Human majoini. Types mapfundo dzevanhu

pfupa Human zvakaoma kuti anokwanisa kumira vanenge 10 zviuru makirogiramu, asi kana munhu marangwanda rinoumbwa pfupa zvikukutu mumwe chete, kufamba kwedu zvaisazobvira. Nature akaita akagadzirisa dambudziko iri nokungonyepedzera kugova marangwanda mapfupa zhinji uye mapfundo vakasikwa - nzvimbo mapfupa kusangana.

majoini hwevanhu vanoita zvikuru chinokosha basa. Pamusana kwavari, mapfupa, mazino uye shwashwa dzomuviri vari akabatana mumwe.

Types mapfundo dzevanhu

Vanogona Classified maererano functionality:

Joint kuti kunotadzisa kufamba, aizivikanwa synarthrosis. Sutures dehenya uye gomfos (soedininenie mazino dehenya) mienzaniso synarthrosis. Kubatana pakati mapfupa yainzi syndesmosis pakati shwashwa - sinhordrozami, mapfupa - sintostozami. Synarthrosis akaumba Via connective tishu.

Amphiarthrosis kunoita duku kwebasa vagari mapfupa. Mienzaniso amphiarthrosis ndiyo intervertebral discs uye pubic symphysis.

Wechitatu dzichipfekeka kirasi - svobodnopodvizhnye diarthrosis. Vane soro kuwanda inofamba. Mienzaniso: emaoko, mabvi, mapendekete uye pamaoko. Dzinenge nguva dzose ndiro synovial mapfundo.

yevanhu skeletal majoini rinogonawo Classified nokuda nechivako kwavo (zvokunyama zvavari inoumbwa):

Fibrous majoini akaumbwa vanachandagwinyira collagen fibers. Ava pezvisungo zvenguvo dehenya uye vadyi unobatanidza ulna uye nharaunda yacho honokono pamwechete.

Cartilaginous majoini akaumbwa shwashwa kwevanhu izvo ungasunga mapfupa pamwe chete. Mienzaniso yeimwe yakadaro ndiyo mapfupa pakati mbabvu uye rumbabvu shwashwa, uye pakati intervertebral disks.

The inonyanya mhando - synovial vadyi - nzvimbo izere mura pakati kumigumo mapfupa linkable. Zvinonzi takapoteredzwa rokubvisa Kamudzira pamusoro connective gobvu rinenge kufukidzwa synovial membrane. The synovial Kamudzira, iro rinoumbwa imwe Kamudzira, synovial mvura unobudisa mafuta, ane basa - kuti girisi vadyi, nokuderedza kukweshera uye muchapfekei.

Pane zvidzidzo anoverengeka synovial majoini Somuenzaniso, ellipsoidal, ginglymoid, Chigaro serin'i uye idenderedzwa.

Ellipsoidal majoini interconnected pfupa kumeso uye kuvabvumira papfungwa kare mumwe chero divi.

Trochlear majoini, akadai kugokora uye ibvi rimwe munhu tikadzivisa sangano rimwe divi chete kuitira kuti pakona pakati mapfupa anogona kuwedzera kana kutapudza. Limited kufamba mu majoini ginglymoid inopa simba uye simba mabhonzo, tsandanyama uye nemarunda.

Chigaro majoini, zvakadai pakati wokutanga metacarpal pfupa uye trapezoid mapfupa, kubvumira kuti tenderera mapfupa pa 360 inegumi.

Papfudzi uye hudyu munhu - chete idenderedzwa majoini mumuviri. Vane vakasununguka-siyana inofamba, ndivo chete ndivo vanogona kutendeuka ayo akabatana. Zvisinei, kushaya idenderedzwa majoini ndechokuti isina zvakawanda inofamba zvinovaita zvikuru kubatwa dislocation, pane zvishoma dzevanhu majoini Mobile. Munzvimbo idzi pane kazhinji wakaputsika.

Dzimwe mhando yevanhu synovial majoini inofanira kukurukurwa yoga.

ginglymoid joini

Trochlear majoini vari mukirasi synovial. neketani iyi, ibvi uye kugokora murume. Kazhinji ginglymoid joini - boka maviri kana kupfuura mapfupa, apo vanogona chete kufamba mune imwe akabatana kufonyora kana ruramisa.

Chinonyanya nyore trochlear majoini pamuviri - interphalangeal, ndivo pakati phalanges zviri minwe nezvigunwe.

