Ndivanaani vaiva Khazars nokuda mavambo? Khazars - Turkic vaitaura anongofamba vanhu

Munhau zvose nyika yedu uye dzimwe nyika vasina anotaura mararamiro ekare kuti kamwe kugarwa iripo ndima. Saka, mumakore achangopfuura, yekudyidzana yakawedzera kufarira Khazar umambo, inova kutanga munguva yedu yaiva imwe nzvimbo iri dzakaderera kunosvika of Volga. Kufarira nyaya iyi zvokuti magazini yakanakisisa yesayenzi kupa bhuku yakatsaurirwa kuna wenyaya, rangu bhendi wokutanga. The chikuru chakavanzika vanhu ava ndechokuti masayendisiti vachiri kuvabvunzeiko vakanga pakutanga Khazars.

Pamwe havana kufarira akadaro hasha, kana kwete kubvuma kuti akanga ari Khazars vaiva madzitateguru nevaJudha ano. Masayendisiti akawanda vanobvumirana kuti ivo madzitateguru rudzi urwu. maonero aya anotsigirwa achangopfuura kuchikosha matongo Data kuti akwanise yakavimbika nezvechimwe kuti yakakurumbira Exodus kwevaJudha kubva muIjipiti aiva asina. Vanhu ikoko, asi ayo mavambo haasi pachena kusvikira pakuguma.

Ndokusaka mumakore maviri emakore achidzidza Khazars mberi redoubled vachishingaira. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chokutanga mashoko yakavimbika pamusoro Khazars iri yomusi kumativi gore 550 AD, apo vakatanga vanoshingaira kutaura pachavo pamusoro dzakawanda chiitiko panguva. Ngatiedzei kutevera nzira dzavo.

It vakabva shoko "Khazars"?

Kupi zita yakaendawo "Khazars"? Meaning shoko (sezvo kuyerwa duramazwi Dahl) "hazit" rinogona kunzwisiswa se "unhu, vanopika." Vamwe mabhuku vanoti "atsvaka" - manyawi, unhu murume. Zvisinei, pasi "hazom" inogona kunzwisiswa somunhu akasvibira, yepamusoro uye chigadzirwa zvinodhura. Rangarirai shoko "dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki", izvo chete anoita iine dzakachinjwa suffix "atsvaka", asi anoreva rudzi skimpy, shata chinhu. Mukupesana, shoko "hwindo kupfeka" rinoshandiswa kana Chiitiko kana chinhu kuonekwa sevanonyanya akasvibira, youmbozha.

Uyezve, mumwe chete Dahl anoti shoko "othazovat" noenderana mashoko "famba, vachidzungaira." Saka sei zvino, kuti kududzira shoko rokuti "Khazars"? Zvichireva hazvibviri kuziva kana iwe usaedza nekukatanura Mabviro. Kana iwe kuputsa shoko migove mitatu, kuti iye "ha", "s" uye ", ar", isu zvirokwazvo zvaizova pedyo chaizvo kune zvinoreva kuti izwi iri wakapiwa kumadzibaba edu. Kana kana isu kurishandura se "richisvika nokuti Arom (Yarile)", zvinoitika kuti shoko "Khazars" zvingabudirira kududzirwa se "achibva East."

Kubva Huns kuti hazarm

Saka vaiva Khazars nokuda mavambo? Zvinozivikanwa kuti ivo munhu chaiwo runochengeta dzinza boka Turkic mavambo. Pakutanga, vaigara munzvimbo pakati Black uye reCaspian makungwa. Zvinyorwa vanoti mushure nechisimba Huns vaiva Khazars muEastern Europe. Pano vanongova ibatanidzo "Huns vakauya pashure" kujeka kwazvo, uye vanyori hwakasimba akadhindwa yesayenzi vakaramba nhoroondo iyi partisan zvechokwadi kunyarara.

Zvinogoneka kuti vakagara munzvimbo idzodzo Huns uye Turkic vanhu pakarepo vakatanga kunzi Khazars, asi dzimwe nzira dziri dziripowo. Saka izvi yenhoroondo kwavo zvichida ndiyo zvisinganzwisisiki.

