Ndekutyisidzira uye kugamuchira ndege T-4: technically character, description, photo

Pashure pemakore anenge 20 pashure peHondo Yenyika II, murayiro Soviet kunzwisisa sei utsinye vakanga undervalued vatakuri American. Experience yokuvaka zvikepe izvi munyika yedu haana, uye saka aitofanira kutsvaka asymmetric mhinduro: chombo yenyukireya uye ndege inokwanisa anoputsa dzedenga kudzivirira mapoka keriya ndege nokuparadzwa dzairamba huru chikepe. Mumwe anobudirira zvikuru chirongwa raiva ndege T-4.

zvinokonzera

By pamugumo 50s, nyika yedu iri nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, zvikepe uye ndege, tinotofanira akarasikirwa US, apo munguva yehondo wakakurumidza kumhanya vakaisa inorema sevatsvaki vemapuranga uye Ndege. Parity vakakwanisa kuchengeta chete nokuda umhare nesimba chombo chinoita zvokukandwa. Asi mamiriro ezvinhu akanga achiri kutyisa, nekuti panguva imwecheteyo, vokuAmerica akatanga dzika muna chombo yavo wengarava yenyukireya, chakafukidzwa sechikamu hurongwa ndege. Zvinobudirira vanorwa isu vasingagoni ndege mapoka inotakura, sezvo izvi nyore vasina yakakodzera michina.

The chete nzira yakavimbika kuparadza mutakuri ndege boka raiva nokuparura munhu supersonic zvombo zvenyukireya warheads. kungotaura huripo panguva ndege uye Ngarava dzepasi pemvura iri USSR aigona kana ukaona nangananga kubva yakachengeteka kure, ndoda rova nayo.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko?

Paakasika anokosha Ngarava dzepasi pemvura nguva zvakanga zvisiri nyore, uye saka akasarudza kushandisa ndege. Vakagadza "rakanaka" basa: kutanga kutaridza "Ndege + chitundumuseremusere" nekukurumidza, zvinokwanisa kupinda mhepo kuzvidzivirira keriya ndege American boka uye kuparadza nezvikepe zvikuru ngozi.

Mukupera 50-ies munyika yedu hakuna chirongwa izvozvo zvimwe kukodzera izvi zvinodiwa. Zvisinei, muna myasishchev aiva M-56 ndege chirongwa. chikuru mukana wayo yakanga ichimhanya zvinogona kusvika 3000 km / h. Asi ake kutora-kure uremu kwakanga matani 230, uye bhomba mutoro - matani 9 chete. Zvakanga zvisina kukwana. Uye pakanga ndege T4 bhomba Sukhoi Design Bureau aifanira kutora shama niche.

"Weaving"

"Keriya Aircraft muurayi" aifanirawo kuva guru pane kutora-kubva asingapfuuri 100 matani, ari "sirin'i" kuti kutiza - kwete asingasviki 24 makiromita uye nokukurumidza - bedzi ndivo 3000 km / h. ndege kwakadaro pamusoro tinosvika kuna chipfuro iri panyama kusingabviri zvikavengwa kumutuma munhu chitundumuseremusere. Panguva iyoyo kwakanga kusina interceptors aikwanisa kuparadza muchina yakadaro.

Flight distance "mazana" vaifanira kanenge zviuru 6-8 makiromita apo siyana zvombo - 600-800 makiromita. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yaiva chitundumuseremusere ari kunzwisisa iyi predominated; pakanga kwete chete kuti kupaza azvidzivirire, kuenda chikuru zvinoita nokukurumidza, asi kuenda chipfuro, zvichiteverwa kwayo kukundwa munyika zvachose offline. Kuti ndege T4 - zvinoita zvokukandwa, yemagetsi zvinodiwa raiva zvakakomba mberi nguva yaro.

vechikamu kuva

The Hurumende asarudza kuti kukura ndege itsva kubatanidzwa Tupolev, Sukhoi uye Yakovlev. Mikoyan haana kuiswawo pakati pemazita kwete nokuda kwezvinhu chivande imwe mhando, uye nokuti Bureau wake swamped nebasa zvachose murwi itsva third-25. Kunyange zvazvo mune kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti anotarisirwa kuhwina Tupolev nemamwe CB anokwezvwa chete kukwikwidzana maonero. Zvokuvimba inobva aivapo "chirongwa 135", izvo zvaida chete kuwedzera kusvika inodiwa cruising kumhanya 3000 km / h.

