Byzantium: Nhoroondo kumuka nokuwa

The Roman Empire, mumwe mukuru wekare mamiriro idzodzo, mu emakore okutanga munguva yedu vakaenda kuderera. madzinza zvakawanda, rezasi dariro yebudiriro, vakaparadza zvakawanda nhaka nyika yekare. Asi Eternal City haana takatondeswa kufa; yakanga vainzi pamahombekombe ose Bosphorus uye makore akawanda kushamiswa vakararama pamwe runako rwayo.

wechipiri Rome

Nhoroondo panowanikwa Byzantium rinoreva pezana III remakore, apo Roman Emperor akava Flaviy Valery Avreliy Konstantin, Constantine I (the Great). Panguva iyoyo wehurumende yeRoma yakanga yakabvamburwa munyika kukakavara uye kunokurumidziswa zvaitika vavengi. Status kumabvazuva enyika vakanyanya wakakomborerwa, uye Constantine vakasarudza kutamira guru kupinda mumwe wavo. Muna 324, pamhenderekedzo iri Bosphorus Constantinople kuvaka kwakatanga, uye muna 330, akanga zvakaziviswa sezvo Rome mutsva.

Sezvo pamavambo okuvapo zvawo Byzantine Empire, iyo ine nhoroondo emakore gumi.

Chokwadi, munenge chero akatsiga miganhu pakusava haana kukurukurwa panguva iyoyo. Kwoupenyu hwake hurefu, simba Constantinople simba, izvozvo otorazve simba.

Justinian uye Theodora

Munzira dzakawanda, mamiriro ezvinhu munyika kwaibva unhu mutongi wayo, iyo vakawanda maitire rinoti vane mhedziso umambo, raiva Byzantium. Nhoroondo yacho pakukura zvakabatana chaizvo ainzi paMambo Justinian I wake, ari Empress Theodora (527-565.) - Vakadzi vane kwazvo uye sezvinooneka zvikuru chipo.

Pakazosvika mavambo V remakore umambo ikava duku reMediterranean mamiriro, uye mambo mutsva akanga nechido pfungwa ndiponesezve aimbova rukudzo iye akakunda ndima yakakura muna West, yabudirira hama rugare Persia kuMabvazuva.

History of pakati Byzantine tsika iri zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe yaitonga rokutonga Justinian. Zviri ngaavongwe rwaanoratidza nhasi pane Monuments of mapurani yekare, sezvinoita Mosque Hagia Sofia muna Istanbul, kana Chechi San Vitale muna Ravenna. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa nebudiriro mambo kare vanodavira codification kwomutemo weRoma, izvo rakazova hwaro pamutemo mugadziriro dzakawanda dzeEurope.

Ages mores

Construction uye kusingaperi hondo zvaida zvikuru havashandisi mari yakawanda. Emperor nokusingaperi simudza mitero. The vanhu akanga achikura Kusagutsikana. Muna January 532, panguva panowanikwa mambo pamusoro Hippodrome (ane analogue pakati muNhandare, izvo zvinogona kutakura 100 zviuru. People), bongozozo yakatanga, akakura kuva guru-pamwero bope. It akakwanisa kudzvinyirira pokupanduka kumboitika utsinye; vapanduki vakanyengetedza kuuya Hippodrome, sokunge kuti Nhaurirano, ipapo akakiya suo uye vakauraya mumwe nomumwe.

Prokopiy Kessariysky nezvomurume kufa vanhu zviuru 30. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti korona mambo akaramba mukadzi wake Theodora, akanga akanyengetedza Justinian vakagadzirira kutizira mberi pakurwa, achiti iye anoda rufu kutiza, "rwamambo simba -. Wakanaka Chifukidziro"

Muna 565, umambo waisanganisira zvikamu weSiria muBalkans, Italy, Greece, Palestine, Asia Minor uye kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Asi hondo kusingaperi zvakakanganisa mamiriro enyika kwakakanganisa. Pakafa Justinian muganhu zvakare akatanga kuti ndizvipete.

"Macedonian Renaissance"

The 867 vakauya simba Vasily I, muvambi wokuMacedonia youmambo, iyo iripo kusvikira 1054. Izvi Nguva kare kudana "Macedonian Renaissance" uye anonzi chepamusorosoro maruva enyika Ages mamiriro enyika, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga Byzantine Empire.

