Nokuti vazhinji vedu nyika mhuka yekare sokuti mapoka dinosaurs kana, muzviitiko, mammoths. Chokwadi zviri zvikuru-siyana uye zvakazonaka. Nyika yedu yaigarwa mamiriyoni zvisikwa, akawanda izvo akanyangarika nokusingaperi panyika, akatisiira kurangarira zvisaririra chete wavo, zvisaririra zvemhuka kungoda vanodhirowa vekare vanhu kana kwete kusiya chinhu. Asi mumwe nomumwe wavo vakashumira chakafanana chezvakaipa umambo hukuru, achidana nemiti uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.
naka mhuka
mhuka Ancient akatanga kuvapo muchimiro spineless zvipenyu asati nechitarisiko Homo sapiens. Saka zvanzi pamutemo nesayenzi. Kurongwa, kwakavakirwa mazana zvinoratidza vaakawana dzakasiyana dzenyika, akati veMubatanidzwa yebudiriro yedu pamberi vaiva vamwe, zvishoma dzakabudirira kutipfuura. Chokwadi, isu zvino akararama kwete chete vanhu asiwo mhuka. Sezvo vakanga, kunodokuva kusingabviri kuziva. Chinhu bedzi wakasara kwavari - a panotaurwa zvekare uye vemarudzi ose ngano pamusoro yamakava, elves, nakisisa namakava, dzenyati. Zvisinei, pane miziyamu chete munyika umo Exhibits vari chaiye, maererano vashandi vayo, dzasara Nyati, mermaids nezvimwe zvisikwa dzisingazikamwi. Pakati pavo pane zvimedu yamakava, mermaids, ngano maviri misoro nyoka nezvimwe zvikara vakadzidza mumatongo iyi kubva Earth.
Matangiro Ayakaita
Official sayenzi paleontology inoomerera dzidziso kuti upenyu dzakatangira mune Precambrian munguva. Ndiwo unoyevedza kwenguva, iyo chinoita 90% kubva nguva ariko zvose zvipenyu zvose. Iye akazosvika anenge mabhiriyoni 5 makore, kubvira pakutanga paumbwe pasi pamberi yeCambrian. Chokutanga pane redu asina mhepo, hapana mvura, hapana, kunyange anoputika.
Dark uye upenyu, iye chinyararire yakatsvairwa muchadenga kwayo. Nguva iyi inonzi Hadean. bhiriyoni 4 apfuura chikatsiviwa Archaea, iyo Zvisinei aizivikanwa chitarisiko zvomumhepo,, zvishomanana kana pasina oxygen. Ipapo vakasimuka wokutanga uye negungwa, iro chinonhuwira uye munyu mhinduro. In ezvinhu anotyisa aya uye upenyu hwakatanga. Mukuru Nyika mhuka - cyanobacteria. Yavanogara mapoka, pova layered firimu kana nepanhovo kuti substrate. Kurangarirwa kwavo - calcareous stromatolites.
Kuenderera kukura upenyu
Archean kwakatora mabhiriyoni 1,5 kwemakore. Cyanobacteria vakazadza mhepo ine okisijeni uye vaipa kuti chidzoke nemazana matsva kwemarudzi zvigare dzinokosha basa kuburikidza zvatakawana chicherwa deposits.
Anenge mamiriyoni 540 apfuura yeCambrian vakatanga urwo rwakatora makore mamiriyoni 55-56. Rokutanga panguva yayo - Paleozoic. Ko shoko rechiGiriki rinoreva "upenyu yekare" ( "paleo Zoe"). In Paleozoic uye akaumba wokutanga kuroorwa
Gondwana map. Mamiriro ezvinhu aiva noushamwari pedyo subtropical, zvichiita rakanakira kukura upenyu. Zvadaro waivapo kunyanya mvura. Vamiririri yayo havana chete unicellular, asi yose hurongwa algae, polyps, korari hydras, sechipanji yekare uye zvimwe zvinhu. mhuka idzi dzekare zvishoma nezvishoma kudyiwa vose vaya akaumba stromatolites. In chete nguva kukura nyika yakatanga.
miti yekare
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panyika rokutanga "kubuda" hwomuti. Pakutanga zvakanga yakaoma matope nguva nenguva shallows. Blue-mitema algae ndivo miti vokutanga panyika. Vakatsiviwa psilophytes. Midzi vasati, asi kwatova zvinyama masero kuti achiitisa mvura uye zvokudya. Zvino horsetails, tsvimbo mosses uye ferns. By kukura miti izvi zvaiva zvechokwadi hofori akareba ane 10-storey chivakwa. Musango kwavo kwakanga kwasviba uye nyorovera chaizvo. gymnosperms First havana simuka kubva ferns uye Fern kubva vanotova midzi, kuhukura, mwoyo uye korona. Panguva glaciation Madzitateguru vakava yakatotsakatika gymnosperms. Angiosperms akaonekwa Cretaceous munguva. Ivo yekudyidzana akasundudzira madzitateguru avo - gymnosperms, kuchinja chiso nyika uye akazova kirasi mutongo.
