Iran-Iraq War: zvinokonzera, nhoroondo, kurasikirwa nemigumisiro

kunetsana uku ane mazita akawanda. Ari zvakanakisisa kuzivikanwa sezvo Iran-Iraq hondo. Izvi izwi iri kunyanya mune / zvinyorwa vavatorwa Soviet Russian. The nevaPezhiya akadana hondo iyi "Sacred Kuzvidzivirira", sezvo ivo (Shiites) vanodzivirirwa kuvhiringidza Sunni maArab. epithet "akavarambidza" rinoshandiswawo. In Iraq, pane tsika kuzodana kurwisana Qadisiyah Saddam. Hussein aiva mutungamiriri wehurumende uye zvakananga mutariri remapazi zvose. Qadisiya - nzvimbo, pedyo paiva hondo yairwirwa panguva Arab kukunda wePezhiya muna VII remakore, apo Islam akanga inoparadzirwa dzakapoteredza. Saka, Iraqis akaenzanisa hondo yacho XX remakore pamwe kunozivikanwa rwendo kuMabvazuva pamusoro kuvahedheni. Uyu ndiwo mumwe kupfuura (vanopfuura miriyoni vakafa) uye refu (1980 -. 1988 gg) Armed anoitika rokupedzisira remakore.

Zvikonzero uye zvinokonzera makakatanwa

Chikonzero hondo yaiva nharo pamuganhu. Aiva refu prehistory. Iran uye Iraq muganhu pamusoro guru nomunda - kubva Turkey kusvika kuPersian Gulf. Kumaodzanyemba mutsetse uyu anomhanya achitevedza Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud Anonziwo), iyo yakaumbwa kubva kwemapazi mamwe waterways maviri makuru - rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. Munharaunda pakati pavo akazviratidza guta yokutanga kwevanhu. At pakutanga XX remakore, Iraq yaiva chikamu choUmambo hweTurkey (zvino Turkey). Pashure pokuwa yayo nokuda kukundwa Munyika War First akaumba Arab Republic, akaita chibvumirano ne Iran, maererano iyo kumuganhu pakati pavo atore nzvimbo kuruboshwe yorwizi rinokosha. Muna 1975 makanga chibvumirano pamusoro kuchinjwa kwose pakati chiteshi.

Pashure Iran kuti kwechiIslam Revolution yakaitika, akauya simba ipapo Ruhollah Khomeini. Mauto akatanga kuchenesa, panguva iyo vaidzvinyirirwa uye kuvapo navatariri uye varwi vakavimbika kuna Shah. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, muzvinzvimbo zveutungamiri vakanga vasina zivo vehondo. Panguva iyoyowo, Iraq, uye Iran akaronga vakakutsamwisai imwe chete nemauto uye nhengo pachivande. Mapato vainyatsoziva vaisandishora mupopotedzane kunetsana.

Iraqi kupindira

The Iran-Iraq hondo yakatanga chokwadi chokuti September 22, 1980, Iraqi mauto vayambuka rwizi nharo Shatt al-Arab uye nechisimba mupurovhinzi Khuzestan. Official Vezvenhau akazivisa kuti mhaka kurwiswa vakava Persian kudenhwa Muganhu varindi vakanga vakakanganisa muganhu hwechiKomonisiti.

The tsamwisa vakapararira pamusoro chomunda 700 makiromita. The kukoshesa raiva kumaodzanyemba mirayiridzo - pedyo Persian Gulf. Zvakanga pano kuti mumakore masere vakanga vanotyisa kurwa. Central uye kuchamhembe fronts vaifanira kufukidza inokosha moiety, kuti Iranians vaisagona kuenda vari necheshure.

Pashure 5 Mazuva, guru guta Ahwaz akabatwa. Uyezve zviteshi akaparadza mafuta kuti zvinokosha kuti upfumi kudzivirira nyika. Chokwadi chokuti nharaunda akapfuma ichi chinokosha chinogona, uyewo yakawedzera yacho. In gumi anotevera sezvo Hussein vakarwisa Kuwait, chikonzero ndiyo chete - mafuta. Zvino pakutanga US-Iraq hondo, asi muna 80 dzakawanda kure waibva kukonana, ivo Sunnis uye Shiites.

