Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: Biography, mapikicha, akatorwa

Against yakaderera tembiricha pedyo neMhedziso zero, kuti mukuru zvese, izvo zvakafanira kuti kwetunhu mabhomba nuclei - ndiko kuwanda kwenguva refu basa Academician Kapitsa. Akanga kaviri gamba pamusoro Socialist Labor uye paakavapa ari Stalin Prize uye Nobel.

udiki

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, vane Biography zvichakurukurwa munyaya ino, akaberekwa muna Kronstadt muna 1894. baba vake, Leonid Petrovich aiva muchiuto injiniya uye akanga achiparidza pakuvaka Kronstadt masvingo. Amai - Olga Ieronimovna - ari nyanzvi mune ngano uye mabhuku vana.

Muna 1905 Petya kudzidza kuchikoro, asi nekuda murombo mberi (dzakaipa kupiwa Latin) mukomana anosiya naye pagore. Dzidza yemberi academician mberi muna Kronstadt chikoro. Akapedza nokuripisa chinokudza muna 1912.

Studies paUniversity

Pakutanga, Pyotr Kapitsa (ona mufananidzo. Below) vakaronga kudzidza wefizikisi uye masvomhu dhipatimendi St. Petersburg University, asi kwakanga havana kutora. The Jaya akasarudza kuedza mhanza yake mu "Polytechnic Institute", uye mhanza akanyemwerera kwaari. Peter muChikoro electromechanical dhipatimendi. Nechekare rokutanga gore unyanzvi jaya dzaaiita pfungwa Professor A. F. Ioffe uye anokwezvwa vechidiki nokutsvakurudza warwo mumarabhoritari.

Army uye pamuchato

Muna 1914, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa akaenda Scotland kuti pazororo yezhizha. Ikoko akaronga kuita Chirungu wavo. Asi World Rokutanga, uye jaya kukwanisa kudzokera kumusha August. In Petrograd, akanga chete November.

Mukutanga 1915, Peter dzakazvipira pamusoro Western Front. Akagadzwa kuti pambiru amburenzi mutyairi. Uyewo, akanga akatakura ari murori yake kukuvara.

Muna 1916 akabudiswa muchiuto, uye Petro akadzokera kukoreji. Joffe pakarepo uploaded jaya experimental basa iri wefizikisi murabhoritari uye kufarira kubatanidzwa kwavo Seminar (wokutanga Russia) chaiko. Mugore iroro Kapitsa akabudisa nyaya yake yokutanga. Uyewo, akanga akaroora Nadezhda Chernosvitova, uyai mwanasikana kuti nhengo Central Committee of kadheti Party.

Kushanda itsva Institute of Physics

Muna 1918 A. F. Ioffe akaronga Research Institute of Physics uye wokutanga Russia. Pyotr Kapitsa, akatorwa raunogona kuverenga pazasi, vakapedza kudzidza Polytechnic gore rino uye pakarepo paakasvika mudzidzisi.

Akaoma post-echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu haana kuvimbisa chinhu sainzi chakanaka. Joffe kunobatsira kuchengetedza okudhindira pachake vadzidzi, pakati pavo pakange Peter. Akakurudzira Kapitsa kusiya Russia, asi hurumende haina kupa mvumo. Akabatsirwa Bamba Gorky, akabva vaiona munyori kupfuura simba. Peter aibvumirwa kuenda kuEngland. Nguva pfupi asati kuenda Kapitsa muSt Petersburg yaizotangira yokuSpain. Kwemwedzi muduku nyanzvi vakanga varasikirwa wake, mwanasikana achangoberekwa, mwanakomana uye baba.

Jobs muEngland

Muna May 1921, Peter akasvika England sezvo chikamu Russian Academy of Sciences Committee iri. The chikuru Vavariro masayendisiti yave kudzorera ukama kwesayenzi, yakabvamburwa hondo nokumukira. Mwedzi miviri gare gare, kuti yefizikisi Pyotr Kapitsa vakagara Cavendish Laboratory inotungamirwa Rutherford. Akatora jaya kurovedzwa pfupi. Nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru injiniya acumen uye tsvakurudzo unyanzvi musayendisiti Russian akaita simba mupfungwa Rutherford.

Muna 1922, Kapitsa doctorate kuCambridge University. simba rake nesayenzi akakura mune geometric kunoita. Muna 1923 akanga paakavapa bhezari Maxwell. Kwapera gore, musayendisiti yakava Deputy Director of Laboratory.

nokuroorazve

Muna 1925, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa paaigara Paris Krylov, uyo akatanga kuti mwanasikana wake Anna. Makore maviri gare gare, akava mukadzi musayendisiti. Muchato, Peter akatenga Huntington Road nzvimbo munyika uye akavaka imba. Nokukurumidza muchaonekwa pano muchiedza navanakomana vake - Andrew uye Sergey.