Pasinei tarisiro, "vanodzima" kufarira uye nechido vakasimudza asiri makirisito basa. Forward pakarepo akaputsa Sukhoi. Vakasarudza kuti marongerwo kuti "Dhadha" ne mhepo intakes, izvo kunosvika zvishoma mhiri pamberi kumucheto bapiro. Pakutanga, ndege racho raiva ngaatore-kure uremu matani 102, izvo Ndokusaka akavanamatira kuti ndibatsireiwo remadunhu- kuti "kurukiswa".

Sezvineiwo, mashoko dzakachinjwa ndege T4 "dvuhsotki" - ibato wakatangwa panguva imwecheteyo pamwe Tupolev Tu-160. mabasa mazhinji Sukhoi Tupolev vakanga akashandisa kusika motokari dzavo, tora-kure kurema rinopfuura matani 200.

Kuti chirongwa ndiye Sukhoi aikunda makwikwi. Pashure paizvozvo, akagadzira aifanira kuenda kuburikidza zvakawanda zvisingafadzi nguva, sezvo rwake rworudyi pamusoro zvinhu zvose kumanikidzwa Tupolev. Akaramba kuti haana kuwedzera chero shamwari iri ndege maindasitiri, kana bato.

simba chirimwa

Unique panguva ndege T-4 akabvunza zvichida rakasiyana injini kuti aigona kumhanya unokosha peturu mhando. Tellingly, muna Sukhoi yakanga matatu chete zvokusarudza, asi pakupedzisira kugara RD36-41 womuenzaniso. Nokuti kukura kwake mutoro kwete vasingazivikanwi "Saturn". Cherechedza kuti injini uyu aiva "hama kure" muenzaniso VD-7. Ivo, zvikurukuru, vakapakata Ndege 3M.

Injini iri pakarepo kusiyaniswa compressor yake madhigirii 11, uye pamberi mhepo kutonhora chekutanga Danho turbine mashizha. Recent rwokugadzira utsanzi akabvumira kuwedzera nokushanda tembiricha iri combustion mukamuri pakarepo kuna 950K. Injini ichi - pari konekwa, kunyanya nemitemo eSoviet. Nechepakati zvisikwa zvakatora makore gumi chete, asi zvakazoitika kwaiva kufira zviripo. Zviri kuburikidza ichi T4 injini - zvinoita zvokukandwa, nokumhanya rinopfuura kuti vezera ayo.

Izvo zvinoita zvokukandwa akanga akafuka ndege iyi?

Zvichida, zvichida kupfuura chinokosha pamusoro "tandem" aiva muenzaniso chitundumuseremusere X-33, izvo zviri kukonzera kukura kunozivikanwa "Raduga". The basa pamberi Bureau pakagadzikwa rinotyisa chaizvoizvo vava kuda mabikirwo nguva. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuti chitundumuseremusere kuti kwaizoteverwa autonomously kuti chinangwa ari nekukwirira kwete asingasviki 30 makiromita, uye ayo kumhanya rakanga matanhatu kanomwe ruzha.

Uyezve, pashure-akaendesa inobva kuigadzira pachako (!) Aiva kuverenga mutakuri musoro uye varwise naye pangozi kupfuura pfungwa. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti vakakatyamadzwa ushori ndege T-4, ine pikicha munyaya vakatakura muchikepe chitundumuseremusere, mutengo hafu sezvo "mazana."

Kunyange vagadziri yanhasi iri chaizvo basa rakaoma. Kunyange zvazvo zvinodiwa uye anotsvaka zvakawanda nakisisa. Kuita mabasa aya, pachake radar, uyewo akawandisa zvemagetsi zvikuru kunzwisisa rakaiswawo pamasikiro chitundumuseremusere. Kunzwisisa hurongwa muchikepe X-33 asina kutomboderera kune dzakawanda "imwe-hundredths".

Yakunda zvesainzi

The chipo furore ndege T-4 dzikabereka chiedza chawo sverhtehnologichny kabhini. Kokutanga munhoroondo mudzimba ndege paiva kunyange yoga kuratidza kuti nenguva kunyatsoongorora zviri tactical zvekushandisa ezvinhu. Pamusoro Firimu duku duku re makadhi mhiri panyika airatidza tactical ezvinhu panguva chaiyo.

