Enyika nemamiriro wehurumende: nezvimiro, modes

States zvinosiyana kwete chete kukura, vagari, pamwero wakadini vemunyika. sangano ravo zvemukati kunogonawo kuva akasiyana chaizvo. Ndezvipi chikuru zviri zvematongerwo enyika munyika? Ndezvipi mhando dzavo uye modes yokusunungurwa mune ano dzidziso ehurumende? Izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Chii mamiriro?

Hurumende - iri multi-faceted vhoriyamu muboka iri mubasa kudzidza dzinoverengeka anoranga kwesayenzi, kubva jogirafi kuti evanhu. Kusiyana imwe nharaunda chaiyo kana nenzvimbo nyika, izvozvo anongokurukurwa paumbwe rakaoma empirical maonero ari zvakawanda zvakaoma kupfuura chaicho chinhu kudzidza.

Chiitiko wenyika, ayo ezvematongerwo enyika chehurumende - mibvunzo iyi Vakavhiringidza pfungwa vazivi vakawanda uye masayendisiti zvakasiyana-siyana chenhau nguva. Nokudaro, kudzidza siyana zvinoumba mamiriro vaita nevafungi akadai Aristotle uye Plato, Foma Akvinsky uye Confucius, Dzhon Lokk, uye Herbert Spencer.

Yekare muzivi wechiGiriki Plato Rakakwanira dambudziko iri mumwe nemabasa ake (nhaurirano) pasi chete zita "The State". In basa iri unogona kuwana mamwe mazano zvinonakidza kuti havana kurasa kushanda kwavo nhasi. Somuenzaniso, akati kuti kwenzira simba anofanira kunge vazivi vakachenjera, nekuti chete vanogona zvakakodzera kutarisira vagari. Plato uyewo haana chaizvo kwazvo enyika democratic mhando mudziyo. Democracy akadana akanaka uye panguva imwe chete, vazhinji kururama simba.

The zvinhu uye mashandiro anoita ehurumende

State - iri chaizvo kunzwisisa munzanga mamiriro, pfungwa iyo inogona kuumbwa kuburikidza huru zviri dzidzo ichi. A dzinokwana nomwe:

• zvachose delineated mune nzvimbo muchadenga nharaunda;
• yakajeka yevanhu;
• kuvapo vehurumende uye mitemo (Codes mufambiro);
• Pane hurongwa kwemitemo miviri uye ngarava, club ari Implementation mutemo;
• Army kuvapo;
• kushanda vagari mutero hurongwa;
• kuvapo wehurumende uchangamire (rusununguko).

Pachishandiswa maitiro aya, hurumende anosungwa nemhiko akawanda kushanda, zvinoti:

• enyika;
• zvoupfumi;
• mumagariro;
• zvekudzivira;
• kwemitemo;
• tsika, dzidzo, uye vamwe.

Munyaya ino, tichakurukura muudzame pazuva rokutanga mashandiro izvi, munyaya muudzame mhando uye modes enyika nemamiriro nyika. Ndeapi kupfuura akakurumbira nhasi?

Enyika nemamiriro ehurumende yayo inokosha chimiro

Other masayendisiti, vazivi nevafungi munzira dzakasiyana vakafunga basa ehurumende. Dzimwe nguva inofungidzirwa aya polar pachinhu mumwe. Saka, Vladimir Lenin vakati kuti "hurumende - ndiye midziyo chisimba mumaoko mukirasi mutongo." Asi inozivikanwa Russian existentialist Nikolay Berdyaev aiva nechivimbo chokuti hurumende anobvumira hwepasi upenyu hwevanhu rikasauya kupinda mukuru mugehena.

Zvino, uye mamwe mashoko zvakafanana kodzero upenyu. Zvinobudirira kugadziriswa munyaya ino, dzidzo kunonyanya novimba dzakananga chimiro enyika nemamiriro mamiriro. Zvechokwadi, mune dzimwe nyika dzepasi, tinoona kuti vatongi chaizvoizvo kuedza kushandira vanhu. Mune dzimwe nyika simba chikwata chete anomanikidza uye anoshandisa vayo.

Social uye enyika - chiri kwacho uye panguva imwecheteyo mugumisiro sangano simba munyika. Chinosanganisira mhando hurumende mamiriro uye utongi enyika.

Wechinhu enyika mamiriro - ndiko nzira National uye miganhu sangano ehurumende. It anopa pakagadzwa zvimwe ukama pakati nechepakati uye romunharaunda (local) zviremera.

Enyika kunogona kutora zvitatu zvinokosha siyana. Iri unitary mamiriro, mubatanidzwa uye mubatanidzwa.