Magnetic shasha

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, ane Biography rinozikamwa yefizikisi zvose, achishingaira anoramba kudzidza dzinotsanagura Kushandurwa nuclei uye kuora radioactive. Anobuda aine kugadzwa itsva Chizvarwa yakasimba remagineti panosvika rekodhi zvabuda, 6-7 kakawanda kupfuura yapfuura vaya. Landau ipapo vaimudana "rinobva nyika shasha."

Dzokera kuna USSR

Nokuongorora ehupfumi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi iri rinobva minda, Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa vakaziva kukosha kushandura experimental ezvinhu. Anodei repasi (gel) tembiricha. Zviri mumunda yakaderera tembiricha wefizikisi musayendisiti yabudirira kubudirira mukurusa. Asi tsvakurudzo pamusoro penyaya, Peter Leonidovich atopedzera kumba.

Machinda hurumende yeSoviet zvaaigara achipa kwaari zvachose nzvimbo kugara USSR. Masayendisiti ave achifarira akadaro panyaya, asi kwagara akaratidza nhamba ezvinhu, inokosha iyo - rwendo kuenda kuMadokero vakumbira. Hurumende haina kuenda mberi.

Muzhizha 1934 Kapitsa wake vakashanyira Soviet Union, asi pavakasvika kuenda kuEngland, kwakaonekwa kuti Mavhiza avo akadzima. Gare gare, Anna akabvumirwa kudzoka vana uye tora navo Moscow. Rutherford neshamwari Peter ndakakumbira hurumende yeSoviet kubvumira Kapitsa kudzokera kuna England mberi. Rakanga zvose pasina.

Muna 1935, Pyotr Kapitsa, mumwe Biography pfupi rinozikamwa masayendisiti ose, akatungamirirwa Institute of Chaiko Zvinetso Academy of Sciences. Asi usati kubvumirana kuti chinzvimbo ichi, iye aida kutenga zvokushandisa, izvo vakashanda kwose. Panguva iyoyo, Rutherford kare basa kuti kufirwa mushandi anokosha uye vakatengesa midziyo kubva murabhoritari.

Tsamba Hurumende

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (mufananidzo vasiyana nyaya) vakadzokera kumba pakutanga Stalin kuti purges. Kunyange munguva ino yakaoma, iye zvakasimba akadzivirira maonero ake. Kuziva kuti zvinhu zvose zviri munyika yasarudza mukuru utariri, aigara akanyora tsamba achiedza kuita yokutendeka uye yakananga kukurukura. Kubva 1934 kusvika 1983, musayendisiti akaenda Kremlin kuti vanopfuura 300 tsamba. Kuburikidza kupindira Petr Leonidovich kubva mumajeri uye mumisasa vakanunurwa masayendisiti akawanda.

Uyezve basa uye kuwanikidza

Zvose zvinoitika kumativi yefizikisi nguva dzose kuwana nguva yokuti basa nesayenzi. On kubva kuEngland setup, akaramba tsvakurudzo yake munzvimbo simba rinonzi magnetic minda. The kuedza zvinobatanidzwa vashandi kubva Cambridge. kuedza aya kwakapfuurira kwemakore akawanda uye vave zvikuru.

Masayendisiti vakakwanisa kuvandudza turbine Unit, uye yava rikurumidze kuti liquefy mhepo. Installation hakurevi pre-kutonhora ari nehelium. It rwoga dzaserera panguva kuwedzera chaiyo datendere. Kwakadaro gel chokugadza zvino kushandiswa zvinenge zvose munyika.

Muna 1937, pashure pokutsvakurudza zvikuru munzvimbo iyi Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Nobel Prize musayendisiti pashure pemakore 30 vachapiwa paakavapa) akaita inokosha akawana. Iye vawana Chiitiko kuti superfluidity kuti nehelium. The mhedziso inokosha yokudzidza tembiricha pazasi 2,19 ° K is viscosity. Mumakore akatevera Petr Leonidovich yakawanikwa dzimwe anomalous mananara mu nehelium. Somuenzaniso, kugovera kupisa mairi. Pamusana pokutsvakurudza ichi zvesayenzi pakutevedzera itsva - wefizikisi ose quantum mvura.

Kudzivisa pakusikwa maatomu bhomba

Muna 1945, Soviet Union yakatanga chirongwa yokukudziridza zvombo zvenyukireya. Pyotr Kapitsa, ane mabhuku zvave zvakakurumbira masayendisiti, akaramba kubatanidzwa mairi. Nokuti ichi akanga abviswa basa yesayenzi uye asungwa mumba kwemakore masere. Semusayendisiti kunyimwa mukana kukurukura navo. Asi Pyotr Leonidovich haana mwoyo uye akaramba kutsvakurudza asarudza kuronga murabhoritari panguva dacha ake.

