Kuora kwemavhuvira

Kuora kwehutachiona inotanga kushandiswa kwepakutanga zvikamu zvinokanganisa nucleus ye isotopu, izvo zvinoita kuti isotope ive yakanyatsogadzika. Izvo zvinokonzerwa neatomic zvinhu zvinosiya atomu nehanho guru. Kuora, iyo isotopu inounza radioactive gamma rays, uye alpha uye beta particles. Tsananguro yeiyi nzira ndeyokuti zhinji dze nuclei dzisina kugadzikana. Isotopes inonzi miviri yemamwechete makemikari eine nhamba yakafanana yemaprotoni, asi ine nhamba dzakasiyana dzeeutron.

Mhando dzekuora kwehupenyu: gamma rays, alpha uye beta kuora. Mamwe mashoko pamusoro pavo. Munguva yeAlf, kurasikanwa kunonzi "helium" inosunungurwa, iyo inonziwo "alpha-particle" mukutarisa kweBeta, iyo nucleus yeatomu inorasikirwa ne electron, inofambisa mberi nechimwe chimwe mumutsetse weperiodic, uye gamma radiation ndiyo kuora kwenzwi pamwe chete nekubudiswa kwephotons kana gamma rays. Muchikamu chekupedzisira, chiitiko chinoitika nekurasikirwa kwesimba, asi pasina kushandiswa kwekemikari element.

Izvozvo zvinoparara zvinopisa mumhepo nenzira inosvika mukati meimwe nguva nguva iyo nhamba ye nucleon inotangira kubva pachigadziko chezvinhu zvinokwana kusvika kuhuwandu hwemaikononi anoramba ari mukati. Iko ndiko kuti, kana ivo vachiri muatomu, vanowanzoisiya. Mafuta ekuora kweatomu anotsanangurwa neainzi inonzi radioactivity nguva dzose, iyo inozivikanwawo sehuwandu hwehutachiona hwekuora. Zvisinei, kazhinji mu physics hairi kuyerwa. Pane kudaro, shandisa kukosha kwakadaro sehafu yehupenyu - nguva iyo iyo nucleus icharasikirwa hafu ye nucleon yayo. Izvo zvinoenderana nemhando yezvinhu uye inogona kupedzisira kubva pamaminetsi mashoma eechipiri kusvika mabhiriyoni emakore. Mune mamwe mazwi, imwe nuclei yeatomu inogona kuvapo nekusingaperi, uye dzimwe-nguva shoma isati yasvika.

Iyo isotopu, iyo yaiva yekutanga pakugadzirwa kwekuora, inonzi mubereki, uye mugumisiro ndeye mwanasikana isotope.

Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwezviitiko semugumisiro weketani yefission inoshandiswa yeatomu. Semuenzaniso: "mubereki" (wekutanga) inotanga kusvika mu "vana" vakawanda, iyo yakazoparadzaniswa. Uye ketani haisi kukanganiswa kusvikira hutete isotopes dzikaumbwa. Semuenzaniso: hafu yeupenyu ye uranium inopfuura makore mana nehafu hafu yemakore. Munguva ino, semugumisiro wekugadzikana kwechikamu chechi chinhu ichi, thorium inotanga kuumbwa, iyo inobva yava palladium, uye pakupera kweketani iyi yakareba pachava nemutungamiri. Pane kudaro, isotope yakagadzikana.

Kuora kwemagetsi kunokonzera zvinhu zvakawanda. Iwe haugoni kuramba wakanyarara pamusoro pe "maitiro ake". Semuenzaniso, kana tikatora sampu ye isotopu inotengesa marara, semugumisiro wekuora kwayo, tinowana zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zve radioactive zvine mashoma evanhu vemukati. Izvo zvinoita, semuenzaniso, kuunza zvakawanda zvefission chain. Radioactivity,, uye yakawanda, chiitiko chechisikigo. Mushure mezvose, kuputika kwe nyukireya kwezvinhu kwakaitika nguva refu munhu asati awana nzira idzi. Zvisinei, basa rekuora uku rakaunza kuwedzera mumashure emhepo yakasununguka enyika yose. Kunyanya, nekuda kwekukurumidza kwekuita kwezvinhu zvakasikwa.

Kuora kwevheyoti yevanhu inoshanduka kuva mikana miviri mitsva uye njodzi. Zvakakosha kukuyeuka zvisingaiti nzira yekuparadzanisa uranium-238 nuclei. Izvo, kunyanya, zvinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwedononi-222. Iyi gasi yakaisvonaka gasi inowanika mumakona makuru pasi. Nayo pachayo, haisi kureva njodzi, asi kusvika chete nuclei yeatomu yayo inotanga kuora mune zvimwe zvinhu. Zvigadzirwa zvekugoverana kwayo, kunyanya muimba isina kubviswa, zvinokuvadza hutano hwevanhu.

Kuora kwevhidhiyo semagetsi kunogonawo kubatsira. Asi chete kana ukashandisa zvigadzirwa zvayo zvakarurama. Somuenzaniso, radioactive phosphorus, injowa mumuviri, inobatsira kuwana ruzivo pamusoro pemamiriro emapfupa emurwere. Mheni yakasvibiswa inogadziriswa nemapikicha ebhenekeri, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana mifananidzo yakajeka neyakagadziriswa nzvimbo dzakaputsika. Dhiyabhorosi yaroacactivity yakanyanya kuduku uye haigoni kukuvadza munhu.