Land mashandiro Akaperekedzwa ndege kubhomba maguta dzinerunyarararo Iran. Vakarwiswa uye guru Tehran. Mushure vhiki kumanikidzwa kufora Hussein akamisa mauto uye akabayira vorongerwa nyika yave chokuita huru nezvinhu pa Abadan. Zvino musi 5 October. Hussein aida kugumisa hondo pamberi matsvene zororo kubva Eid al-Adha (rechi20 zuva). Panguva iyoyo Soviet Union aiedza kusarudza kuti mhando kubatsira mapato. Ambassador Vinogradov akataura kuti Prime Minister rutsigiro muchiuto kuna Iran, asi iye akaramba. Uyewo, Iraq kuti rugare vaitaura vasagamuchirwe. Zvakava pachena kuti hondo chaizozadziswa kuramba tichishanda.

nguva refu hondo

Pakutanga, Iraqis vane mumwe ukuru uye vachitamba mumaoko kudenha, uye kusanganiswa zvinobatsira, uye demoralization ari Iranian hondo, kwakaitika pamusoro avaida okuchenesa. Utungamiri Arab akaita bheji nezvokuti mushandirapamwe uchange pfupi uye tichakwanisa kuisa nevaPezhiya tafura tambokurukura. Mauto advance 40 makiromita.

Iran atanga kukurumidza kuunganidza kuti achadzorera pakuenzanisa simba. Muna November akasvika hondo Khorramshahr ropa. Mumugwagwa kurwa rabuda kwemwedzi, ipapo Arab vehondo vakarasikirwa kutanga muhondo. Pakazopera, hondo vakava positional. Frontline rakamira. Asi kwete kwenguva refu. Pashure pfupi takanga tisisanakidzwi, kuti Iran-Iraq hondo, zvinokonzera chaisanganisira rwechisikirwo kuvavenga mapato mumwe, akaita vatangazve.

kushorwa Public muna Iran

Muna February 1981, Iran-Iraq hondo akatamira Danho idzva, kana Iranians vakaedza kubata counterattack wokutanga. Zvisinei, ndokuguma kukundikana - kurasikirwa-zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu vashandi. Izvi zvakaita kuti chii akarova zvaparadzanisa iri Iranian muvanhu. Military inoshora vafundisi vaitenda kuti vakuru vakanyengedza nyika. Against ichi nechekumashure, akadzingwa mutungamiri Banisadr.

Chimwe chikonzero chaiva vanhu Mujahedin pamusoro Iran (MKO). nhengo dzayo aida kuumba Socialist Republic. Ivo raparurwa kurwisa hurumende kutya. Auraya mutungamiri mutsva Mohammed Radzhai uye Prime Minister Mohammad Bahonar.

Munyika vatungamiri, dziite vakapoteredza ayatollahs vakaratidza vakawanda kusungwa. Pakupedzisira, zvichaita varambe vaine simba, kuparadza kuipandukira.

Chipingaidzo nedzimwe nyika Middle East

Kupfuurira Iran Iraq hondo, Zvichakadai, kudzidza tisingatarisiri jana. Israeli Air Force akaita kuvhiyiwa "Opera". Zvakange zvainanga kuparadzwa "Osirak" muzinda yenyukireya. Reactor zvakanzi waakatenga Iraq kuFrance yokutsvakurudza. VeIsrael Air Force akauraya panguva apo Iraq iri zvachose haana kutarisira kurwisa neshure. Defence kugona kuita chinhu. Kunyange zvazvo chiitiko ichi haisi zvakananga kukanganiswa nzira hondo, asi chirongwa renyukireya Iraqi yakasiyiwa makore akawanda apfuura.

Chimwe chikonzero chaiva rutsigiro rechitatu-party kuSiriya Iran. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti zviremera muDhamasiko vakaitawo Shia. Siriya akavhara Mapaipi kubva Iraq, kwakaitika pamusoro munharaunda yayo. Waiva airwadza emari munyika, t. To. Aiva chaizvo kutsigirwa "ndarama dema".

Kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo

Muna 1982, kuti Iran-Iraq hondo vakatamira kamwe zvakare kupinda chinoshingaira chokutambudzika, apo Iranians akatora counterattack wechipiri. nguva iyi akabudirira. Iraqis vabva Khorramshahr. Ipapo Ayatollah akapa rugare rwake mazwi: ari kusiya basa ose Hussein, kuripwa yokugadzirisa uye kuongorora zvezvinokonzera hondo. Iraq akaramba.