Zvakanga ipapo, ari chinyakare ezvinhu, yakatanga mukuru-simba zvemagetsi, iro rakava danho rekutanga Fusion simba kuzviisa pasi. Asi kuedza dzakazara musayendisiti akakwanisa kudzoka chete pashure ake kubudiswa muna 1955. Akatanga kudzidza mukuru-tembiricha plasma. Made munguva yokutanga vakaumba hwaro zano ane yenyukireya reactor pakati chichiitika.

Vamwe kuedza ake zvakasimbisa idzva okugadzira zvinhu wevanyori renyaya. ndangariro dzavo pamusoro kuedza kuita munyori ose. Peter Kapitza akadzidzawo panguva iyoyo fireball uye hydrodynamics pamusoro matete akaturikidzana emura. Asi kufarira zvikuru akadanidzira ehupfumi ari plasma, uye microwave emagetsi.

Travel kunze uye Nobel Prize

Muna 1965, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa akagamuchira hurumende mvumo kuenda Denmark. Ikoko, akanga paakavapa ndarama menduru pamusoro Niels Bohr. The yefizikisi akatarira omunzvimbo mumarabhoritari uye akapa hurukuro yakakwirira nesimba. Muna 1969, musayendisiti uye wake wekutanga akashanyira United States.

Nechepakati-October 1978 musayendisiti yakagamuchira teregiramu kubva Swedish Academy of Sciences. The rokuremekedza raiva rakanyorwa: "Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel Prize ". Yefizikisi nayo kuti zvinhu tsvakurudzo mumunda yakaderera tembiricha. Izvi akanaka, "akakwidzwa" musayendisiti apo vakazorora mu "Barvikha" pedyo Moscow.

Journalists uyo wakamutora bvunzurudzo, akakumbirwa: "Ndoupi munhu kubudirira kwesayenzi iwe funga chinonyanya kukosha?" Pyotr Leonidovich akati kuti chinonyanya kukosha kuti musayendisiti ndiro basa rake iyezvino. "Pachangu, ndiri kuita ikozvino yenyukireya Fusion", - vakawedzera.

chidzidzo mu Stockholm Kapitsa yaiva kujairika iri shoma chionekeso. Kusiyana nemitemo, akapa hurukuro kwete yakaderera-tembiricha wefizikisi, asi pamusoro yeplasma uye kudzorwa yenyukireya zvavaifunga. Pyotr Leonidovich akatsanangura chikonzero rusununguko ichi. The musayendisiti akati: "Zvakanga zvakaoma kusarudza musoro nokuda Nobel hurukuro. Ndakahwina wokuva tsvakurudzo mumunda yakaderera tembiricha asi haana kuita nazvo kwemakore anopfuura 30. In institute yangu, Chokwadi, kuramba kuongorora nyaya iyi, asi ini kuitwa adzidze kwemasayendisiti zvakakodzera kuti yenyukireya zvakaitwa. Ndinotenda kuti pari nzvimbo iyi kunakidza uye akakodzera, sezvo zvichabatsira vari noWokumusoro rava simba dambudziko. "

Scientist akafa muna 1984, zvishoma pamberi nemakore-gore 90 gore. In mhedziso, ratinoparidza mashoko ake dzakakurumbira.

mashoko

"Rusununguko Human zvinogona zvakawanda nenzira mbiri: mhirizhonga kana kurerwa akanga vakaumbwa hunenge."

"Munhu vaduku bedzi kuita mano zvinhu."

"Haukwanise mhosva vaiona Yesayenzi. Asi kushaya kwavo kuziva - chaizvoizvo ari Yesayenzi ".

"Unyanzvi munhu anoziva zvaanoda."

"Geniuses regai pave panguva, asi nguva akaberekwa."

"Kuti tifare, munhu anofanira fungidzira pachako vakasununguka."

"Munhu ane nokukurumidza. Chete vachiona haisi vaviri maawa, uye kwemakore akawanda. "

"Regai Gloss pamusoro, asi rinosimbisa kupokanidzana. Ivo pave kukura nesayenzi. "

"Sayenzi anofanira kuva nyore, zvinonakidza uye mafaro. Izvi zvinoshandawo masayendisiti ".

"Kunyengedzera kuri chinhu chinokosha nevanhu ino, kubva pakutanga mberi anozorora pane vashoma vanhu. Chishuvo ruzhinji nyore kumisa kufambira mberi. "

"Upenyu - sezvinoita kadhi mutambo, umo iwe kuitawo, vasingazivi mitemo."