A zvishoma pamusoro Huns

Zviya, vari pachavo ari Huns? It zvakare anongofamba vanhu, iyo yakaumbwa muna II-IV emakore. ari Urals. madzibaba avo vaiva chete Turkic vaitaura marudzi (rudzi Hsiung-the nu), uyo akasvika remakore reCentral Asia rechipiri. Uyezve, mupiro yayo kuti chidzoke rudzi rutsva akaita vemo Ugric dzavanhu uye Sarmatians. Hunnu pachavo vari nani kuziva mavambo, sezvo ivo madzitateguru Caucasoid vanhu kubva kuchamhembe China, akanga abuda kuti anenge makore chiuru pamberi yechikristu.

Asi kudzidza Chinese matongo vanoti kusvika Urals kana hunnu uye vakasimuka payo muchimiro voga multi-emadzinza, akaita ikava chaiwo runochengeta vanhu munzira. Chokwadi ndechokuti North China, rudzi catastrophically kutsanya kutsakatika, asingakwanisi kukwikwidzana madzinza simba. Saka, Hun vainyatsoziva kuumbwa vakawanda ugrami. A zita Generic of Khanty uye Mansi, uyo panguva iyoyo vaigara mundima ino. Ungangove, vanhu ava vakava nevamwe kunyange chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC.

Pakutanga Ugric vanhu vanogara musango-inowanzorimwa kuWestern kweSiberia, mune dzimwe nzvimbo uchisvika Irtysh. Sarmatians akaitawo nomupiro kukuru paumbwe Khazar vanhu.

Khazar ukama vokuTurkey

Around remakore rechitanhatu AD, ivo Khazars vakanga yakakunda ne simba Turkic Khanate. Oddly zvakakwana, asi vatsvakurudzi havana kuwana chinhu kutaurwa Inter-dzinza chiwanikwa, kunyange zvazvo chiitiko ichi aigona kwazvo kuva.

Nhoroondo gangaidzo: pasinei yavo nesimba rose, iye Khanate kwakatora nguva chete ridiculously pfupi nokuda nhoroondo mitemo - kubva 552 kusvika 745 makore BC. e. Pachavo vokuTurkey yakabuda somugumisiro chokuti 460 aiva mumwe Hun marudzi (uye isu kuzombodzokazve kwariri), iyo yainzi Ashina, yakakundwa nevanhu Jujan. On Ashin haana kuchengeta chero mashoko akavimbika. Sezvineiwo, zvakanga panguva imwecheteyo vakawanda Hsiung-Nu rakaparadzwa Juan-Juan. Zvadaro Ashinov vanhu vakanga nechisimba kugarazve kuna Altai.

Zviri munzvimbo iyi uye paiva simba runochengeta vanhu, aizivikanwa isu se "vokuTurkey". zita Generic vemadzinza izvi rinobva Russian shoko "tyurya" izvo madzitateguru edu inonzi zvokudya kupfuura nyore: makariita chingwa kana tika pamwe kvass nehanyanisi (kana zvakasiyana). Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, pakazosvika nguva vokuTurkey chaiva kunze kuti ari Ugrians uye madzinza Sarmatian Ashin sanganisa Semi-ngano.

History Khanate inotungamirwa

Mugore 545 vanhu vakakunda nevarwi Uighurs, uye muna 551 akanga achitsiviwa kudzingwa Zsuzsanna. Munhoroondo makore ivavo kunyanya segwapa Bumyn mutungamiri ndiani muupenyu hwake anoparidza pacharo Hagan. Award yakaitwa chete pakati pevaJudha. Nechekare muna 555, ose zvizvarwa zvemo zvakanga pasi Turkish utongi. "Dare mwero" Khanate akakurudzirwa rokumusoro kunosvika ose Orkhon rwizi, apo akagadzirisa dzinenge dzose Khazars. Vanhu vachishingaira kukura uye kuunganidza simba iri uto.

Nechekare nepakati remakore rechitanhatu BC ari kuvimba Hagan akamuka anenge marudzi ose Northern China. Nokukurumidza vokuTurkey kupinda rechiuto kubatana pamwe Byzantine Empire, pashure zvavakanga vagari mauto vakatanga hondo pamwe Iran kuti kudzora Great Silk Road. Nechekare muna 571, muganhu waitevedza Amu DARYA Khanate. makore mashanu chete papera vokuTurkey akakwanisa kutora Bosporus (Kerch), asi mugore 581 akarwiswa Hersonissos zvachose.

Asi Khazars?

