Nyika Rondedzero vanoronga. Jogirafi, vanogara. guta

Kwete chete kudzidza zvakasikwa zviri siyana nharaunda vaiita zvesayenzi jogirafi. Description munyika, okunze ayo, vakawanda, upfumi uye hurumende - iri pakati midziyo zvidzidzo chirango ichi. Sezvatinodzidza nehurumende? Sei nyika rinorondedzera urongwa? Izvi uchadzidza kubva ino.

How kurondedzera nyika?

Geographers tsanangura nyika pamusoro zvakafanana urongwa. Anosanganisira tsananguro yezvakaita, vakawanda, upfumi uye polity. nyika Rondedzero urongwa rinosanganisira zvinhu zvinotevera:

• nzvimbo (nzvimbo nharaunda, urefu pamiganhu, ivo Coordonatele zvokuora pfungwa, Kuwanikwa kuenda kugungwa, uwandu dzakavakidzana uye maonero tinyatsonzwisisa yakanaka geopolitical nzvimbo state);
• zvakasikwa zviri mundima (okunze, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, zvipfuwo mvura, nyika makemikari nyika, etc ...);
• guru uye yaiona-miganhu nemamiriro ehurumende;
• vomuSouth (nhamba, arambe achirema, nzvimbo, kwemadzinza, zvitendero uye mitauro sezvamunoita);
• upfumi (chikuru specialization, kiyi maindasitiri, kukura zvokurima, uwandu paminiti capita GDP uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvoupfumi);
• kunyanya zvematongerwo enyika (paramende, mutungamiri, hurumende).

nyika Kurondedzera kuronga kunogona mashoko pamusoro netsika, wokukwezva vashanyi, mari, pamutemo zviratidzo ehurumende.

The nenzvimbo nzvimbo munyika

Chero tsananguro munyika urongwa vanofanira kutanga apo nyika iri. Kureva, unofanira Kukuzivisai nezvevamwe vari chii hemisphere uye chii kondinendi ndiye mamiriro chii zvayo nzvimbo uye Kureba wenyika. Coordinates nyika anotsanangurwa nomunyori yokunyanyisa pfungwa: rwokumusoro, kumaodzanyemba, kumavirira uye kumabvazuva. Mashoko aya, tinogona kutsanangura zvinonyatsorehwa pakureba mundima mamiriro kubva kumavirira kusvikira kumabvazuva, kumusoro, kana kumaodzanyemba, uye vanofungidzira ayo kunopindirana configuration (tsindirana kana elongated neimwe divi).

Zvakakosha kwete kutsanangura nzvimbo yacho, asi kuti kuongorora zvinobatsira ayo ezvoupfumi. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti kuratidza nako nyika inoganhurana nyika, kana ine kuwana gungwa, rakakura zvenzizi, kana pamharadzano dzenzira chinokosha zvifambiso corridors. Nechimwe chezviri kunokanganisa kwazvo upfumi uye mukuru vagare zvakanaka munyika.

Natural ezvinhu uye zviwanikwa

ndima wechipiri rondedzero nyika urongwa - ichi kunyanya hunhu imwe nharaunda (geomorphological, okunze, etc ...).

Okunze munyika kunokosha nokuda kwayo zvoupfumi. Saka, zviri vaiona dzakanakira nzvimbo hurumende iri okunze wenharaunda (pakati 45 uye 65 madhigirii). Munharaunda iyi - zvikuru Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu kuti upenyu hwevanhu uye kurima.

The chivezwa munyika uyewo zvakunoita yake zvakanaka. Hapana chakavanzika kuti sandarara nomunzvimbo dzine zviri nyore zvikuru kuti kuvaka maguta, kugadzira migwagwa, kuvaka hombe maindasitiri zvivako. Nenzira, kupfuura kare uye inonyatsozivikanwa maguta munyika vavapo pamapani, nemhenderekedzo yegungwa kana nenzizi huru.

VomuSouth

Vagari munyika - ndiyewo chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwayo nzwisisika kudzidza. Richirondedzera zvakafanira kuti kutaridzwa uwandu vagari, vagari arambe achirema, kuti munguva wevanotungamirira mamiriro, uye zvichingodaro.

zviratidzi zvinokosha munhu wembereko exchange uye mwero wokufa kwevanhu, upenyu hunotarisirwa munyika, mucheche mwero wokufa kwevanhu. Nokuti vazhinji zvoupfumi dzakabudirira dziri dzinoratidzwa pasi nokuberekwa zvazvingava, pasi hunofa chinokosha upenyu anotarisirwa. Iri kusimukira eAsia, Africa uye America, nekusiyana, pane mukuru yokuberekwa zvazvingava, mukuru hunofa yakaderera dziine kunopindirana tipone.

Nezvemamwe anokosha characterization upi nyika chiri kwemadzinza, mitauro uye zvechitendero Zvinoumba vagari vemo. marudzi ose enyika vanokamurwa muzvikwata zviviri: monoethnic (ndiko hunodzorwa rumwe rudzi) uye multi-dzinza (izvo vanomiririra "sanganisa" dzemadzinza uye marudzi).

mamiriro Economy

The chikuru zviratidzo zviri zvoupfumi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• GDP uye GDP pa capita;
• mari mumatunhu;
• ari makwikwi pakati muno anogadzirwa zvinhu uye mabasa;
• mutengo uye unhu basa;
• padanho uori;
• Hazvizivikanwi upgrading, etc.

Maererano zviratidzo izvi, nyika dzose vanokamurwa mumapoka akawanda. Govera zvoupfumi dzakabudirira (Japan, USA, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Germany, France nevamwe), dzichiri kusimukira (Myanmar, Chad, Bolivia, Bangladesh nevamwe), uyewo nyika pamwe upfumi mu Kuchinja (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan uye zvichingodaro. d.).

