Chakavanzika muEgipita mapiramidhi. Kuvaka Great Pyramid

Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka musimboti pfungwa dzekare uye matongo zvakavanzika yeIjipiti yekare. Kana totaura ichi ekare, kutanga vanoyeuka chikuru piramidhi, zvakavanzika zvizhinji izvo zvichigere pachena. Pakati zvakavandika izvi kuti dzichiri kure kugadzirisa, zvinosanganisira kuvakwa zvivako zvikuru - kupfuura zvikuru zvose hwakawanda huripo Cheops chepiramidhi.

Famous uye asinganzwisisiki mubudiriro

Zvose mukuru dzomunyika muIjipiti tsika yekare akadzidza, zvichida kupfuura zvakanaka. Uye hazvisi chete vari siyana hwakawanda huripo zvenhoroondo zvinoratidza uye pazvivako, asiwo kuwanda zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Asi vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye geographers yekare kunge Aizvirumbidza nyika ino, uye, richitsanangura netsika uye chitendero avaEgipita, kwete kuteerera uye kuvakwa mapiramidhi makuru yeIjipiti yekare.

Zvino ari XIX remakore wokuFrance Champollion aigona decipher hieroglyphic kunyora iyi yekare vanhu, vaongorori kuwana zvakawanda muchimiro nenhokwe, ibwe stelae pamwe hieroglyphs uye vakawanda zvakanyorwa pamusoro pamasvingo pamakuva uye temberi.

Nhoroondo ekare Egyptian odzokera anenge 40 emakore, uye ine zvizhinji dzinonakidza, mavara uye kazhinji zvisinganzwisisiki mapeji. Asi mukurusa pfungwa nokukwezvwa Umambo Old guru vanaFarao chivakwa mapiramidhi uye zvakavanzika chokuita navo.

Kana kuvakwa piramidhi

Paraiitwa kuti Egyptologists unodana Umambo Old, kubvira 3000 kusvika 2100 BC. e., paiva panguva mutongi ino nguva reIjipiti kwazvo chivakwa mapiramidhi. All chakavakwa asati kana mushure guva iri duku zvikuru kukura, uye unhu kwakaipa, izvo zvakakanganisa vakachengeteka zvavo. Kunenge kuti venhaka ezvivako guru Farao kamwe vakarasikirwa ruzivo yemadzitateguru avo. Kana vakanga zvachose vanhu vakasiyana, iyo yakatsiva hazvisi pachena apo anyangarika nhangemutange?

Pyramids dzakavakwa munguva yeMiddle Kingdom, uye kunyange paya, munguva yacho Ptolemies. Asi kwete cops zvose "akarayira," Me sezvinoita guva. Saka, zviri ikozvino kuzivikanwa anopfuura zana mapiramidhi, yakavakwa makore 3000 - kubva 2630, apo piramidhi rokutanga 4 remakore BC yakavakwa. e.

The mugadzi guru mapiramidhi

Isati rakavakwa guru mapiramidhi yeEgipita, nhoroondo kuvakwa kwezvivako izvi chikuru makore anopfuura zana.

Maererano kazhinji akagamuchira shanduro chepiramidhi makuva mashandiro anoitwa, apo vanaFarao vakavigwa. Kare rokuvaka zvivako izvi vatongi weIjipiti vakavigwa mastaba - muzvivako zviduku. Asi xxvi remakore BC. e. It rakavakwa yokutanga Pyramid yechokwadi, kuvakwa yakatanga pamwe yaitonga waFarao Djoser. Guva, zita rake, ndizvo 20 km kubva Cairo uye chaizvo yakasiyana vanodana zvikuru nechitarisiko.

It ane akapindira chimiro uye pave chitarisiko anoverengeka yakatarwa mumwe pamusoro pomumwe mastabas. Zvisinei, kukura kwayo panzvimbo huru - mamita anopfuura 120 achitevedza mukomberedzo uye 62 metres kureba. Izvi kuvakwa chikuru kuti nguva yaro, asi haina kuenda chero tichienzanisa remazera Cheops.