Vodzokera Khazars. Vane chinhu chokuita nayo pano? Chokwadi chokuti dzekare vane zvakawanda hwokuti panguva iyoyo chikamu Turkic Khaganate akanga atova Khazar "Bazi". Asi ndiani uye nei akapa vakakunda vanhu madiro kwakadaro? The vokuTurkey havana chaizvo kufarira rudzi hweruzhinji, uye pfungwa nokuda kwezvisikwa ari Khazar Khanate kwete. Zvisinei, pane imwe zvakawanda kana zvishoma dzinonyatsozikanwa tsananguro ...

Chokwadi ndechokuti pamberi pokuwa Turkish wehurumende aiva nemakore 100 chete okuberekwa. Kukura matambudziko nechomukati, paiva nematambudziko vaine miganhu vakapfigirwa. Zvichida omurume dzinza ndiye akavimbika saizvozvo vokuTurkey kuti ivo akavabvumira kusika kwavo kworudzi Khazars, mukutsinhana inopikira yokuvimbika kwavo mune ramangwana.

Asi izere kuzvipokanidza. Chokwadi kuti vakararama akataura pamusoro Khazars chete tichingotama-tama, kuti aigona kuva muedzo simba panguva iyo vachirwisa, asi kuchenjera kusakarongeka pakati pavo akanga asina. On mapeji anenge ose mabasa vakararama panguva yavo, tinoona kuti upenyu uye mabasa Khazars dzaiva dzokufananidzira nokuda muArabhu: mombe, dzose kurwisa vavengi, zvemukati rukave.

Hongu, vakanga guta guru, rakanga dziripo Hagan. Asi akanga chete "wokutanga pakati kuenzana", uye simba kugadzira vamiririri makuru yokuberekwa akango- akanga asipo. Hazvina chokwadi kuti vokuTurkey aigona kuita navo chibvumirano chakadaro chinokosha. Kunyange zvakadaro Khazars - vanhu vano- zvakananga, kufanana muArabhu zvose.

The kukunda Crimea uye Kiev

Chero zvakanga, asi ari VII-VIII remakore BC, vakakwanisa kukunda Kiev uye muCrimea. Vazhinji dzekare vanoti panguva iyoyo iri necheSalvic marudzi akatanga kubhadhara mutero kwavari. Pano chete Khazars vasina kuti zvimwe kwaizova akafanana simba chakagadzirwa mamiriro Khazars. Vaigona sei kuunganidza ichi mutero chete, kana vasina, pfungwa, zvakawanda kana zvishoma dzakabudirira administrative hurongwa?

Pakupedzisira, kuti ufanane Golden Horde, vakanga kwazvo kure kure. Ungangove, munhu "mutero" anoreva Zvikamu avo, kana vakanga vagere mumaguta rakakombwa vanosarudza kutenga kure mumwe nomad vachirwisa. Hongu, uye mararamiro uye mabasa Khazars havana kubatsira pakagadzwa chakakomba simba pamusoro pendudzi: Khanate aiva heterogeneous, uye nokuti gavhuna akapedza yakawanda nguva yakabata ichi anongoremberera chivako mukati kanenge hama hurongwa.

At musoro Khazar rudzi akanga Håkan yake "nemutevedzeri" run. The guta guru Khazars Khanate akanga Valangiar (Astrakhan) uye zvadaro Sarkel (rakaparadzwa zvachose 1300). Zvinozivikanwa kuti panguva vakanga vachishingaira kutengeserana India. Muna 965, pasi Khazar mauto vakundwa hondo Prince Svyatoslav. Muna 1016, vakanga vakundwa mauto akabatana Russian navaGiriki, akarayira Mstislav Tmutarakan.

Kubvuma chechiJudha

Vazhinji zvenhoroondo dzekare vanotiudza kuti muzana remakore rechisere, ari Khazars vakatanga kuchiJudha. Asi ngatidzokerei kumavambo nyaya. Akakurumbira Israeli masayendisiti anoti muitiro kubatanidzwa nomumwe vaJudha uye Khazars vakauya chete muna 1005. Asi zvino Bumyn kuchiJudha mumakore 500 asati kuti? Panyaya iyi, vanyori venhau pane mibvunzo yakawanda. Heano rakajairika ndivo:

• Ndianiko pakati vokuTurkey uye Khazars aigona panguva iyoyo vachiita zvechiJudha, vaJudha kana ichiripo kunyange pedyo nayo?
• Ungadzidzire chiJudha, asi kwete kuti muJudha? All mabhuku matsvene yaIsraeri vanoti izvi hazvigoni kuva!
• Pakupedzisira, uyo aiva mumishinari chiJudha makore 500 asati asvika wavaJudha?