Zvinetso mazano uye pakusika

Hazvishamisi, nemagadzirirwo padariro yakadaro kunzwisisa muchina une mazana nematambudziko, rimwe nerimwe aigona mukanganise kunyange academician. Chekutanga, yakabva chassis pamusoro ndege haana kufanira muimba yomukati. Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko iri, akaisa mberi akasiyana-siyana zvaungasarudza, vakawanda vakanga asingapotereri delusional: zvikurukuru, yaida chirongwa kunyange "changeling", kana ndege aifanira nendege kusvika chinangwa kabhini pasi.

Chokwadi, ndege T-4 - bhomba nokurondedzerwa izvo zvakati mberi nguva yavo ... asi kwete zvakafanana dhigirii!

Asiwo zvisarudzo akatorwa ipapo zvikuru akatarira zvikuru zvakazonaka. Saka, pane imwe nokumhanya 3000 km / h projecting kunyange zvishoma rambi mberi yekudyidzana kwakawedzera nemishonga. Zvino akanga aronga nyore mhinduro nokuti shoma zvuva panguva ndege kabhini ukazvikudza. Sezvo pane imwe kukwira 24 makiromita kufamba nemaziso achiri hakushandi, rwendo aifanira kutungamirira kunongoitirwa zviridzwa.

Apo T-4 ndege iri achiwana, kuti kabhini iri vakatsauka pasi, saka kuti rinowanika mutyairi chakanakisisa maonero. Chokutanga, mauto akatora pfungwa iyi dzakangwarira chaizvo, asi simba Vladimira Ilyushina, mwanakomana Musiki akangwara shtkrmovika IL, zvisinei akabatsira vabvume vakuru veuto. Uyewo, Ilyushin vakasimbirira kuita pamasikiro periscope: zvingadai kushandiswa kana kukundikana kurereka mashandiro. Panzira, sarudzo yake kushandisa paya creators mudzimba Tu-144 uye Anglo-French Concorde.

Kutanga fairing

Chimwe chakanyanya kuoma mabasa aiva pakusikwa fairing. Chokwadi ndechokuti paaisika vagadziri vaifanira kuita mbiri zvinoita kungoreva zvakaita munhu nechomukati pfungwa. Chekutanga, kuti fairing aifanira kuva redhiyo mafungu. Chechipiri, kukurira chaizvo yakakwirira zvemaziso uye chafariz zvinorema. , Dai kusika pahwaro magirazi filler pfuma chaiyo, maumbirwo iyo fananei wouchi kugadzirisa dambudziko iri.

Nemhaka iyi vakakatyamadzwa ushori ndege chakakodzera T-4 anonzi ari "muvambi" vazhinji nedzimwe ruzivo zvino kushandiswa kwete chete muhondo, asi mumaindasitiri zvachose runyararo.

Pakarepo fairing - shanu rukoko kuvaka, pamwe 99% mutoro yakawira rayo casing, izvo ukobvu ndiyo 1.5 chete mm. Kuti vawane anoshamisa nhamba dzakadaro, masayendisiti aifanira kuva Pfungwa yakavakirwa nesilicon uye Organic yeimwe. Munguva basa masayendisiti vaifanira kuongorora uye kuongorora tarisiro anopfuura 20 (!) Of zvichibvira zvitarisiko uye hukuru ndege ramangwana, kufanotaura dzavo kutiza unongotaura. Uye izvi zvose - pasina ano ekombiyuta! mupiro saka huru vagadziri nyanyaidza zvakaoma.

musikana ndege

Kubhururuka rokutanga ndege T4 "kurukiswa" akanga akagadzirira muchirimo 1972, asi nokuda peat moto akapoteredza Moscow maonero pamusoro yasimuka uye kumhara muedzo airfields yave razero. Aiva Vols kunonoka. Uye nekuti wekutanga ndege akatora nzvimbo chete pakupera muzhizha iroro, pamwe piloted ndege mutyairi Vladimir Ilyushin uye aidzidzisa Nicholas Alferov. First bvunzo Vols pfumbamwe Zvaiitirwa. Cherechedza kuti vashanu vezvikepe izvi akanga akatakurwa kunze nokubvisa chassis: zvaikosha kuongorora nokurera muchina mutsva zvose kushanda modes.

Vezvikepe pakarepo akaona yakakwirira zvivanakire kudzora ndege; kunyange kurira chipingamupinyi "kurukiswa" yakaitwa zvakakwana, uye kunyange nenguva yezwi supersonic akanzwa chete namano. Army Vamiririri, aipiwa miedzo vakafara pamwe muchina mutsva, uye pakarepo akakumbira firimu batch mangé zvidimbu 250. Nokuti ndege mukirasi iyi inongova kusimba yakakwirira kutenderera!