Origin zuva kusvika parinonyura kutanga
Pakuonekwa panyika miti vakabatsira kuti chidzoke uye kugadzira nezvipembenene. Mukuru Nyika mhuka - munhu dandemutande, mumiririri akakurumbira chiri warrior dandemutande. Gare gare, paiva mapapiro tumbuyu, uye ipapo uye amphibians. Pakazopera Paleozoic zvinokambaira inodzorwa pasi, aiva zvinoorora zvikuru saizi. Pakati pavo vane-mutinhimira matatu pareiasaur, pelycosaur, inokura kusvika 6,5 metres, therapsids. Ekupedzisira vaiva mukirasi kupfuura vakawanda, akanga mumapoka avo uye vamiririri diki uye vaRafa. Anenge mamiriyoni 252 apfuura paiva yose dzinongoitika dambudziko, zvakazoita wakakwana kunyangarika 70% mhuka yose nyika, 96% kuti zvomumvura kwemarudzi uye 83% zvipembenene. Zvino Permian munguva. Ivo akagumisa Paleozoic uye Mesozoic akatanga. Akazosvika sezvo vakawanda mamiriyoni 185-186 makore. The Mesozoic inosanganisira Triassic, Jurassic uye Cretaceous nguva. mhuka Ancient uye zvirimwa vakapona njodzi, kuti akaramba ichishanduka. Sezvo yechipiri yezana Triassic kusvikira pakuguma Mesozoic dinosaurs vakatora chikuru nzvimbo.
Ishe dinosaurs
zvinokambaira izvi aiva zvinopfuura chiuru marudzi, akamisa uye kudzidza kubatsira zvisaririra zvemhuka zvekare. Wokutanga chaizvo dainoso vaiona staurikosaurus ane muviri kureba isingasviki mita uye kurema makirogiramu anenge 30. Gare gare vakauya errorazavr, eoraptor, plesiosaur, Tyrannosaurus nevamwe. Havana kugona zvachose nyika, nyanza, akakwira mumhepo. The kupfuura nomukurumbira pakati zvinobhururuka madzvinyu - the pterodactyl. Pavo paiva mhando dzakawanda, kubva nendumure kusvikira pakukura shiri duku zvaRafa ine mapapiro 12-13 mamita. Vanodya hove, tumbuyu, uye nehama dzavo. Muna 1964, Pavaichera akawana dzasara chisikwa inonzi deynonihom. Rakanga wokutanga ushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo dainoso. Anofungidzirwa aiva baba shiri, sezvo akanga minhenga.
Dinosaurs - zvinoshamisa mhuka yekare. Vakawanda funga vavo benzi uye chinyakare, asi vakakwanisa kwete chete mazai, asi Vanochochonya, mwoyo kutarisira mwana, kudzivirira nokudzidzisa vana vavo. A pelycosaur vaiva madzitateguru okutanga mhuka.
umambo mhuka
Anenge mamiriyoni 65 apfuura, pane pakuguma Mesozoic, paiva neimwe tsaona yakaipisisa, zvakazoita ose dinosaurs vakava nokutsakatika. Uyewo akanyangarika mhando dzakawanda mollusks, hwemvura zvinokambaira, zvinomera. Zvakare, mumwe rufu nokuda kwounyanzvi kuti chidzoke uye kukura nevamwe. Warm-ropa rechiJudha chairo mhuka huchibva refu-shanduka uye zvishoma nezvishoma akagadzirisa zvose zvakasikwa niche. Zvino zvakaitika Cenozoic, Mesozoic uyo chakatsiva. Its Quaternary kumwedzi, uye kupfuurira nhasi, mumwe murume akaonekwa. Earth mhuka Ancient kuti akapona dzinongoitika dzoga, vakaurayiwa nokuda chinyakare vanhu panguva mambakwedza vanhu uye Homo sapiens munguva ichangopfuura kare. Saka, nokuti 1500, vakauraya Moa zvose shiri yacho. Pakupera rechi17 matsime kuvapo waDhodho, Dodo, nzendo, mutakurwi njivavarungu. Muzana remakore rechi18 vakauraya rokupedzisira gungwa mhou. In rechi19 akafa ichangobva quagga chakatodzana mbizi mazambuko, uye 20-M - Tasmanian rinoparadza. Uye ichi ndicho chete chikamu chiduku runoshamisa pasi.
kujairika anowana
mhuka dzose idzi vanourayiwa makaro evanhu. Zvisinei, pane zvakawanda zvinoshamisa vanhu munyika vari kunetseka richengetedzwe zviripo pasi pano uye tora pakundopambara kuziva itsva. Iyi vanodavira kuti havasi vose vekare mhuka vakava nokutsakatika. Pane kunyange sayenzi - cryptozoology pakubata kujairika relict marudzi. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vavo - plesiosaur pamusoro Loch Florida uye muPuerto Rican chupacabra. Vatsoropodzi havatendi aripo yavo, asi panongova ichangopfuura, hapana aidavira kuvapo okapi, Pygmy mvuu, Crossopterygii, zvipfupi nondo uye dzimwe mhuka dziri yakazaruka mazera 18-20. Sezvo kana kuratidza kuti zvinhu zvitsva youya, vanhu vanowana kujairika marangwanda kana zvimedu zvitunha zvisikwa hatizvizivi sainzi, vari kumirira tsananguro dzavo uye kupatsanura.