Nhoroondo kubudirira tsika uye zvechitendero rokuwedzera Eastern hweRoma, aizivikanwa vose States of Eastern Europe: chimwe chezvinhu maitiro zvaiva vatorwa wokuti Constantinople aiva mumishinari. Zviri Vongai pokudzora kwomudzimu Byzantine Empire kuMabvazuva rwakapararira davi chiKristu, izvo, pashure kereke paradzanisa muna 1054 vakava pokutenda.

guta European wetsika munyika

The Art of Eastern hweRoma raikonzerwa chitendero. Zvinosuruvarisa mukati zvishomanana emakore vepamusoro enyika uye zvechitendero vaisagona kubvumirana kana kunamata mifananidzo dzvene zvifananidzo (sangano rakanzi iconoclasm). Mukuita akawandisa zvivezwa, Pamifananidzo uye mosaics zvakaparadzwa.

Chaizvo kupindura nyaya Empire Arts Byzantium kumarudzi ivepo, aiva rudzi mutarisiri tsika yekare uye zvakonzerawo kupararira mabhuku echiGiriki yekare Italy. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti zvikurukuru nokuti kuvapo New Rome zvibvire Renaissance.

Paitonga wokuMacedonia youmambo iri Byzantine Empire akakwanisa neutralize maviri vavengi chikuru ehurumende; navaArabhu kumabvazuva, uye Bulgaria nechokumusoro. History pamusoro rokupedzisira kukunda zvinoorora. Somugumisiro kudenha pamusoro muvengi kuna mambo Basil II akakwanisa andobata vasungwa 14,000. Akanga arayira kwavari mapofu, zvichisiya ziso rimwe chete ose ramazana, ipapo ndirege akakuvadza vanhu pamba. Kuona mauto ake bofu, Bulgarian chevaux Samuil sitiroko kwaakanga haana kuzovazve. Medieval mores vaiva zvechokwadi kwazvo.

Pakafa Basil II, mumiriri vokupedzisira wokuMakedhoniya youmambo, nyaya kuwa Byzantium akatanga.

vachirondedzera kudoka

Muna 1204, Constantinople kutanga mapfumo pasi yakakuwandira romuvengi; akatsamwa kundikana rutsigiro mu "nyika yechipikirwa", Hondo Tsvene vakapinda muguta, akazivisa kusikwa Latin Empire uye Byzantine nyika vakapesana pakati French NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi.

dzidzo New aivapo refu: 51 July 1261 pasina kurwa akatora Constantinople Michael VIII Palaeologus, uyo akazivisa Kwemitambo Eastern hweRoma. Iye nheyo Byzantine hwedzinza akatonga kusvikira hwakundwa, asi bhodhi zvakanga tsvarakadenga pathetic. Panoperera madzimambo vairarama Handouts kubva Genoese uye vatengesi Venetian, uye kunyange sezvingatarisirwa kubirwa kereke uye chaiyo.

Kuwa Constantinople

By pakutanga ari XIV remakore vokutanga mundima akanga chete Constantinople, Thessaloniki uye duku, vakapararira enclaves kumaodzanyemba Greece. The wakaora kuedza wokupedzisira Byzantine mambo Manuel II kutsvaga rutsigiro neuto Western Europe havana kubudirira. May 29, 1453, Constantinople yakakundwa yechipiri uye kokupedzisira.

HweOttoman Sultan Mehmed II kunzi guta Istanbul uye temberi huru yechiKristu muguta, ivo Cathedral of St. Sophia akava chechi. With kunyangarika guru Byzantine Empire vakanyangarika, uye nhoroondo simba kupfuura Ages mamiriro amira nokusingaperi.

Byzantium, Constantinople uye New Rome

Chinhu kuziva chokwadi chokuti zita "Byzantine Empire" yakabuda pashure yakawondomoka: kokutanga richiwanika munyika Ieronima Volfa kudzidza kare muna 1557. The chiitiko raiva zita reguta Byzantium, weConstantinople, panzvimbo yakanga yakavakwa. Residents akaitumidza kwete chete sezvo kuhumambo hweRoma uye pachake - VaRoma (Romeo).

The nemagariro kwaiitika Byzantine Empire kuMabvazuva nyika dzokuEurope hazvigoni dzakanaka. Zvisinei, musayendisiti wokuRussia wokutanga uyo akatanga kudzidza ichi Ages mamiriro, aiva Yu. A. Kulakovsky. "History of Byzantium" nemabhuku matatu yakabudiswa chete pakutanga maviri remakore uye akafukidza chiitiko pamwe 359 kubva 717 pagore. Mumakore mashoma apfuura oupenyu, masayendisiti vakagadzirira kubudisa vhoriyamu rechina mabasa, asi pashure porufu rwake zvinyorwa kuwana zvakanga zvisingaiti muna 1919.