On pakuvaka paguva Djoser, panzira, tinoziva zvakawanda achiripo manyuko kunyange rakanyorwa kuti mazita murongedzeri - Imhotep. Pashure mumwe chiuru hafu makore, akava aiva musande aive nevanyori navanachiremba.

The wokutanga mapiramidhi chaiwo Kutarira ndiyo rinda Farao Snofu, kuvakwa yakapedzwa muna 2589. Calcareous inoperera kumarinda ane yakatsvukuruka tint, saka Egyptologists rinonzi "zvitsvuku" kana "rwepingi".

The mapiramidhi makuru

Saka akadana matatu Rafa tetrahedron yaiva Giza, kuruboshwe pamahombekombe aNairi.

Mukuru uye kupfuura vavo - the Pyramid of KHUFU, kana, sezvo yakanga nezita chekare, Cheops. Kuti chinonyanya anowanzonzi Guru, izvo hazvishamisi, nokuti kureba nerimwe kumativi aro 230 metres, nekukwirira - 146 metres. Zvisinei, iye zvino, zviri zvishoma repasi nokuda kukuvara uye weathering.

Chechipiri pakukura Ndiro rinda Khafre, mwanakomana KHUFU vake. kukwirira kwayo kuri 136 metres, kanenge nemaziso inoratidza kumusoro remazera KHUFU, nokuti akavaka pagomo. Kwete kure unogona kuona yakakurumbira sphinx ane chiso, maererano nengano, ndiko sculptural mufananidzo Khafre.

Third - Farao Menkaure Pyramid - kureba mamita 66 chete, uye yakavakwa zvikuru gare gare. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukuru piramidhi anotarira rinobvumirana chaizvo uye vaiona yakaisvonaka guru.

Modern murume ajaira huru mamiriro, asi zvaro fungidziro zunzai mapiramidhi makuru yeEgipita, nhoroondo uye chakavanzika kuvakwa.

zvakavanzika

Akakura hurongwa huri Giza Munguva Antiquity akapinda mazita huru zvinoshamisa munyika, iyo chekare kuverengwa nomwe. Nhasi zvakaoma chaizvo kunzwisisa pfungwa yavabati yekare, vakanga vachipedza hombe mari yakawanda uye hwevanhu zviwanikwa kuvaka yakakura makuva akadaro. Zviuru zvevanhu mumakore 20-30 yakagurwa kubva upfumi uye mubasa erection kuti makuva mutongi wavo. Yakadaro kushandisa musoro ari kushanda ari kupokana.

Kubvira panguva iyoyo, vose vakanga akavaka makuru mapiramidhi, zvakavanzika chivakwa kurega atambudzwe masayendisiti.

Zvichida kuvakwa Pyramid Great vakatevera chinangwa zvakasiyana? Mune remazera Cheops akawana makamera matatu, iyo Egyptologists akadana mariro, asi hapana kuwanikwa mummies akafa uye zvinhu hazvo nemumwe munhu muumambo Osiris. Chiizve Kushongedza kana vanodhirowa pamadziro wamarinda makamuri kana, kana panzvimbo, pane chimwe chete Portrait duku mukoridho pamadziro.

Sarcophagus, yakawanikwa iri remazera Khafre, uyewo chinhu, kunyange mukati guva ichi kunyadza Zvidhori zhinji, asi hapana zvinhu kuti tsika muIjipita zvaiiswa muguva, kwete.

Egyptologists vanodavira kuti mapiramidhi akanga dzichapambwa. Zvichida, asi hazvisi pachena nei akatora Makororowo akavigwa mummies Farao.

Zvakavanzika chokuita izvi cyclopean Zvivako Giza, yakawanda, asi mubvunzo wokutanga chaizvo kuti unovapo kubva munhu akaona dzavo ndakachenjera; sei kuvakwa mapiramidhi makuru Ancient Egypt?

zvinoshamisa zvinhu

Cyclopean hurongwa kuratidza tisaone zivo nevaIjipiti vekare nezvenyeredzi uye geodesy. Faces of remazera Cheops Somuenzaniso, kunyatsotaura nezvatinovavarira zasi, rwokumusoro, kumadokero nokumabvazuva, uye diagonal rinobatana mirayiridzo yacho Meridian. Uye ichi kururama dzakakwirira kupfuura Observatory kuParis.