Sezvo zvavo hofisi shoma uremu uye simba zvemaziso, ivo ine rimwe zvinhu pamwe tuduku synovial mamwe tambo kuti chisimbiso. pfupa rimwe nerimwe akafuka kumeso mutete paiva hyaline shwashwa, akaronga kuderedza kukweshera majoini. Mapfupa vanoitwa takapoteredzwa rokubvisa Kamudzira pamusoro fibrous connective zvinyama, kufukidzwa synovial membrane.

The mamiriro mapfundo dzevanhu nguva dzose dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kugokora vadyi zvikuru kunzwisisa yakaumbwa pakati humerus, nharaunda uye ulna mapfupa honokono. Elbow pasi zvikuru akatakura kupfuura pezvisungo zvenguvo minwe nezvigunwe, saka rine nemarunda akawanda simba uye dzimwe rakasiyana pfupa zvivako izvo kusimbisa maumbirwo kwayo.

Ulnar uye TOUR nemarunda kubatsira kuchengeta kufanana ulna uye nharaunda uye simbisa majoini. Makumbo uyewo panofanira akawanda zvikuru trochlear majoini.

Kwakadaro gokora neketani vadyi riri pakati huru uye duku tibia mapfupa ari rezasi gumbo uye talus mapfupa ari rutsoka. Mapazi yakakwirira tibia fibula achiumbwa akapoteredza mhou talus slots tikadzivisa kwebasa gumbo achitevedza mumwe akabatana. mamwe mwanda Four, kusanganisira deltoid, varibatanidze mapfupa uye kusimbisa vadyi, kuramba muviri uremu.

Zvayaiva pakati pechidya uye gumbo tibia uye fibula tibia, ibvi vadyi - chikuru uye kwazvo ginglymoid vadyi ari mumuviri womunhu.

Elbow uye neketani anatomi akafanana, vari kazhinji pachena kuti chinonzi osteoarthritis.

ellipsoidal majoini

Ellipsoidal vadyi, aizivikanwawo sandara, ndicho chimiro synovial mapfundo. Vari akaumba pedo pfupa, ane kumeso kana anenge wakatsetseka penyika. majoini izvi vakwanise mapfupa kuti Vaiisa chero mirayiridzo - uye pasi, kurudyi, Tsanga yacho yaichekwa.

Nokuda kwayo mamiriro ellipsoidal kuchinja mapfundo, uye avo kufamba iri shoma (kudzivirira makuvaro). Ellipsoidal majoini akafukidzwa sinovalnoy Kamudzira inobereka Urume inotarisira kuti girisi pejoinhi.

Most ellipsoidal majoini vari appendicular marangwanda pakati mapfupa carpal zviri chiningoningo, pakati chiningoningo muhudyu uye ruoko pakati neketani mapfupa mapfupa metacarpal.

Rimwe boka ellipsoidal mapfundo iri pakati zviso makumi maviri nezvitanhatu vertebrae ari intervertebral mapfundo. kwokubatana izvi inotipa peta, pachena uye tenderera ari mutumbi, apo kuramba nesimba nomuzongoza hunotsigira uremu muviri uye anodzivirira musana.

condylar majoini

Pane yoga pamusoro ellipsoidal majoini mhando - condylar rwakashodoka. Rinogona kunzi munhu Transitional chimiro kubva trochlear pamwe mhando kuti ellipsoid. Kubva trochlear kwemajoini condylar dzinoratidzwa guru kusiyana chimiro uye kukura kuberekesana hukawanika, zvichiguma zvichibvira sangano kumativi namasanhu maviri. Kubva kwemajoini condylar articular misoro ellipsoidal zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana.

Chigaro joini

Chigaro vagari mufananidzo synovial mapfundo, apo mumwe pfupa riri kuumbwa akafanana Chigaro nezvimwe pfupa hunogara pairi, sezvo mutasvi akatasva bhiza.

Chigaro majoini zvikuru anonzwisisa kupfuura idenderedzwa kana ellipsoidal.

