Ounyanzvi uye tsika Renaissance. Mutsindo inofananidza of Renaissance: zvawanyora

Renaissance (Renaissance) kwakatsiva Middle Ages uye kusvikira Kujekerwa. Zvinokosha zvikuru munhoroondo Europe. Siyana mhando rokunyika tsika, uye Humanism uye anthropocentrism (pakutanga pane murume). Figures of Renaissance hwakachinjawo zvavanofunga.

pfupiso

Akaumba tsika itsva kuburikidza paruzhinji noukama zvachinja muna Europe. Zvikurukuru sei kuwa kwake pamusoro Byzantine wehurumende. A yakawanda Byzantines akatamira kunyika dzokuEurope, uye pamwechete navo vakauya akawandisa mabasa ounyanzvi. Hapana ichi zvaizivikanwa Ages Europe, uye Kozimo Medichi, chaizvo, vakasikwa Florence Academy dzaPlato.

Distribution guta-inoti kwakaita kuti kuwanda nemakirasi, zvaiva kure feudal pabonde. Izvi zvaisanganisira nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vokubhengi, vashambadzi uye zvichingodaro. Havana seva Ages tsika kuti akaumbwa nekereke. Izvi zvakaguma Humanism. Pasi pfungwa iyi zvinoreva pakutevedzera kwouzivi izvo anoona munhu sezvo chemhando ukoshi.

Munyika dzakawanda akatanga kuumba zvenyika nesayenzi uye tsvakurudzo nzvimbo. musiyano wavo kubva Ages takaparadzana muchechi. It akaita iya mikuru iri XV remakore, nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa rokudhinda. Izvi zvakaita kuti vakawanda dzichitaridzika vakakurumbira inofananidza of Renaissance.

Paumbwe uye ndakajeka

First akaonekwa Renaissance Italy. Pano akatanga kuratidza zviratidzo XIII uye XIV emakore. Zvisinei, zvinobatsira nguva yake kugona kukunda, uye chete ari 20s pamusoro XV remakore zvakanga akakwanisa kuwana nzvimbo. Kumwewo muEurope, Renaissance pakanyenga paya. Zviri pakuguma remakore, ichatonga zvine mbiri iyi muitiro.

Akatevera remakore raiva dambudziko iri Renaissance. Mugumisiro yave kwaita Mannerism uye Baroque. Renaissance All rakakamurwa mana nguva. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akapa tsika yavo, unyanzvi.

Protorenessans

Zviri Transitional nguva kubva yeMiddle Ages kusvikira Renaissance. Inogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Chokutanga chakavapo panguva upenyu Giotto, wechipiri - pashure pokufa kwake (1337). Wokutanga yakazadzwa zvakawanwa zvikuru iyi vaiita chakajeka inofananidza of Renaissance. Wechipiri rakaitirwa akaererana denda rinouraya kuti vanotambudzwa Italy.

Artists of Renaissance nezvenguva vakaratidza unyanzvi hwavo kunyanya chivezwa. Zvikurukuru nekusiyanisa Arnolfo od change, Andrea Pisano uye Nicola uye Dzhovanni Pizano. Paintings nguva aimiririrwa zvikoro zviviri, dzakanga riri Siena uye Florence. A rakakura muchinangwa mufananidzo nezvenguva vakaridza Giotto.

Renaissance nhamba (vemifananidzo), zvikurukuru nokuda Giotto, simbi iri mifananidzo yake Misoro kuwedzera kubatwa uye enyika dzechitendero.

Mumabhuku, kumukira akaita Dante Aligeri, akasika akakurumbira "Comedy". Zvisinei, vedzinza pakuyemura, akamudana "Comedy Divine." Sonnets pamusoro Petrarch (1304-1374 gg.), Rakanyorwa munguva yawana zvikuru mukurumbira uye akava muteveri wake Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375 gg.), Munyori "Decameron".

Dzinozivikanwa inofananidza of Renaissance Italian vakava creators yomutauro chaiko. Mabasa Vanyori ava nomukurumbira kupfuura miganhu yake yaakaberekerwa ezvinhu muupenyu hwavo hwose, uye pakupedzisira vose vainzi pfuma mabhuku nyika.

Period Early Renaissance

Iyi kwemakore makumi masere (1420-1500 gg.). Inofananidza mangwanani Renaissance haana kukanda mapfumo pasi setsika ichangobva kare, asi simbi basa rake kushandisa dzekare. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vakabva romuMiddle kusvika zvinotaurwa vekare. Kuchinja uku sei kuchinja muupenyu uye tsika.

Italy ave zvakazara akaratidza nenhungamiro dzekare, uye mune dzimwe nyika dzichiri akarambawo tsika Gothic manyorerwo. Chete ari pakati XV remakore Renaissance kupinda mumba Spain uye kuchamhembe Alps.

Muna painting, kupfuura zvose, akatanga kuratidza kunaka munhu. Early nguva ainyanya kumiririrwa mabasa Botticelli (1445-1510), uyewo Mazachcho (1401-1428).

Kunyanya nomukurumbira muvezi Donatello ndiyo nguva (1386-1466). Mabasa ake vakatonga mufananidzo mhando. Donatello uyewo nguva yokutanga kubva kare akasika chivezwa munhu akashama muviri.

Anokosha uye inonyatsozivikanwa ezvivako nezvenguva yakanga Brunelleschi (1377-1446). Akakwanisa chokubatanidza Roman uye Gothic zvitaera mumabasa avo. Wokunzi pakuvaka makereke, machechi uye dzimba. Also akadzoka Antique mapurani.