Uye akakodzera ichi kubva nemaonero pamusoro geometry ari mufananidzo une rakakura saizi, asi achiri anoumbwa yoga zvinogumbura!

Naizvozvo kunyange zvakawanda chaizvo nokuziva Ndimi yekare pasango kuvakwa. Pyramid yakavakwa hombe ibwe monoliths ematani anosvika 15 uremu. Granite kutigumbura, izvo mudungwe pamwe huru madziro peguva piramidhi Huphu, rairema matani 60 nerimwe. Akadai pakazvimba colossus, kana kamera riri chinhu kukwira 43 metres? Vashomanana inoperera ibwe guva Chephren kazhinji kusvika huremu matani 150.

Kuvakwa Great Pyramid of Cheops zvinodiwa ezvivako vekare kubata, zvuva uye vachasimudza panguva yakawanda chaizvo kureba kupfuura mamiriyoni 2 zvinogumbura izvi. Kunyange yazvino hakuiti basa iri nyore.

Pane vazhinji dzinongoitika chishamiso: sei vaEgipita akatora hakumbofi kureba anoverengeka makumi ezviuru metres akafanana colossus? Ko hamuna kuva nyore kuisa pasi chepiramidhi matombo maduku? Pashure pezvose, vakakwanisa sezvineiwo "zvidimure kunze" Zvidhinha izvi padombo, wadii hwako husava basa, sawn zvidimbu?

Uyezve, pane chimwe chakavanzika. Blocks vari kwete vakaradzikwa mumitsara, uyewo kunyatsoongorora akarigadzirira uye zvakanaka zvakakodzera kuti mumwe, kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo musiyano uri pakati mahwendefa - asingasviki 0.5 millimeter.

Mushure erection pamusoro chepiramidhi yakanga ichiri mudungwe namabwe Slabs, izvo, zvisinei, nguva yave uchitora kuvaka dzimba enterprising veko.

Sezvo ezvivako vekare vakakwanisa kugadzirisa ichi basa zvakaoma? Kune vazhinji pfungwa, asi vose vane zvavaikanganisa uye utera.

shanduro Herodotus

The akakurumbira dzakaitika kare, Herodotus akashanyira muIjipiti uye akaona mapiramidhi yeEgipita. Construction, iyo Kuziviswa iyo vakasiya nyanzvi yechiGiriki, yakanga sezvinotevera.

Mazana vanhu vari itsvedzerere kudhonzwa kuti chezvakaipa ibwe pasi kuvakwa Pyramid, uye ipapo suwo yematanda uye akamutsa rwake hurongwa wokutanga kumhara, yakanyatsoiswa pamusoro rezasi pamwero meimba. Zvadaro anouya zvinotevera takura. Naizvozvo, kutamira kubva nzvimbo imwe, zvidhinha vanomutsirwa zvinodiwa kukwirira.

Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti zvikuru nesimba hwaida mapiramidhi makuru yeEgipita. Building (photo, maererano Herodotus, ona. Below) vakanga chaizvo chaizvo rakaoma.

Kwenguva refu shanduro ino dzaidzidziswa vakawanda Egyptologists, kunyange iye vakakonona. Zvakaoma kufungidzira emapuranga platforms izvi kuti aigona kutsigira uremu wezviuru matani. Uye zvuva itsvedzerere mamiriyoni multi-tani kutigumbura vanofunga aigona kuva nesimba.

Unogona kuzvitenda Herodotus? Chekutanga, akanga asiri chapupu kuvakwa kwazvo mapiramidhi, nekuti akararama zvikuru gare gare, zvichida aigona murinde sezvo guva amisa duku.

Chechipiri, munhu anozivikanwa nyanzvi kare mune zvaakanyora kazhinji vakatadzira chokwadi, anovimba nyaya vafambi, kana zvekare.

Dzidziso "murwere"

In XX remakore, pakati Egyptologists zvakava akakurumbira shanduro, dzataurwa nokuda aiongorora French Jacques Philippe Luer. Iye akataura kuti dombo kutigumbura vakatamira kwete itsvedzerere uye napamusoro rollers panguva chaiyo murwere-murwi, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma chinoita zvose pamusoro uye, naizvozvo, hwakareba.