Kana zvose zvakanaka, tinoda kuziva ndege T-4 (the bhomba, vane unhu vanorondedzerwa ichi zvinhu) somumwe pakukura mukirasi yacho.

ndege tarisiro

Chimwe "anosimbisa" kuti muchina uyu chaiva bapiro shanduka configuration. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, unogona kunzi munhu multi-chinangwa, ndege aigona nyore kushandiswa senzvimbo stratospheric ushori. Izvi kuderedza mari zvirongwa zvechiuto richabudisa ndege imwe chete pane mbiri.

Kupera michina mitsva

Pakutanga, "kuruka" vakafunga kuti kuvakwa panguva Tushino Aviation Plant, asi chete haana kuvhomora runodiwa kugadzirwa mavhoriyamu. The chete boka iro aigona kubudisa runodiwa nhamba motokari itsva yaiva Kazan AZ. Munguva pfupi isu akashandura regadziriro basa zvitoro zvitsva. Asi pano akapindira gwara: Tupolev akanga asingafariri ari mukwikwidzi, saka nhinhi Dry "akasunda" kubva fekitari, hacked rufu pamudzi zvose tarisiro pakuvaka muchina mutsva.

Ndokusaka nhasi tinoziva kuti ndege T-4 - bhomba, aiva akasiyana kwayo nguva unhu, asi kwete vakange vaenda kunyange dzino duku. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga akabata Danho rechipiri iri "munda" nemiedzo. Pakapera January 1974 pane ndege umo ndege akakwanisa kusvika nekukwirira 12 km uye nokukurumidza M = 1.36. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti pane ichi mudariro muchina, pakupedzisira anosvika kumhanyisa pamusoro M = 2,6.

Zvichakadaro akaoma nekambani basa iri Tushino fekitari, kunyange kupa kuvakazve chitoro, chete kuti kukwanisa kuvaka yokutanga 50 "maeka". Asi zviremera anomirirwa Ministry of avhiyesheni indasitiri, zviri chaizvo kunyatsozivana Tupolev, kunyimwa kunyange akagadzira mukana. Nechekare muna March 1974, basa rose riri echimurenga ndege akanga akamiswa pasina tsananguro. Saka kuti T-4 - ndege (mufananidzo wake ari paper), iro rakaparadzwa kuvinga munhu nezvikonzero vamwe vanhu vari Defense Muushumiri uye hurumende iri USSR.

Kufa Sukhoi, kwakaitika September 15, 1975, haana kuuya yakajeka kuti nyaya iyi. Chete muna 1976, Bazi Aviation Industry dryly kutaurwa kuti basa iri "Sotka" yakamiswa chete nokuti kuti Tupolev aida vashandi uye kugadzirwa kukwanisa kweShanduro Tu-160. Panguva iyoyowo achiri T-4 rinoziviswa ari mugadzi ari "White Swan", kunyange Tupolev anongoti privatize zvinhu zvose pamusoro "100 chirongwa", kushandisa rufu Sukhoi.

Tupolev nevanozvitsigira tsanangura chinzvimbo chake chokuti mugadziri aida dzika "zvikuru nyore uye zvakachipa Tu-22M" ... Hongu, ndege iyi yakanga zvirokwazvo isingadhuri, chete zvayo Implementation akatora makore anopfuura manomwe, uye maitiro ayo, akanga kwazvo kure Strategic bhomba. Uyezve, kusvikira nguva kusvikira matambudziko akawanda rakavimbika kunge kugadziriswa, muenzaniso uyu aenda kuburikidza zvinogara dzakawanda nadzurudzo kuti ndiko kwete nzira yakanakisisa zvakakanganisa zvachose Mari yaidiwa kuvaka.

About Grand overruns chevarwere mishonga sezvinoratidzwa chokuti zvitoro of Kazan avhiyesheni chirimwa nyore kucheka uye kuraswa ari matongo chinokosha michina aiendeswa vakawanda kugadzira, "ruka."

