The Mhando chikuru pfupa romunhu kubatana: zano uye tafura

The mukuru muviri 206 mapfupa, nepo mune achangoberekwa zvavo nhamba rinosvika 350, ipapo nedanho upenyu vanokura pamwe chete. Vazhinji vavo aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye unpaired kuramba 33-34. Rinosundwa pfupa pamwe tsandanyama nemarunda. Mapfupa vanoumba marangwanda: nomuzongoza, okumusoro yayo uye dehenya. Kuti dzaiitirwa navo mumwe, pane mhando dzakasiyana pfupa.

Mashandiro womunhu marangwanda

The chikuru kushanda marangwanda - vanotsigira zvomukati, uyewo kupa munhu kukwanisa kufamba muchadenga. Kuti tobudirira kuita mapfupa avo vanofanira, kune rumwe rutivi, simba, mumwe - the elasticity uye zvakanaka. Vaviri Mabasa aya anopiwa kusanganisira kuburikidza-siyana pfupa.

Kuwedzera rutsigiro mapfupa vanodzivirirwa kuti zvomukati uyewo hematopoietic nhengo (nokuda chipanje zvinhu ine dzvuku mwongo).

Mhando maererano mapfupa

Muvanhu, pane mhando dzakasiyana pfupa: sandara, tubular zvakavhenganiswa, pfupi uye refu. Pane mhando dzakasiyana dzevanhu mapfupa kwokubatana kuti zvinopa marangwanda kukwanisa kuita mabasa ayo. Hapana yunifomu kupatsanura pakubhadhara mapfundo mapfupa. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zviri huviri yeimwe mapfupa, vamwe - nhatu marudzi. Maererano wokutanga shanduro, zviri chinjwa akamisa majoini. Mhando wechitatu, izvo zvisiri zvose anonzi nokuzviuraya - iri Semi-uchifamba rwakashodoka. Most zvakajeka anomiririra mhando patafura mapfupa kubatana. Pazasi dzinoturwa Mhando chinjwa mapfundo.

Kuramba kana immobile remubatanidzwa

Kuramba kubatana mapfupa - vaya havana mhango uye wakaiswa. Kuona munhu akadarika kubatana zvinogoneka kunyange chitarisiko - meshed hukawanika vane roughness, nicks, kureva ivo gogonera.

Batanidza zviri hukawanika maviri achishandisa connective tishu.

Miyenzaniso yeimwe yeDehenya mafupa, izvo kuumbwa Via mapfupa muhudyu.

Other yeimwe achiri fused nemumwe, i.e. shwashwa kuchatsiviwa pfupa kuti anopa simba kune ino chaiyo dhipatimendi. Kwakadaro siyana yeimwe mapfupa ari nomuzongoza kunogona kuonekwa sacral, sezvamakaropafadzwa coccyx rinomiririra shanu intergrown coccygeal vertebrae.

Nzira yokuchengeta kutadza kufamba mapfupa majoini

Zvisinei, sezvinoonekwa pamuenzaniso, kutadza kufamba inopiwa dzakasiyana, pane chikuru mhando mapfupa vavanozivana chinoramba nenzira:

• Nyorai remubatanidzwa ne pedyo-grained mhando connective zvinyama (bvupa pedyo majoini).
• Syndesmoses dziri yeimwe anomirirwa pachishandiswa connective zvinyama (semuenzaniso, honokono).
• Synchondrosises - kushandisa shwashwa (mukomboni vertebrae ari muzongoza).
• Synostosis, kureva mapfupa kwokubatana (the dehenya mapfupa, ari coccyx).

Rokutanga uye rechipiri ndima - muri mhando mapfupa evanhu kwokubatana kushandisa dzakasiyana mhando connective rinenge saka vari kunzi fibrous yeimwe.

Syndesmoses vanonyatsoita basa ravo achishandisa nemarunda, mamwe simbisa mafupa.

Pfungwa yacho nemarunda

Dzinomirira tambo vakaumba nematanda kwakavharwa nenyama uye collagen fibers. Zvichienderana iyo mhando muzvinhu imwe svinga, vari rakakamurwa kwakavharwa nenyama uye collagen.

Zvichienderana inodiwa vibration mapfupa amplitude nemarunda inogona pfupi kana refu.

Mari tiri kupatsanura zvisungo ndeve majoini - articular uye mamwe-articular.

Mwanda zvinodiwa kwete chete nokuda kubatana mapfupa, vane rinokosha mabasa:

• Frame chikamu sezvo kutanga tsandanyama nemarunda.
• Bata uye kugadzirisa pamwe migove siyana mapfupa kana nhengo dzomuviri (sacro-bugornaya shwashwa).
• With nemarunda akaumba mumwe anatomical yakarongeka (semuenzaniso, akasiyira kana rusesi nokuda kwemutemo tsinga nemidziyo ropa).

Mhando connective majoini

Kuwedzera nemarunda, mapfupa, kuti yeimwe inogona inoumbwa connective zvinyama uye kunzi membranes. musiyano wavo iri ndechokuti Kamudzira anozadza nzvimbo pakati mafupa, uye daro pakati pavo rakanyatsojeka guru. Kazhinji, membranes ine kwakavharwa nenyama fibers. Zvisinei, mune basa vari kuita chete basa pamwe nemarunda.