Kuvaka Pyramid Great (mufananidzo mufananidzo pazasi), nokudaro yaingoda kunyange ungwaru hombe.

Asi Shanduro iyi ine zvainovhiringidzawo ayo. Chekutanga, hazvibviri kwete anokwezvera ndechokuti basa zviuru vashandi vachikweva boulders kwakadaro nzira isina akwanise, nokuti dzakabatana akanga hakumbofi mugomo, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma ikava murwi. Uye ichi ndicho zvakaoma.

Chechipiri, yakatenuka ari murwere kuva mukuru 10˚, saka, kureba kwaro kunopfuura imwe kiromita. Kuvaka murwi, inoda basa haidereri pane pakuvaka guva.

Kunyange aisava murwere, uye vashoma kuti dzakavakwa kubva pamwero mukuru chepiramidhi mumwe, saka kuchiri huru basa pamwe mibvunzo nemigumisiro. Kunyanya kana ukafunga kuti sangano mumwe anovhara anofanira kuva vashoma zana vanhu, asi ivo vari zvinenge po- pachigaro yakamanikana chikonzero uye embankments.

Muna 1978, mafeni kare muIjipita kubva Japan kuedza kuvaka vachishandisa itsvedzerere uye murwi piramidhi kureba mamita 11 chete. Kupedzisa kuvaka havana kugona, dzichikoka kubatsirwa yazvino.

Kunenge kuti vanhu vane unyanzvi, yaiva dzekare, asingadi kuita. Kana havana vanhu? Ndiani akavaka mapiramidhi makuru Giza?

Sevatorwa kana Atlanteans?

Shanduro kuti piramidhi huru yakavakwa nevamiririri akasiyana rudzi, pasinei kwayo tarenda hunhu, rakanyatsojeka kodzera chikonzero.

Chekutanga, ndiye chokwadi kuti vanhu vaigara Bronze Age, muridzi zvokushandisa uye ruzivo zvichaita kuvatendera kubata inofa yakadaro namabwe uye akapeta mairi vakakwana, maererano geometry, mamiriro yairema matani anopfuura miriyoni imwe.

Chechipiri, okuti kuti mapiramidhi makuru dzakavakwa pakati III chemakore BC. e., ndizvo debatable. It akaratidza chete Herodotus, uyo akashanyira Ijipiti V remakore. BC uye akatsanangura muEgipita mapiramidhi, ane kuvaka rakapera anenge zviuru zviviri zvemakore asati kushanya. In zvaakanyora akango- akarondedzera zvaakaudza vapristi.

Pane mazano dzakavakwa cyclopean zvivako izvi zvikuru yapfuura, zvichida zviuru 8-12 apfuura, uye zvichida zvose 80. zvekungofungira aya anotaura zviri chokwadi kuti, sokuti, ivo mapiramidhi, iyo sphinx uye temberi vakavapoteredza vakapona nguva mafashamo. Izvi runoratidzwa tichingoda kwevhu, vakanga pana pasi chifananidzo sphinx ezasi tiers ari chepiramidhi.

Chechitatu, mapiramidhi makuru zvakajeka zvinhu kuti vanenge nechokuita nezvenyeredzi uye nzvimbo. Uye ichi ndicho basa ravo kupfuura kushanda kumarinda. Chingorangarirai kuti hapana makuva mavari, kunyange zvazvo pane chii Egyptologists vanodana sarcophagi.

Dzidziso extraterrestrial matangiro mapiramidhi vari 60s aisimbisa ne Swiss Erich of Däniken. Zvisinei, uchapupu hwake - asi, ndicho chibereko pfungwa munyori, kupfuura zvokutsvakurudza chakakomba.

Kana taifunga kuti extraterrestrial vatorwa zvakaronga kuvakwa Pyramid Great, Photo anofanira kutarisa chinhu chakafanana pamufananidzo akagadza pazasi.