Zvinosuruvarisa zvose mibvunzo iyi haisi mhinduro yakajeka. Ungangove, pane nyongano. Kana zvakadaro, hapana chinoshamisa ichi: kubva iyoyo vane saka shoma izere kutendeseka magwaro kuti dzekare kunge kugutsikana mune huru yaMakoronike. Uye ivo vanoziva kuti havafaniri zvakarurama kuratidza yose zvinoreva chii chaiitika, sezvo kakawanda rewritten muchifarira mubato.

Saka hatigoni kutaura izvozvi pamwe Mhedziso chokwadi chii dzaimbova Khazars, nekuti hazvisi nyore nechitendero chavo. Kana vasinganzwi vachiita zvechiJudha, vaJudha vakanga vasiri pakati madzitateguru avo.

Zvakavanzika rufu Khazar Khanate

In Soviet zvenhoroondo monographs anogona kuwanikwa dzidziso kuti Khazar Khanate akawira nokuda banal kushaya mhenyu nzvimbo, iyo akanyangarika pasi pemvura kweGungwa reCaspian akateura. Muvambi kubvuma ichi - L. N. Gumilev. Iye akataura kuti muna VII-VIII remakore Khazars makuru nemisha nokuda Pakudarika ivhu vakanga nyore nokushambidzwa. Zvisinei, Gumilev nguva dzose isa ushingiwo chaizvo pfungwa.

ChiJudha - mhaka pokuwa Khanate?

Vezvenhau vasiri Israeli mavambo vakaratidza pfungwa dzinofadza chaizvo. Vanodavira kuti pokuwa kwakakonzerwa kuitwa pakati Khanate chechiJudha, kwakaitika munguva mutongi Obhadhia. Anofungidzirwa, Hagan uyu akatanga basa rake roumishinari kumwe pakutanga kwezana IX-X remakore. Muchirumbidza mabasa ake anogona kuwanikwa "The Life Ioanna Gotskogo."

Arabic nyanzvi Masudi akanyora kuti pashure kuitwa chiJudha Hagan muumambo hwake vakatanga kuunganidza vaJudha vaibva munyika yose. VaJudha vakakurumidza nyuchi yakawanda inoperera zvinenge zvose Khazar maguta, uye kunyanya yakawanda navo ari Crimea, uye guta guru Khazars (Valangiar) ari kutambudzwa "kuwedzera" chaiyo yokutama. Very vazhinji kugara Itil. Maererano vanhu vairarama, "vaJudha vakakomba chigaro Obhadhia." Ivo vanoti Kagan akapa vaJudha ropafadzo dzakawanda, akabvumira kugadzirisa chero mumaguta. Kagan akasimudzira kuvakwa mumasinagoge uye zvikoro yechitendero, akagamuchirwa neushamwari vakachenjera dzechiJudha, norupo endowing navo mari.

VaJudha vakanga vakadzidza, ainyatsoziva kutengeserana ... asi kutenda kwavo, iri nezvakwakaipira kuna Khanate. Tatotaura pamusoro chokwadi chokuti Khazar mamiriro ratova haana kusiyana zvikurukuru yakatanga administrative gadziriro. Kugamuchirwa mukuru kwamachinda chechiJudha kwabviswa ruzhinji nyaya vanotova vaiva mukuru simba pasina pauMwari. Nokuti vakawanda Khazars kiyi yaiva pfungwa nevakuru, uye havana kufudza rudo chairo vaJudha.

A kutamburira simba Khaganate. Pakava nemakakatamwa, vamwe Khazars akabatanidzwa vokuTurkey uye Hungarians, vaigara panyika Pecheneg. Ivo kupinda mose uto uye mibatanidzwa yezvematongerwe enyika. Vomunguva akavati "Cabaret." Izvi, zvikurukuru, kazhinji akanyora Konstantin Porfirorodny.