The yakanakisisa muenzaniso Chigaro kwemajoini muviri carpometacarpal vadyi pamusoro thumbs, iyo yakaumbwa pakati trapezoid mapfupa uye vokutanga metacarpal pfupa. In muenzaniso uyu, ari trapezoid anoumba woita chigaro, iro rokutanga mapfupa metacarpal anogara. Carpometacarpal vagari kunoita hombe munwe yevanhu nyore kusimudzira pamwe nevamwe minwe mana ruoko. Thumb Chokwadi, zvinokosha zvikuru kwatiri sezvo rinobvumira zvakasimba ruoko rwedu kunzwisisa zvinhu uye kushandisa vazhinji zvokushandisa.

arthrodia

Ball majoini iboka chaiye synovial mapfundo iyo vane soro rusununguko rwokufamba mumuviri nokuda kwavo rakasiyana marongerwo. Hip vagari uye fudzi vadyi ndizvo chete munhu idenderedzwa mumuviri womunhu.

The huru mbiri zvinoumba idenderedzwa vadyi: bvupa ane idenderedzwa musoro uye pfupa mukombe serin'i rusesi. Funga pamafudzi rwakashodoka. anatomi womunhu zvokuti idenderedzwa musoro humerus (yokumusoro ruoko mapfupa) zvinoenderana vagari mhango pakati chipande. Glenoid mhango - duku uye kudzika muhomwe, nemhaka iyo bandauko pamwe mukuru siyana kufamba ari mumuviri womunhu. It akapoteredzwa chindori hyaline shwashwa, zviri kusanduka mapfupa, simba, apo tsandanyama - rotator cuff - abate humerus mukati mhango.

The hudyu vagari iri zvishoma zvishoma Mobile pane pamafudzi, asi akasimba uye akatsiga zvikuru rwakashodoka. Zvimwe hudyu Kugadzikana zvakakodzera kuti chigone muviri uremu pamusoro makumbo nokuita mabasa akadai kufamba, basketball uye zvichingodaro. D.

The hudyu vadyi wakatenderera, anenge idenderedzwa musoro femur (rorudyi mapfupa) zvakasimba kuti acetabulum, yakadzika rusesi iri pelvic pfupa. Vazhinji yakaoma nemarunda uye simba tsandanyama abate femoral musoro panzvimbo uye kudzivisa makakatanwa rakasimba mumuviri. Acetabulum uye chinonditadzisa dislocation pamusoro hudyu, mapfupa inorambidza kufamba mukati maro.

Pahwaro pamusoro apa, unogona kugadzira diki tafura. The mamiriro mapfundo yevanhu zvinosanganisira hazvingaiti. Saka, muna mbiru patafura wokutanga wainyatsotaura kwemajoini mhando, wechipiri nowechitatu - mienzaniso vavo nzvimbo, ukuwo.

Human majoini: tafura

joini mhando	mienzaniso mapfundo	varipi
ginglymoid	Ibvi, gokora, neketani. Anatomy vamwe vavo anopiwa pazasi.	Ibvi - pakati femoral, tibial uye patella mapfupa; ulnar - pakati humerus, ulna uye nharaunda; neketani - pakati tibia uye netsoka.
ellipsoidal	Intervertebral majoini; Hudyu pakati phalanges.	Pakati zviso vertebrae; pakati phalanges ari zvigunwe uye maoko.
globular	Hip nepfudzi majoini. Human anatomi inobhadhara rwakashodoka nzeve mhando iyi.	Pakati femur uye pelvic mapfupa; pakati humerus uye scapula.
Chigaro serin'i	Carpometacarpal.	Pakati trapezoid mapfupa uye vokutanga metacarpal pfupa.

Kuti zviite zvakajeka chii chinoumba majoini kwevanhu, vamwe vakawanda vavo tsanangura.

gokora

Emaoko anatomi yevanhu iyo watopiwa ambotaurwa, zvinoda vainyatsotarisirwa.

Elbow - chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma Hudyu dzemuviri. Zvinonzi akaumba pakati distal kuguma humerus (chaipo, ayo articular hukawanika - misa uye condyle), nemwaranzi uye trochlear clippings ulna uye mapfupa TOUR articular musoro wayo arikunze. Inoitwa matatu majoini chete: brachioradialis, humeroulnar uye proximal radioulnar.

Humeroulnar vagari riri pakati trochlear notch pamusoro ulna uye chinogumbura (vagari pamusoro) ari humerus. Izvi chokuita Joint trochlear uye uniaxial.

Brachioradialis condyle vagari yakaumbwa pakati humerus uye musoro humerus. Movement of muhudyu zvakaitwa anenge maviri namasanhu.