Unitary Hurumende: unhu uye zvairatidza

Mukutonga unitary mamiriro kunzwisisa ichi mamiriro enyika munyika iyo kwayo nomumwe administrative dzakabatana havana changamire. Pakati huru unhu chimiro ichi ndiyo zvinotevera:

• imwe chete citizenship uye zvemitemo hurongwa;
• Utungamiri munyika kubva pakati (guru);
• rakabatana zvemari uye mutero hurongwa;
• rakabatana hondo;
• mukuru wehurumende zviratidzo - mureza, chiratidzo uye chimbo.

Mazuva sainzi enyika emit mhando wandei unitary inoti. Ivo:

• Kuomerera centralized;
• decentralized.

Unitary inoti ringaumbwa imwe (Mienzaniso: Tajikistan, Ukraine) kana kupfuura kuzvionera (mienzaniso: Moldova, Spain).

The quantitative chinotaurwa munyika ano iri inodzorwa unitary mamiriro. Izvi zvinonyatsooneka pamepu mavakanga anozivikanwa yebhuruu. Kazhinji, iduku munyika munzvimbo ine predominance rimwe rudzi. Kunyange varipo kunze pakati pavo. Mumwe wavo - China, iro rinoumbwa dzakasiyana siyana kuzvionera.

Federal Hurumende: unhu uye zvairatidza

Federation - a political inokosha gadziriro, umo nomumwe zvikamu ehurumende ane uchangamire iyo ndee nomutemo. Shoko rine Midzi Latin uye rinoreva "mubatanidzwa" kana "mubatanidzwa".

Mumwe zviratidzo munhu yeUnited mamiriro munhu anonzi mutemo kaviri. Zvinorevei? Mitemo anogona kusika zvose hurumende nechepakati uye emunharaunda. Panyaya iyi, yacho akatorwa pachiyero nomumwe vanotongwa Federation, haafaniri kupikisana mutemo batana.

In nemisanganiswa, sezvinoita mutemo, pane imwe mari, zvisinei, mutero maitiro inogona Dual gwara. Izvi zvinoreva kuti unyanzvi nyaya Federation anekodzero yokuumba remunharaunda bhajeti ravo uye govera mari zvayo.

Nyika kusiyanisa symmetric uye asymmetric Federation. Yokutanga miganhu masangano vane zvakaenzana kodzero, asi yechipiri yavo pamutemo zvinosiyana.

Federation nokuti enyika ano mepu dzenyika anoparadzirwa zvakaenzana (pane 28). Pakati pavo - anenge ose makuru nyika zvenyika: Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, India.

Confederation: mhando uye nhoroondo mienzaniso

Pasi Confederation kwaireva mubatanidzwa anoverengeka anoti zvakasikwa kuzadzisa chero chinangwa: muchiuto, zvoupfumi kana zvimwewo. Countries enzvimbo yacho mubatanidzwa, sezvinoita mutemo, vanorichengeta uchangamire hwavo vari mudzimba zvematongerwo enyika uye vari pasi rose munhandare.

Huru Zviratidzo zviri kushaya mubatanidzwa:

• zvakafanana miganhu;
• kuroora zvemitemo hurongwa;
• kuroora maitiro zvemari;
• bumbiro remitemo chete;
• vasina kodzero.

All Zvaitongwa mubatanidzwa inonwiwa tenderano. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe nhengo dzayo anekodzero kusunungura mbudo kubva mubatanidzwa akadaro.

Confederation akaparadzirwa munyika XVIII-XIX mazana emakore Europe. Muzana remakore rapfuura pakanga pachine vashoma chaiwo confederations: asi United Arab Republic, uyewo Senegambia. Zvisinei, ivo anyanya pfupi nguva. Today ine mubatanidzwa anogona kuonekwa European Union kana kuti Organization Kishi (Commonwealth pakati Independent States).

The chikuru marudzi hurumende paruzhinji-pamutemo

Masimba kuva nomumwe kunyika munyika vanogona kushandisa masimba avo nenzira dzakasiyana. A yakatarwa nzira uye achishandisa simba - ndiwo mamiriro-pamutemo. Inoita sezvo guru maatomu akafanana, nzira yokuziva nayo hunhu imwe mamiriro.

Kune mhando dzakawanda (siyana) ehurumende-pamutemo hwechiKomonisiti. Zvinogona democratic kana zvisiri gutsaruzhinji (chiremera, udzvinyiriri uye weNazi t. D.).

Kusiyanisa pakati nevanhu hurumende kubva pevatongi zvakaoma chaizvo. Saka, somuenzaniso, utungamiriri Soviet papi pachayo kunyika se "chitsuwa democratic kodzero." Marudzi mazhinji enyika vanotenda zvechokwadi nenhema ichi.

Authoritarianism chacho zviratidzo

"Simba wendarama" - saka vamwe vanogona kushandura ichi izwi kubva muchiLatin. In hurumende ichi enyika zvachose simba rose riri mumaoko mumwe munhu (kana boka revanhu).