Hazvishamisi, mumurazvo yevagari vakapisa pachake naObhadhiya, uye vaviri mutsivi wake: Hezekiya naManase. Kuvhiya simba pamusoro mamiriro akatora pamusoro Chanukah, uyai Obadiah munin'ina. Pakazosvika nguva Crimea, riri kumusha zhinji "provincials", akaripisa rapprochement nevaJudha, akauya pasi protectorate kuti Byzantium. Panguva iyi munyika Khazars vakanga mberi vazhinji Pechenegs, iyo nokukakavara nevezvitendero vakanga zvachose uninteresting.

Sezvo pokuwa Kaganate uchiumba madzinza Kuronga Khazars?

Unofanira kunzwisisa kuti pasina ruzivo zvose dzinokanganisa izvi uye majana, unogona kunzwisisa vaiva Khazars nokuda mavambo. Mumakore okupedzisira makore Khanate yawo dzinza sezvamunoita aiva inoshamisa mavara. Kana hamuna kuverenga nyaya, uye zvechokwadi kunzwisisa kuti Khazars vakanga kumbobvira dzinza kunyanya rose. Hwakapararira marudzi uye zvitendero vaichinjana mu kaganate pamwero incredible.

Saka imi pakupedzisira kuona ichi, kupa mienzaniso paupenyu mukupera Khanate. Saka, muna 730 Kagan Bulan kubvuma chitendero chechiJudha. Mugore 737, manomwe chete Kwapera makore Khazars (mapikicha zvimwe zvisaririra iyoyo iri nyaya) kunge vaizviti Islam. With 740 775 pagore vanova vaKristu vakazvipira pasi patronage ari Byzantine Emperor Konstantina Kopronima. With 786 kubva 809 gore - Islam zvakare. nguva ino chete maropafadzo Baghdad Caliph Aroni al-Rashid. With 799 kubva 809 makore, tinoziva Kagan Obadiah zvakare nokushingaira anosimudzira "chiJudha kune vakawanda."

Ethnographers vanodavira kuti mumakore asingasviki 100, saka Khazars wakafananidzwa navanhu vanoti chiKristu uye Islam, kuti dzinza ravo yepakutanga anenge hapana chakasara. The yokupedzisira kukundwa of Khazar Khanate (kana kuti, vake kwataisvika) kamwe akaratidza zvakare zvinogutsa kuti paumbwe chaizvoizvo simba mamiriro inoda nechepakati simba rakasimba, iyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, anokwanisa kufunga zvido zvose vaaitonga.

Final rufu Kaganate

Padikidiki gore pashure yokupedzisira kusarudza chechiJudha vakatanga kunonoka marwadzo neHurumende: 810 820 makore ake akatambudza nezvokumukira nechakare kwatiri, kuti cabaret; pamwe 822 kubva 836 makore kwaiva kuramba nechisimba Hungarians. With 829 kubva 842 gore ushe Byzantine Emperor Tiyofiro, uyo akaita nzira iri Khazar Khanate chokupedzisira kusawirirana. Muna 965 Svyatoslav trashes Khazar mauto, pashure iyo Kagan Bulan III kechitatu (!) Vakazivisa chitendero chechiJudha mamiriro. Sezvo zvakanaka kwaiva kukundwa of Khazar Khanate wakakwana?

Pakazopera zana remakore rechigumi yose kwemarudzi uye zvitendero leapfrog pamusoro ndechokuti Khazars vakanga pakupedzisira wakafananidzwa ne vaMuslim. Saka, aichimbova madzinza Turkic, vakakwanisa kuumba voruzhinji ravakwa chinokosha, vakarasikirwa zvachose kwavo rusununguko rwavo kunyika.

zvakawanikwa

All pamusoro kunoratidza kuti Khazars nyore zviripo chokwadi. Mukuwedzera, khanate uye chaizvoizvo aigona kuva nhoroondo kumusha wavaJudha. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzezvechitendero, tenda kuti kwakabva yechiJudha (uye chiKristu pamwe Islam) iyi nyaya yaiva pechishamani kwakapararira pakati pamarudzi anongofamba. Izvi, Sezvineiwo, kunoratidzwa zvikuru chiKristu, hatizivi kuti zita raMwari, asi taifunga kuti zvose, uye nyasha dzake ari pose pose. Saka, madzinza Turkic vakaita inokosha basa iri kukura yebudiriro ano, nokuti vakapa vanhu mumwechete.