Promaksimalny radioulnar chinobatanidza TOUR kucheka ulna uye vagari sekamufarenzi ari TOUR musoro. Akatiwo uniaxial.

Kugokora hapana lateral kufamba. Kazhinji, rinenge sechinhu trochlear vadyi ane helical chimiro pitikoti.

Remasangano yokumusoro chikamu nomuviri seva emaoko. Makumbo zvakare ine majoini, izvo havangagoni kukuudza.

hudyu

vagari ichi riri pakati acetabulum pamusoro chiuno uye femur (wake musoro).

musoro ichi yakafukidzwa hyaline shwashwa panenge, kunze fovea. Acetabulum , zvakare, akafukidza shwashwa, asi chete pamusoro pemvura lunate pamwe zvasara akafukidzwa sinovalnoy membrane.

Nokuti hudyu vagari vari mwanda vakadaro: sciatic-femoral, iliac, femoral, pubic-femoral, nharaunda dzeraundi, uyewo boka racho femoral musoro.

Iliac-femoral shwashwa zvinobva mujinga pasi Anterior nani iliac mapfupa uye inoguma panguva intertrochanteric mutsetse. shwashwa ichi chinobatanidzwa tiine muviri akarurama chinzvimbo.

Next boka sciatic-femoral, anotanga panguva ischial pfupa uye yakarukwa vakapinda Kamudzira ari muhudyu rwakashodoka.

Zvishoma yepamusoro panguva kumusoro pubic pfupa, anotanga pubic-femoral shwashwa, izvo rinoyerera kune pamagaro mekamudzira aka.

Mukati vagari pacharo boka racho femoral musoro. Tanga nokutora pane transverse acetabular shwashwa uye rinoguma gomba femoral musoro.

The raundi nzvimbo achiumbwa munyika loop: nayo wanamatira yepazasi pamberi ilium uye runopoteredza pamitsipa femur.

Hip nepfudzi mapfundo ndivo chete bhora serin'i mumuviri womunhu.

ibvi-joini

vadyi ichi chine mapfupa vatatu: patella, ivo distal kuguma femur uye proximal kuguma tibia.

ibvi pamwe Kamudzira vasiyana micheto ari tibial, femoral pfupa uye patella. Nokuti femur wanamatira pasi epicondyle. At yakamisirwa tibial articular pemvura kumucheto, uye dzakabatana patella Kamudzira kuitira kuti kwayo pamusoro yose pamberi joinhi iri.

Zvisote muhudyu ichi inogona mapoka mapoka maviri: vnekapsulnye uye intracapsular. Uyewo ari muhudyu mune mativi maviri - tibial uye fibular koratararo nemarunda.

neketani joini

Zvinonzi akaumba tichibatsirwa ari articular pose talus uye articular hukawanika ari distal kumigumo fibula uye tibia.

Joint Kamudzira panenge wanamatira kumucheto articular shwashwa anoendazve pazviri chete pamberi pechiso talus. Kurutivi hukawanika kwaro vari vagari nemarunda.

The deltoid, kana medial shwashwa, chinosanganisira anoverengeka zvikamu:

- posterior tibio-kudhumhana, veshure pamupendero pakati medial malleolus uye medial rwemberi talus;

- tibialis Anterior-kudhumhana, riri pakati pamberi pamucheto medial malleolus uye posteromedial pemvura talus;

- tibio-chitsitsinho chikamu rinoenderera medial malleolus kuti talus kutsigirwa;

- tibio-navicular chikamu, izvozvo zvinobva kubva medial malleolus uye inoguma pakupedzisira penyika yacho navicular mapfupa.

Next shwashwa peroneal-calcaneal, rinoenderera kuruvanze penyika lateral malleolus kune lateral pose pamitsipa talus.

Pedyo kumberi rapfuura inochengeterwa talo-fibular shwashwa - pakati pamberi pamucheto lateral malleolus uye lateral penyika pamitsipa talus.

Uye pakupedzisira, shure talo-fibular shwashwa zvinobva kuruoko posterior kumahombekombe ari lateral malleolus uye inoguma kuruoko lateral tubercle yacho talus kwacho.

Kazhinji, kuti neketani vadyi muenzaniso trochlear pamwe helical inofamba.

Saka ikozvino tine pfungwa pane mapfundo dzevanhu. pane zvinoita Anatomy majoini kuoma, uye iwe unogona kuona woga.