chimiro shanduko mumagariro uye enyika, dzakakudzingai wakaipa mhirizhonga. Kant akaita rakakura dzidziso kwemitemo.