Maererano maumbirwo maindasitiri kugadzirwa zvose rinoti vari akakamurwa:

• maindasitiri;
• zvekurima;
• maindasitiri okurima;
• postindustrial.

Enyika nemamiriro nyika

State - ichi chinokosha sangano ane kunzwisisa mamiriro rakaitirwa mafambisirwo kambani. The political (state) mudziyo zvose nyika zvenyika inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zvitatu:

• unitary - vari akakwanisa kubva nechepakati nzvimbo (mienzaniso: Romania, Ukraine, France, Norway, etc ...);
• Of, zvinosanganisira vanoverengeka vakaparadzana masangano - rinoti, nyika, zvokuvhoterwa (mienzaniso: Russia, USA, Germany);
• Confederation - kwekanguva pamwe maviri kana kupfuura States.

Muchimiro munyika kumira-umambo (umo zvose simba ndezvevanhu mumwe munhu uye nhaka) uye Republic (iyo kwainyanya nesimba guru ruzhinji). Monarchies kunogonawo kuva chakakwana (risingaperi simba namambo), dzeparamende (simba namambo rine parinoperera neParamende) uye hwoumwari (simba guru ndorwevaya muChechi). The chete muenzaniso ano anoitirwa umambo munyika ndiye Vatican.

Nyika wokuti vagara vandifungira negadziriro nzira uye unyanzvi, pamwe pacho anoziva kuzara simba rake. Kubva musi chinyorwa ichi, zvematongerwo hurumende imwe State angava pamutemo (Democratic), udzvinyiriri kana anomanikidza.

Countries uye misoro

Capital - ndiyo huru (kwete guru) guta munyika umo hurumende nemamwe zvakakosha nhengo ehurumende simba. Shoko rinobva yekare Russian "(pre) tafura", iro rinoreva "chigaro choumambo". With Mabviro ichi zvakabatanidzwa akakurumbira okuti "guta guru Kiev."

Kusarudza guru - anogara dambudziko nokuda nehurumende. Shure maviri kana kupfuura mikuru nzvimbo angataure basa chikuru guta. Muna hweAustria-Hungary Somuenzaniso, kupedza dambudziko iri uye vakasagona. Naizvozvo, pane zviripo miviri chete yemisoro - Vienna uye muBudapest. Mune dzimwe rinoti, guta guru kuumba uye kuvaka anongoda "kubva muvare" (muenzaniso ezvinhu akadaro kunogona kuva United States of America pamwe guta guru Washington).

Countries uye misoro kazhinji vachinzwisisa somunhu. Asi usakanganwa kuti musoro "mukuru guta" iri rehurumende zvinogona kuchinjwa. Saka, muna 1997 hurumende Kazakhstan akatama guru kubva Almaty kuna Astana.

Chimwe guta guru panyika mepu - ndiro Jerusarema. guta rino ndiro guta guru panguva iyoyo nokuda nyika mbiri - Israeri uye Palestine.

Flag - sezvo huru chiratidzo ehurumende

Flags zvenyika zvakasiyana mumwe kwete chete ruvara kana muenzaniso, asi zvikuru ayo (upamhi uye kureba jira). Mireza All kunyika nyika vane tsika rectangular chimiro (kanenge - mativi), asi rimwe - the Nepalese. Mureza wenyika rinomiririrwa muchimiro zviviri zvakaenzana zvokuridza.

Wedangwe mureza wenyika inogona asingaremekedzi sezvo Danish. Wokutanga kutaurwa nezvazvo kuchinzi yakatanga kusvika 1219 gore. Uye pano ndiyo nyore pamasikiro munhu Libyan mureza - chose girini jira.

Flags venyika zvisingapindirani dzavo ruvara sarudzo. Mumwe ruva ane yayo kwokufananidzira zvinoreva kuti imwe nehurumende. White, sezvinoita mutemo, inomirira rugare uye kubudirira, uye mutema - yakawanda dzinongoitika upfumi.

Zvikuru dzinonakidza muna heraldry rasviba. Zvaizoratidza sokuti aifanira kuchema. Zvisinei, hazvisi. Black kazhinji chipo pamusoro eDare African States. Uye ipapo iye, somunhu mutemo, chinofananidzira nhema vanhu chero nyika.

Pakunzi National dzeEurope

Mumwe nomumwe ano mamiriro Chokwadi, vane mari dzavo. Sei pakunzi mari kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana?

A Kunyanya National mari anoratidza rinokosha hunhu (chiratidzo). Izvi zvinogona kuva nearufabheti indekisi (chidimbu), digital remitemo kana chinokosha grapheme. Zviratidzo izvi vanonzi rakapfupikiswa, zvipfupi uye yepakutanga, kunan'anura chimwe mari.

Mari vakanga hunomirirwa anokosha zviratidzo mumazuva ekare. Pasi ndivo grapheme kupfuura anozivikanwa nyika mari:

• $ - US Dollar (US);
• € - Euro (Eurozone inoti);
• ¥ - Yen (Japan);
• ₽ - Ruble (Russian Federation);
• - Rupee (India);
• £ - paundi wounhu (UK);
• ₸ - Tenge (Kazakhstan);
• ₴ - Hryvnia (Ukraine).

In mhedziso ...

Mumwe nematambudziko nzvimbo chiri chinangwa, yainzwisisika uye yakarurama kudzidza munyika States. Country Kurondedzera kuronga vanofanira zvine zvinhu zvinotevera: nzvimbo, dzinongoitika ezvinhu uye pfuma, vanogara, guta guru, administrative uye enyika chivako, upfumi, mari, uye zviratidzo zvenyika (mureza, maoko maoko uye chimbo).