Ipapo Iranian mauto kokutanga vakayambuka muganhu muvengi uye kuedza kutora Basra (remuSamoa). Pakurwa zvinobatanidzwa vanhu hafu yemiriyoni kuti. Hondo achironga kuvhomora iri kure marshland. Ipapo Iran mhosva Iraq kushandisa akarambidzwa namakemikari zvombo (kwetsanga gasi). Pane uchapupu hwokuti michina yakadaro vakanga akakweretwa pamberi hondo, dzokuMadokero nyika, kusanganisira Germany. Zvimwe zvikamu anogadzirwa mune US oga.

Gas kurwiswa vaiva nyaya kutarisirwa munyika nevezvenhau. Nechekare panoperera mukakavadzane 1988, pakava kubhomba ari Kurdish taundi Halabja. Panguva ino paiva chete vanhuwo zvavo, zvinosanganisira ane dzinza vashoma. Hussein akatsiva pamusoro Kurds, uyo kana vachitsigirwa Iran, kana akaramba kurwa naye. Used wetsanga gasi, Tabun uye sarin - imwe pfuma kukonzera rufu.

Hondo panyika uye pagungwa

Next Iranian tsamwisa musi Baghdad yakamiswa 40 chete kubva muguta guru. Varwi 120 zviuru zvakaurayiwa mukufamba chakakandirwa ichi. Muna 1983, Zimbabwe mauto pamwe vatsigire Kurds vavamba dzekuchamhembe. Mukuru tactical Kubudirira akanga kubudirira nokuda Shiites muna 1986, apo Iraq rakapotsa kubviswa kubva kugungwa nokuda kutadza pamusoro Peninsula FAO.

Hondo mugungwa kwaita kuti kuparadzwa kwematangi mafuta, kusanganisira vaya vaiva pedyo dzimwe nyika. Izvi chakaita nyika masimba kuita chinhu kumisa kunetsana.

Vazhinji vakamirira pakupedzisira Iraq hondo. US akapinda nezvikepe iri kuPersian Gulf, kuti aende kwematangi dzavo. Izvi zvakatungamirira Kusanzwisisana pamwe Iranians. Zvikuru njodzi yakaipisisa yakanga kwokuputsika mumwe mufambi ndege A300. Yaiva Iranian airliner kubhururuka kubva Tehran kuna Dubai. Akanga yakapfurwa pasi pamusoro Persian Gulf shure vanogumurwa chombo chinoita zvokukandwa ngarawa of US Navy. enyika Western vakazivisa kuti zvakanga mutsaona, sezvo ndege zvichipomerwa kururama kuti Iranian murwi.

Panguva iyoyo muUnited States akamedura kusanagura inozivikanwa Watergate, Iran kana Iran-contra mashandiro. It chakazivikanwa kuti vamwe Mutemo nesimba hwatenderwa ari kwezvombo kuna Islamic Republic. Iran Achiri embargoed, uye zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo. Kupindira utsotsi akaonekwa Assistant Secretary Ellot Abrams.

US pamusoro Iran

Mumakore gore hondo (1987-1988), Iran akaedza kamwe zvakare kukomba sokuronga kukosha chengarava Basra. Yaiva nezano kuedza kugumisa ropa rutsigiro, sezvo Iraq hondo. Zvikonzero zviri kunge kuti nyika mbiri kunge vaneta.

The Gulf War zvakare zvakakanganisa US Navy. nguva ino, vokuAmerica akasarudza kurwisa platforms Iran maviri mafuta, iyo yaishandiswa sezvo chikuva kuti kurwisa ngarava kwazvakarerekera. Corps kwakanga zvaisanganisira Zvikepe, inotakura ndege, vaparadzi, uye 4 matani. D. The Iranians vakakundwa.

Kugadzira runyararo

Pashure Ayatollah ainzwisisa kuti kuedza itsva kunonoka kurwisana hazvibatsiri. It akagumisa Iraq hondo. Nokurasikirwa kumativi ose dzaiva kwazvo. Maererano nokufungidzira siyana, akasvika pakati hafu yemiriyoni vakaurayiwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti hondo rimwe mikuru anoitika yechipiri yezana XX remakore.

Veterans hondo yokuIraq maoko Saddam, uyo akanga vaiona muponesi rwacho. Miganhu yacho vakadzokera Nezvagara Zviripo. Pasinei kutya vekwake, Saddam chakatsigirwa NATO uye Warsaw chibvumirano, t. To. Vatungamiriri enyika asingadi kuparadzira vechiIslam chimurenga.