The kukosha "ruka"

Pari chete ndege Sukhoi T-4 iri pamusoro husingaperi yacho muna Monino miziyamu pamusoro avhiyesheni. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti muna 1976, Sukhoi Design Bureau atora kokupedzisira mukana kuunza "zana" pamusoro munhangemutange, akazivisa uwandu bhiriyoni 1,3 rubles. Hurumende akamutsa incredible ruzha kuti chete pave vachiri yokukanganwa ndege. Most zvikurukuru ndechokuti ari Tu-160 akanga arasikirwe Soviet Union yekudyidzana anodhura. Saka kuti T-4 - ndege kuti aigona kuva yakanaka nzira nemashoko mutengo uye zvaidiwa.

Kana usati kana mushure Soviet Union haana zvinoverengeka matsva zvigadzirwa mudzidziso nemotokari yakadaro. Pakazosvika nguva zvikabva "kuramba 100", pakanga chaizvo 600 matsva zvigadzirwa uye patents. A budiriro mumunda ndege yaiva rwakanyanya. Haiwa, asi kwakanga hove: rayo basa, ndiko budiriro inotakura ndege mhepo kudzivirira mirairo, ndege T4 "kurukiswa" panguva yokusika haasisina kurarama kuti. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Tu-160 hakusi akakodzera kuti chinangwa ichi. Nokuti zvinoita zvokukandwa ichi Ngarava dzepasi pemvura kukodzera nani zvikuru.

Precursors uye analogs

Yakakurumbira "White Swan", ainziwo bhomba Tu-160. Izvi wokupedzisira inokosha bhomba yedu. Kunonyanyisa kutora-kure uremu - matani 267, mureza pasi kukurumidza - 850 km / h. "White Swan" rinogona mhanyisa kusvika 2000 km / h. Kunonyanyisa Range - kusvika 14 000? Km. On bhodhi ndege anogona kutora matani 40 zvombo uye / kana mabhomba kusanganisira "akangwara", kudzoreredza kuburikidza Satellite enyika.

In randinenge musimboti ndiyo bhomba bays matanhatu zvombo X-55 uye X-55M. "White Swan" - kupfuura kudhura ndege Soviet, zvinonyanya yekudyidzana anodhura pane T-4 ndege, ivo vakaramba, Inter Alia, nokuda "kudhura". Uyezve, hapana ndege izvi panguva yayo rezvisikwa, asingagoni nechokwadi Implementation pamusoro zvinangwa izvo zvakanzi zvakasikwa. Kare, kwakasarudzwa kuti atangezve kugadzirwa michina panguva Kazan avhiyesheni chirimwa. Chikonzero chacho chiri pachena - chimiro zvombo zvitsva, kubvumira hama kubudirira (mu dzidziso) kuti kupaza mupomerwi, uyewo kusavapo kwakakwana zviitiko ano mumunda uyu.

M-50

Revolutionary nokuti nguva yaro, ndege akasika Vladimirom Myasischevym uye tsvimbo OKB-23. At zvinokubatai-kure uremu matani 175, aifanira mhanyisa kusvika 2000 km / h uye kutakura matani 20 mabhomba uye / kana zvombo.

XB-70 Valkyrie

A kumusoro-muchivande American bhomba (nokuti nguva yaro), ane muviri zvachose kuti titanium. Company musiki - North American. Tora-kure uremu - matani 240, kunonyanyisa kukurumidza - 3220 km / h. Range pamusoro mafomu - anosvika 12 zviuru makiromita. The akatevedzana haana kuenda nokuda kusimba kudhura uye kwesayenzi kunzwisisa okuwana.

Nhasi, T-4 (ndege, ine pikicha munyaya) ndiye muenzaniso mukuru sei Tech uye yepamusoro michina anourawa nezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika uye undercover mitambo.

zvabuda

Sezvineiwo Herculean kuedza vagadziri uye hombe inopfupikisa apedza pamusoro pokumuka uye kugadzirwa prototypes, kwete yanyura kupinda yokukanganwa. Chekutanga, vakawanda ruzivo yakatanga panguva vakazopiwa zvaishandiswa kukura Tu-160, izvo nhasi kudzivivrira miganhu nyika yedu. Chechipiri, kuti Sukhoi Design Bureau akakwanisa kushandisa zvose zviitiko izvi pakasikwa yakasiyana nedzimwe nguva yaro, iyo Su-27, izvo nhasi anoramba ari "rova" murwi ndege.

On pokudzora "vamazana" riri munhoroondo zvezvipfuwo avhiyesheni bhizimisi uye nzvimbo indasitiri rinoti kanenge ndechokuti zvemichina ndiye "sero" unhani rakashandiswa kukura "Burana". Haiwa, asi basa racho stupidly yaparadzwa.