Empiricism uye rationalism zvoruzivo ano

Nguva rechi17 kunoratidzwa wokutanga Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland uye Netherlands, uyewo achinje munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana muupenyu munzanga: zvematongerwo enyika, upfumi, magariro noukama uye kuziva. Uye, chokwadi, izvi zvose zvinofanira kuratidzei mafungiro kwouzivi.

Empiricism uye rationalism: prerequisites kuvandudza

Kukura nesayenzi munguva dzazvino akafunga nokuda mukugadzira kugadzirwa, kuwedzera wezvokutengeserana nyika, kufamba uye namabasa zvechiuto. Ipapo yakanaka munhu kuti ndaona enterprising vatengesi uye musayendisiti vanoda kuziva. Nyika Advanced European, edza zvoupfumi uye uto ukuru, akaramba sainzi: inotungamirwa nesayenzi zvikoro, nzanga, makirabhu.

Naizvozvo, sayenzi dzazvino pamwe, uye vakava - Ipapo akauya nemasvomhu, analytic geometry, nheyo chinokosha uye differential calculus, etc. tsvakurudzo All yakabatanidzwa kuva nzira imwe chete -. Experimental Mathematics. Vaitungamirira kuitika akanga hurongwa kuti inodzidza kufamba miviri uye basa guru methodological kukosha ari mavambo, maonero ouzivi rechi17.

Uzivi hwakasungirirwa kune evanhu ivhu, kwete chete nokuda sayenzi zvepanyama, asi tichibatsirwa vezvitendero maonero, hurumende yechiKomonisiti. Zvakarurama Masayendisiti uye omnipotence naMwari, uye "chikonzero nyika" uye "wokutanga chido". Uye nhamba pakati idealism uye pfuma, kusatendera uye theism - haisi rokubvisa sarudzo - "kana, kana kuti ..." The vazivi dzinobvumirana zvoga zvakaratidzwa nyika nezvokuvapo vanonzi transcendental unhu. Saka, pfungwa "chokwadi mbiri" (zvepanyama uye naMwari) munguva dzazvino, uye akaputsa ane kutsiva vakatanga gakava pamusoro kana kuti ndiyo hwaro hwechokwadi ruzivo - ruzivo, kana kunzwisisa here? Saka, muzana remakore rechi17, mumwe uzivi idzva zvomumusoro kukosha ane experimental kudzidza nyika uye kuzviremekedza kwepfungwa.

Empiricism uye rationalism: tsanangudzo nezvipoka

Rationalism - iri zvakadaro pfungwa kwouzivi naro chinorehwa kuti nheyo uye kuvapo, uye zivo - ndiro pfungwa.

Empiricism - iri pfungwa yakadaro kwouzivi zvinoreva kuti hwaro ruzivo zvose nazvo. Vatsigiri rwokufamba ichi vanodavira kuti pfungwa haana simba, uye simba - chete ruzivo, kuona zvakaitika. We kusiyanisa pakati imwe rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma empiricism, apo chiitiko anoratidzwa kuva yakatarwa pfungwa uye nezvekufadza, uye pfuma, uko kunobva kutsinga dzinouya ruzivo chinobviswa panze nyika.

Empiricism uye rationalism: huru vamiririri

Vakakurumbira vamiririri pakati pfungwa dzaiva: Plato, Socrates, Epicurus, Democritus, Kant, Descartes, Spinoza, Bharuki, Leibniz. Empirical nemaonero akatsigira Frensis Bekon, Dzhon Dyui, Thomas Hobbes, Dzhon Lokk.

Empiricism uye rationalism mu muuzivi dzazvino: matambudziko

Yakaomesesa vaviri pfungwa ouzivi aiva dambudziko yezvakaita uye kwakabva non-kuzvigutsa zvinoumba pfungwa - pfungwa uye tsanangudzo yokuti chokwadi chokuvapo kwavo chisingarambiki ari Zvinoumba ruzivo.

Kugadzirisa ichi dambudziko Vanotsigira pfungwa dzakadai rationalism uye empiricism? Wokutanga akatendeukira dzidziso chii yokusafa zvivako edu kuziva isu nhaka. Most yake non-kuzvigutsa zvinhu zviripo, maererano pfungwa dzavo, uye kubuda ehupfumi pfungwa dzevanhu. Zvinoita sokuti pane sezvo yakazvimirira nyika uye zvinogona kushanda uye kuva pasina nezvokunyoresa kwokunze nyika. Saka, zvinokwanisika kuva yakakwana ruzivo chokwadi, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo chitarisiko - ndiko kugona kusvina uye muitiro kushandisa pfungwa oga zvose pfungwa uye zivo kunze kwenyika.

Mhedziso sezvo empirical dzidziso akasiyana zvachose inoshora rationalism. Saka, pane zivo yacho, ayo matsime - kutekenyedzwa, uye mugumisiro - kubudiswa zvinhu uye mashoko kununura pfungwa. Reason, maererano empiricism Chokwadi, zvinobatanidzwa kubudiswa nezvekufadza, asi kuti ruzivo hazvirevi kuwedzera chinhu chitsva.