Inotevera mhando connective zvinyama kubatana pakati mapfupa fontanelle. Izvi mhando kunogona kuonekwa vacheche uye vana kusvikira gore kusvikira fontanels kwete vashoma. inotungamirwa ichi chine zvishoma kwakavharwa nenyama fibers uye anoratidzwa zvikurukuru mashoko zvenguva zvinhu. Nezvenyaya iyi inobvumira mapfupa dehenya kushandura configuration kuti ndima kubudikidza nokuberekwa Canal.

The musono anogona kuwanikwa nokudzidza Somuenzaniso, yeimwe mapfupa ari dehenya. The vazvo inogona maumbirwo akasiyana, ane yakafanana zita - toothed, flat, scaly.

Welding pamusoro alveolar pezvakaitwa chokuita meno. The connective zvinyama munharaunda iyi inonzi "periodontal". Ine ropa wedzerai akanaka uye huta innervation nokuda tsinga uye tsinga fibers ari zvenguva zvinhu. The sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira periodontal kwakavharwa nenyama uye collagen fibers.

Mobile dzakabatana

Zvinotevera zvokuzvivaraidza mapfupa kwokubatana - kubvongodzwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira majoini (diarthrosis). Discontinuous marudzi aya yeimwe dzinonzi mapfupa nezvokuti pane nguva dzose chinhambwe pakati hukawanika dzavo. Kuti vawane mufambo, ivo ine mashoko articular hukawanika ari pamwe Kamudzira uye mhango.

zvinoumba

Articular penyika - Ndiwo zvikamu mafupa, izvo yakabatana mumwe ari pamwe Kamudzira. Ivo akafukidzwa shwashwa inonzi articular.

Kuti zvakadai remubatanidzwa nguva muupenyu hwomunhu kuzadzikisa basa rayo muhomwe mune mhango yakazara mvura, lubricating pechiso kuvhara. Mukuwedzera, Urume anoita depreciation mashandiro, ichipa nokutsungirira majoini, uye rinopa anodiwa simba articular shwashwa.

Articular vagari hukawanika bhegi kunodzivirira kukuvara kuita basa iri inoitwa anoverengeka akaturikidzana: synovial uye fibrous. Internal synovial Kamudzira anopa mupfumi ropa rive.

Kuwedzera kune fanira uye uchida zvinhu anogona kuvapo ari vagari: shwashwa nemarunda, bursae, sesamoid pfupa uye synovial pazvirugu.

Kupatsanura mapfundo pamusoro parameters siyana

Hudyu zvingava zvakasiyana-siyana: .. Globular, elliptical, flat, Chigaro, etc. In maererano nezita irori dzoga uye mapfundo. Kusiyanisa kupatsanura uye fungidziro inofamba - uniaxial, biaxial uye multiaxial. By uniaxial zvinosanganisira trochlear uye cylindrical majoini (semuenzaniso, neketani, interphalangeal). Two-ekisero majoini - ellipsoidal kana Chigaro (zvemaoko-metacarpal, chiningoningo). Kutakura multiaxial majoini vane idenderedzwa chimiro - pamafudzi, hudyu.

Maererano chimiro pejoinhi anogona vaifungidzira, mune zvipi zvichava kwayo kufamba. Somuenzaniso, bhora serin'i zvokushandisa inofamba kwakasiyana-siyana, saka pane-akabatana matatu.

On the mudziyo tisiyanise nyore uye dzakaoma majoini. Simply ine mapfupa maviri, kunzwisisa - vatatu kana kupfuura.

Mapfundo anogona kuita zvinotevera mhando kufamba: flexion-Tingawedzera, kutapa-adduction, kutenderera (mukati nekunze, uyewo dzeraundi makavharidzira).

Semi-kubvongodzwa mapfupa kubatanidza

Vakawanda havatendi kuti vari yakazvimirira. Pakazosvika Semi-zvinofamba yeimwe zvinosanganisira vaya kuumbwa shwashwa kuti, kune rumwe rutivi, havasi kutamira sezvo majoini, asi ave mumwe mwero kunzwisisa.

Connection Type kushandisa shwashwa ichaongororwa somumwe mhando yakatarwa maererano - synchondrosis, iyo haisi Semi-mhanya, sezvo vazhinji vanofunga. Synchondrosises pakati Semi-zvinofamba mapfundo pane musiyano; kare kune mhango duku, nokuda izvo akapa mufambo.

Polupreryvnye kungatowedzera anonziwo symphysis. Under zvimwe zvinhu vanogona diverge zvishoma pakati pachavo. Saka pubic symphysis anobvumira kuzvara inonzi ndima mudumbu kubudikidza nokuberekwa Canal.

pachinzvimbo mhedziso

Saka, isu takasangana pamwe huru mhando mapfundo mapfupa evanhu, zvinhu zvavo uye mashandiro kuti vaite.

Pamunenge muchikurukura nyaya dzakadai mhando yevanhu mapfupa kubatana, namatafura nemachati zvichava zvakanaka vabatsiri, sezvo kuti tikwanise kuona zvakajeka uye kunzwisisa kupatsanura.