Nguva High Renaissance

nguva ino aiva maruva ari Renaissance (1500-1527). Italian Art Center iri muRoma, asi kwete senguva Florence. Chikonzero ichi chaiva achangobva Pope Julius II. Aiva enterprising uye vakatsunga hunhu, paaigara panguva papa choumambo kusvikira dare akauya yakanakisisa nemagariro inofananidza of Renaissance.

MuRoma, akatanga kuvaka zvivako zvakanaka kwazvo, vavezi vemabwe zhinji pave ounyanzvi kuti vari zvishongo nyika uri nguva yedu. Kunyora anouya Pamifananidzo uye mifananidzo kuti ruchiri kukangaidza nokunaka kwavo. sectors zvose izvi kukura unyanzvi, kubatsira mumwe.

Kudzidza kare kuri kuva zvakadzama. Zvose zvakarurama reproduces tsika kumwedzi. Panguva iyoyowo kudzikamisa Middle Ages yakatsiva playfulness mu art. Zvisinei, inofananidza iyo iri Renaissance, ndandanda chiri zvakadzama, chete kukwereta zvimwe zvezvidzidzo kare, uye hwaro asika kwako. Mumwe nomumwe ane yayo nevamwe zvinhu.

Leonardo Da Vinci

zvichida Dzinozivikanwa mufananidzo pamusoro Renaissance ndiye Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Ndiwo seanokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji unhu kumwedzi. Akadzidza kupenda, mumhanzi, chivezwa, sainzi. Muupenyu hwake, Da Vinci akakwanisa kugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda kuti zvava muupenyu hwedu nhasi (bhasikoro, parachuti, tangi zvichingodaro). Dzimwe nguva kuedza ake apedza ari kukundikana, asi zvakaitika nokuti chokwadi kuti vamwe chakatangwa, zvinokwanisika kutaura mberi nguva.

Akawanda inozivikanwa, Chokwadi, nemhaka firimu "Mona Lisa." Masayendisiti akawanda vachiri akatarira mwana zvakavanzika siyana. Leonardo akasiya vadzidzi shoma.

Late Renaissance Period

Akanga mukunopera muna Renaissance (kubvira 1530 kusvika 1590-1620 makore., Asi dzimwe nyanzvi waregerera 1630, kugara kusawirirana simuka nokuti ichi).

In Southern Europe, apo sangano vakatanga kubuda (Counter), uyo vavarira chaiva kudzorera ukuru Catholic Church uye chiKristu. Vose Chanting womunhu muviri havana anogamuchirwa naye.

Zvakawanda kusawirirana zvakaguma pakuti akatanga kuratidza dambudziko pfungwa. Somugumisiro pakati kusagadzikana nenhamba vechitendero Renaissance akatanga kudzikira kuwirirana pakati pomunhu hunhu, pakati venyama uye pakunamata. Mugumisiro yave kwaita Mannerism uye Baroque.

Revival muRussia

Renaissance tsika dzimwe nzvimbo chakabata nyika yedu. Zvisinei, ayo zvakamubaya aihuitira ne kure zvakakwana guru, uyewo Russian tsika hunofanira Orthodoxy.

mutongi The wokutanga Renaissance rwakagadzirira nzira kuRussia aiva Ivan III, uyo panguva yake pachigaro choushe vakatanga kukoka rokuItari ezvivako. With Vasvika, zvitsva zvine maatomu akafanana uye kuvakwa michina. Zvisinei, kumukira huru mapurani hazvina kuitika.

Muna 1475 kudzorerwa nokufungidzira Cathedral akanga kuroorana Italian mapurani Aristotle fioravanti. Iye vakanamatira tsika Russian tsika, asi akawedzera kuti chirongwa dzose.

Pakazosvika XVII remakore nokuda pokudzora kuzvidhori Renaissance Russian kuva musoro, asi panguva imwe chete, vemifananidzo vanotevera ose canons vekare.

Nokukurumidza, Russia akakwanisa kudzidza uye Typography. Zvisinei, chinokosha kuparadzirwa kwayo akagamuchira chete XVII remakore. Vakawanda ruzivo vari zvichiitika Europe, uye nokukurumidza kupinza kupinda Russia, uko nani uye vakava chikamu tsika. Somuenzaniso, maererano nomumwe pfungwa, mashoko vodka yakanga yabva Italy, hazvina vakabva dzakachinja nzira, uye muna 1430 yakaonekwa Russian shanduro chokunwa.

mhedziso

The Renaissance akapa nyika vakawanda vane zvipo vemifananidzo, vanotsvakurudza ruzivo, masayendisiti, vavezi vemabwe uye ezvivako. Kubva guru namazita vangazivikanwa avo vanozivikanwa uye vakawanda vari kupembererwa.

Vazivi uye masayendisiti:

• Bruno.
• Galileo.
• Pico della Mirandola.
• Nikolay Kuzansky.
• Machiavelli.
• Campanella.
• Paracelsus.
• Copernicus.
• Munzer.

Writers uye vadetembi:

• F. Petrarca.
• Dante.
• J .. Boccaccio.
• Rabelais.
• Cervantes.
• Shakespeare.
• E. reRotterdam.

Architects, Painters uye vavezi vemabwe:

• Donatello.
• Leonardo da Vinci.
• N. Pisano.
• A. Rossellino.
• S. Botticelli.
• Raphael.
• Michelangelo.
• Bosch.
• Titian.
• A. Durer.

Chokwadi, ichi ndicho chete chiduku chikamu kwokufananidzira ari Renaissance, asi vanhu ava vava ayo somunhu vakawanda.