Zvingasanganisira zvinotevera huru zvinhu authoritarianism:

• centralization simba simba;
• murayiro-vakaronga nzira poutungamiriri munyika;
• kuzviomesera kudzora siyana zvebasa mamiriro upenyu paruzhinji;
• hapana chaicho kupatsanurwa kwemasimba kupinda yoga matavi (zvemitemo, Executive, zvaakatonga);

The Constitution pasi authoritarianism chinokuvadzwa declaratory zvakasikwa, dzakakurumbira sarudzo - kuchikosha, chokunyepera.

Political udzvanyiriri vari rudzi urwu, kuti polling, vari kunangana chete kupfuura basa vavengi nezviremera. Pluralism pfungwa, yose, anobvumirwa, asi chete kana haakonzeri kuti munhu kukuvadza negadziriro. Izvi zvinhu zviviri kusiyanisa authoritarianism kubva totalitarianism.

Totalitarianism chacho zviratidzo

vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti izwi rakatangwa mudzvinyiriri Mussolini ari 1920s. Under totalitarianism zvaireva yakakwana (zvachose) mamiriro kudzora mabhora ose oupenyu paruzhinji. Despotism, muchivadzvinyirira, udzvanyiriri uye vakawanda okushora - izvi zvose anowanzoramba zvinhu nehurumende enyika.

Society yose uye munhu mumwe nomumwe ari totalitarianism woga zvachose neHurumende. Pluralism siyana hakuiti zvokufungidzira chero mabhora zvoupenyu. Chimwe runoratidza totalitarianism - yakaoma tote simba.

Munhoroondo yenyika, pane mienzaniso zvose "vakasiya" uye "kodzero" totalitarianism. Wokutanga aiva maitiro Soviet Union, wechipiri - kuna Nazi Germany kana hurumende Mussolini kuti okudzvinyirira.

Democracy chacho chikuru zvinhu

Democracy - hurumende yevanhu (shanduro chaiyoiyo kubva mutauro wechiGiriki). With nzira iyi, mutakuri simba rehurumende rinoshanda vanhu, panzvimbo yayo ruzhinji.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chinoshamisa anofunga Plato asingade hweruzhinji. Aiona mumwe yakaipisisa siyana utungamiriri. Asi inozivikanwa enyika kamwe Winston Churchill akatsanangura nayo sezvinotevera: ". Democracy - akaipisisa chehurumende kunze vamwe vose kuti anozivikanwa kare" Saka dzisinganyatsooneki British Prime Minister akasimbisa hapana nzira kwehurumende enyika.

Chinonyanya kukosha zvinoitwa hweruzhinji - ndiko:

• yezvisikwa suffrage, somugumisiro iro simba riri vanowanika;
• Kuzivikanwa wamambo simba vanhu pamutemo chechetere;
• Mhedziso kuenzana kodzero kuvagari vose, zvisinei kuti murume kana mukadzi, zera kana dzinza;
• muchamanikidza vashoma kuti ruzhinji;
• voruzhinji kudzora zviito nevarikutonga bazi.

Zvematongerwo enyika weRussia

Modern Russia iri batana mamiriro. Uyu wenyika-dzeparamende zvokuvhoterwa umo purezidhendi hwakapiwa ane kumbonyanya yakafara masimba. The chikuru masangano simba munyika dzakaumbwa vokutanga kuma1990, chete pashure pokuwa USSR. Pakutanga izvi remakore ari kushanda kwavo zvimwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita zviduku.

Russia ine yakaoma administrative-miganhu marongerwo. Sechikamu ehurumende - 85 vanotongwa Federation, vane kuenzana kwekodzero neropafadzo. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachako Paramende wayo, uyewo hurumende yaro emunharaunda. Uyezve, Russia yava akakamurwa pfumbamwe batana maruwa.

Modern political Russian hurongwa ane zvinhu zvose miganhu uye nyika Federation. Education National mhando muna Russian Federation akapa chinoda. Miganhu dzakabatana - a nharaunda, ndima, kuzvionera, uyewo mumaguta batana kukosha. Izvi zvakasiyana hunhu zvematongerwo enyika anofanira kuva akanaka kuchinja uye zvakanaka pfungwa wokuti nezviremera.

In mhedziso ...

Under chimiro enyika nemamiriro hurumende zvinoreva nzira wedare nyika. Mazuva ano dzidziso ehurumende rakakamurwa zvitatu siyana: munhu unitary mamiriro, mubatanidzwa uye mubatanidzwa. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachake peculiarities ayo uye unhu.

On enyika mepu yenyika yacho XXI remakore ari akatonga unitary mamiriro. Nemisanganiswa iduku zvikuru, asi confederations Chokwadi, uye haagari.