No zvishoma Fans mune shanduro "Atlantis." Maererano nepfungwa iyi, piramidhi asati rekare budiriro muIjipita yakavakwa nevamiririri dzimwe rudzi, tinazvo kana overdeveloped zvigadzirwa kana kukwanisa kufamba Tichitarisa kutsunga chezvakaipa ibwe mudenga. Kufanana Yoda kubva akakurumbira firimu "Star Wars."

Kuti aratidze uyewo asingatsigiri dzidziso idzi, zvesayenzi kwakaoma zvisingaiti. Asi, zvichida, mubvunzo wokuti ndiani akavaka guru mapiramidhi, pane zvishoma nakisisa mhinduro? Nei kuita nevaIjipiti vekare, zivo dzakasiyana mune dzimwe nzvimbo? Pane inonakidza dzidziso kuti anobvisa chifukidzo pachivande wakakomberedza kuvakwa Pyramid Great.

kongiri version

Kana kufamba uye kubudiswa multi-savi ibwe kutigumbura saka nguva, asingagoni kana vavaki yekare akashandisa nzira nyore yokunaya kongiri?

maonero aya akanga achishingaira tidzivirire uye kuratidza mashomanana inonyatsozivikanwa masayendisiti, pamwe unyanzvi siyana.

French Himik Iosif Davidovich, zvichiita kuongorora makemikari ari inoperera kwemashoko iro Pyramid Great yakavakwa, akaita pfungwa kuti ichi hachisi ibwe echisikigo, kongiri uye kunzwisisa sezvamunoita. Zvinonzi akaita maererano milled dombo, uye munhu anonzi geopolymer kongiri. Davidovich kuti zvakabudiswa vakanga kupupurirwa vaongorori vanoverengeka American.

Academician AG Fomenko, kuongorora inoperera, iyo Pyramid Great yakavakwa, anodavira kuti "chesamende shanduro" zvikuru anobata. Vavaki nyore milled zvinopfuura ibwe iripo, binders akawedzera tsvina dzakadai kwesuko, kukwidza hwaro kongiri mumatengu kuti yokuvakira uye patova akatakudza kuva formwork uye rakasanganiswa nemvura. Kana musanganiswa akawomesa, formwork namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye kune imwe nzvimbo.

Makumi emakore gare gare, chesamende iri compressed zvokuti vanova indistinguishable kubva dzinongoitika ibwe.

Zvakaratidza kuti paivakwa guru mapiramidhi akanga asina kushandiswa dombo uye kongiri zvinogumbura? Zvaizoratidza sokuti shanduro iyi zvikuru musoro uye anotsanangura zvakavanzika zvizhinji yekare mapiramidhi kuvaka, kusanganisira kunzwisisa zvokufambisa uye unhu kugadzira dzakabatana. Asi ine utera ayo, uye nyaya rinopa kukonzera hapana shoma kupfuura mamwe dzidziso.

Chekutanga, zvakaoma chaizvo kuti kufungidzira kuti vavaki yekare pasina kushandiswa kwemichina vakakwanisa muchikuya vanopfuura mamiriyoni 6 matani paruware. Zvechokwadi, akadaro ndiye uremu remazera Cheops.

Chechipiri, zvinokosha chokwadi mukana kushandisa yemapuranga formwork muIjipiti, apo muti hwagara aikoshesa zvikuru kwazvo. Kunyange Farao chikepe nhokwe.

Chechitatu, ezvivako yekare, Chokwadi, aigona kufunga kuti kongiri kugadzirwa. Asi mubvunzo unomuka: apo zvino zvakaitika kuti ruzivo urwu? Mukati mashomanana emakore pashure pakuvaka Great Pyramid kwavari akaendepiko. Makuva ichi mhando dzakavakwa asi, asi vakanga chete anosiririsa akatodzana vevamire pamusoro enyika Giza. Uye kure mapiramidhi yacho gare gare nguva vakanga kazhinji shapeless pemirwi.

Somugumisiro, hatigoni kutaura chokwadi sei mapiramidhi makuru dzakavakwa zvakavanzika kuti vachiri vasina pachena.

Kwete chete kuIjipiti yekare, asi zvimwe dzomunyika kare kuchengeta zvakavanzika zvizhinji kuti kunyatsoziva nhoroondo yavo kusimba zvinonakidza rwendo kupinda kare.