Mutongi - ndiani ichi? A zvishoma pamusoro ndivanaani uye chiremera utsinye

Nhoroondo World akapfuma curiosities enyika uye magariro. Chinzvimbo mutongi - yakasiyana nedzimwe. Kunamata mutemo weRoma akabvumira kuti kuva pamusoro wayo hwaro chinokosha nzira dzokugadzirisa paruzhinji nematambudziko. Uye munguva yedu, chinzvimbo ichi kumhuka uye ikava rudzi kwakakwana umambo.

Mabviro udzvinyiriri

The mudzvanyiriri - chaizvo mumhanyi kwenguva yokukurumidzira, kana zvakakodzera kuti uchatamisa simba mumaoko rwakasimba mutungamiri masimba risingagumi. Zita, iro anoshandura se "arayire", zvakazara rinopa zvinoreva izwi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Roma yakanga isiri nzvimbo panowanikwa nzvimbo mudzvinyiriri - Zvimwe rakatorwa pamusoro nezvakaitika mamwe maguta Latin.

Panoperera yacho tsarist nguva Roman nhoroondo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakasarudza kudzivirira nyika kubva utsinye nesimba, kubva izvo hapana vaitarisira chinhu chakanaka pashure zvakaitika makore apfuura. Pasina nguva zvakava pachena kuti pane mamiriro ezvinhu umo unofanira kupfuura bhodhi mumwe munhu. Izvi akatibvumira kukurumidza kugadzirisa dambudziko navaduku varasikirwa.

Vakati vadzingwa Tarquinia, pashure 9 makore zvokuvhoterwa vakaisa zvashata chinzvimbo. The mudzvanyiriri rokutanga Rome, maererano zvimwe zvinyorwa - Tit Lartsy, pane dzimwe - Manius Valery. Zvikonzero zvinogadzirisa zvakanyanyisa kudaro zvishomanana: hondo pamwe Latins, kurwisana nevatsigiri enyika vakatapwa Tarquins, zvesimba plebs - the mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nemupristi kumanikidzwa muzvikwereti uye azere mutemo.

Vabati Roman: unhu uye namasimba

Mutongi akagadzwa chisarudzo chinokosha consuls musangano. Mushure kupinda rehondo mumiririri yokunyanyisa zvinzvimbo lictors vaendeswa. All masimba vari zvaitambidzwa mudzvinyiriri - pamberi pake vose vaiva vagari vanhuwo. The chete Kunze ndiko vanhu wavarwi - vakanga chitsvene uye inviolable, uye akaramba kudzivirira kodzero plebeians.

The mudzvanyiriri - munhu vachinzwisisa simba risingagumi. Its zvisarudzo asingagoni akadenha, uye kutonga zvayaigona kana panguva kana mushure yapfuura rokuti mahofisi. Mushure kugadzwa, akagamuchira musoro pamwe Kuwedzera - chinokonzera kuenda. Zvikonzero chingava: hondo, mukuru-Profile dare nyaya, kusagadzikana kwevanhu, mitambo munzanga uye omunyika, ari comitia, pakupera weSeneti mudonzvo, kuitwa mitemo kukuru.

Mutongo mutongi categorical, kunyange consuls kuteerera sarudzo yake. Pakutanga nokuvapo akasarudzwa zvinzvimbo vaigona kuva chete patricians, asi kubva IV remakore BC. e. uye plebeians aigona vanoti kodzero kuva inoshamisa mutungamiriri Rome. Musandu uye Yuliy Tsezar akaita zita rake kuti upenyu uye akamupa zita namambo wacho zvinhu.

Military mutongi aiva mukuru mukuru weuto, uye kutsigira mukuru Executive simba. Kwete aizvinzwisisa kunyanya ukama yavanhu tribunes uye vadzvinyiriri. Mubvunzo ukama simba uye pasi. Hapana mashoko akajeka pamusoro aigona sei wavarwi kuti kurambidza chisarudzo mudzvinyiriri.

Chaiye nguva, musoro wehurumende aiva nhumwa, asi masimba ake shoma nokuda Seneti. Mutongi - Nzvimbo iri nani kupfuura simba consuls, inogona kuenzaniswa simba amambo. Zvisinei, aisagona kusarudza mibvunzo rezvemari, kupedza mari kubva muchivigiro pasina mvumo Seneti. Uyewo, mudzvinyiriri aisagona kufamba kunze Rome, vakakomba guta mabhiza.

"Colonels Board." Changing zvinoreva shoko "mudzvinyiriri" muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri

Pfungwa udzvinyiriri pakati modernity yachinja. The mudzvanyiriri - munhu vachinzwisisa simba kwakakwana mune mudambudziko ezvinhu, asi nokusingaperi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi mberi tsika yatanga kubudikidza Musandu uye Yuliy Tsezar. Muzana remakore nemakore maviri, rokuti "mudzvinyiriri" iri vawane simba kwete chete munyika, asi kunyange munhu maindasitiri.

Mhedziso simba hazvirevi kwezvaizosarudzwa naIye munhu mumwe chete - hazvibviri. Asi Advisory mitumbi panguva udzvinyiriri zvinokosha chete mirairo uye mutungamiri kuda.

Kana kubatwa wemapurisa nesimba chimurenga kuumbwa stratocracy. Zvinonzi vaitirei fomu stratocracy. Panyaya iyi, nyika yaidzorwa nemauto, asi pane okunatsiridza esimba akadai - zvichienderana padanho zvinoitwa nechisimba riri kushanda nehurumende midziyo. Kakawanda iri mhando udzvinyiriri unowanikwa Africa, South America uye kuMiddle East.

Typical ndiye junta, rakajairika muLatin America. Nyika hunodzorwa kanzuru zvechiuto. Miyenzaniso modes Jorge Videla muArgentina uye Augusto Pinochet muChile.

Military hwoudzvinyiriri mu Africa uye kuMiddle East vanoonekwa ne authoritarianism. Nyika hunodzorwa kwete bhodhi kana komiti, uye mutungamiri mumwe. Somuenzaniso, sezvo yave akaronga Utongi mhondi kubva Idi Amin kuUganda.

Nokuti remakore rechimakumi maviri kunoratidzwa kaviri emauto udzvinyiriri: simba vanhu kana mutungamiriri chete. Chokutanga - munhu pevatongi, uye wechipiri - ane anomanikidza Republican hwoudzvinyiriri.

Great uye anotyisa. Navadzvanyiriri nguva yedu

A nguva kuchinja kukuru uye kwawakabva paidiwa vatongi simba. Remakore rechimakumi maviri aiva vakapfuma vari udzvinyiriri nezvezvikwata zvose uye zvitarisiko.

In Europe ichitongwa Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), Francisco Franco (Spain) uye Iosif Stalin (USSR), Nicolae Ceausescu (Romania); muna Asia - Mao Tszedun (China), Kim vaIri Sen (North Korea), Pol Pot (Cambodia), Saddam Hussein (Iraq); mu America - Fidel Castro (Cuba), Augusto Pinochet (Chile); Africa - Idi Amin (Uganda), Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), Muammar Gaddafi (Libya). Great mutongi neChikomonisiti akaumba pachishandiswa yeNazi, yechiFascist dzematongerwe (Italy, Germany, Spain), pokubatwa pevatongi chehurumende (USSR uye China).

In mhedziso

modes All zvakafanana: ari anomanikidza kutonga mutungamiri mumwe kwemakore akawanda, udzvanyiriri zvainanga vavengi musoro wehurumende, rezvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi vamwe nevamwe, statism, simba Army kuzvidzora.