Alkadienes - anowanzoramba dzinomiririra unsaturated Mahydrocarbon

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes pamusoro nzira iyo zvisingapindirani kwenhamba rehydrogen maatomu vari Mahydrocarbon. Funga zvinhu mukirasi nerimwe, mhando hybridization, mamirire ehupfumi.

paraffins

Zvine Mahydrocarbon vane zvavo payakavakirwa C _N H _{2n + 2.} Ivo zvisungo zvose pakati rehydrogen maatomu uye kabhoni chete. Kana ari kuita anoparadzanisa imwe rehydrogen, alkane iri kutendeukira yezviri PARTICIPLE - kukuru. Nhengo dzino vari gaseous zvinhu zviri zvishoma soluble mumvura.

With nokuwedzera kabhoni nhamba solubility zvinoderedza iri huru cheni, uye Mahydrocarbon kuyambukira yakasimba uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu.

Pakati zvikuru zvemakemikari ehupfumi kuri muna vamiririri mukirasi iyi, tinosiyanisa kuzvitsinhanisa. Nokuda kuti kukurukurirana zvose zvine, maererano nokuda alkanes uncharacteristically. Kufanana nezvimwe Organic zvinhu, alkanes sei pamwe okisijeni (combustion), somugumisiro iro simba asunungurwa. Izvi zviri endothermic, rinoshandiswa mukurima nokuti muchidziisa dzinogarwa uye maindasitiri musha.

cycloalkanes

The Zvinoitwa mukirasi iyi mamorekuru ndiyo pamberi namahwindo maumbirwo. The vakawanda yokuita Mahydrocarbon kwakadaro ndiko chimiro C _N H _2n. Tichifunga Kunyanya maumbirwo mukirasi, ivo ne imwe kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro kudivi cheni, uye rehydrogen Uyezve, izvo pamwe nokuparadzwa yatinofema.

alkenes

Mugore homologous akatevedzana mukuru yokuita ethylene ane chimiro C _N H _{2n + 2.} Nevamwe zviri Mahydrocarbon (naphthenes) anoratidza kuvapo miviri chisungo pakati kabhoni maatomu. Pi-chisungo achiumbwa nokuda bindepinde maviri asiri chemasanganiswa S.-orbitals ari pedyo kabhoni maatomu.

It anosarudza kwete chete kuvapo kabhoni mhando hybridization mu alkenes, asiwo maitiro zvemakemikari ehupfumi nhengo dzose mukirasi iyi Organic yeimwe. Qualitative maitiro nokuti unsaturation (kaviri) chisungo achaita atindivare mvura bromine.

Zvakaitwa cleavage of kaviri chisungo kubatana denderedzwa rechiedza alkene Morekuru. Kuwedzera Zvinoitwa chairwo cho ichi homologous series, uye rinorondedzerawo atindivare potassium permanganate.

Pakati zvivako zviri ethylene wayo homologues zvakakodzera kusarudza uye dzimwe mhando Uyezve siyana. Muna hydrogenation (maitiro pamwe rehydrogen), paumbwe runoenzanirana alkane. Hydration (nemvura) uye gidrogalogenirovanie (rehydrogen halide Morekuru) zvinobva unsaturated alkenes kubudikidza Markovnikov utongi.

Chaizvoizvo Its iri pakuti kana kubatana nesimmetrichnmou alkene (kukurukura mamiriro 1) mamorekuru mvura kana rehydrogen halide cleavage yacho kaviri chisungo. Rehydrogen inowedzerwa kukurukurirana ane hydrogenated (zvine rehydrogen) kabhoni atomu, uye gidroksogrupp kana halogen kuda kupfuura hydrogenated N.

Kunze zvokuwedzera ethylene uye homologues ayo dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza polymerization zvakaitwa. Kubva duku wemari monomer Anoumba guru polymer Morekuru zvinosanganisira zvakajeka STRUCTURAL dzakabatana. Polymerization zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa kwemakemikari indasitiri nokuda pokumuka mapurasitiki ano.

alkadienes

Nokuti kutanga, alkadienes - iri unsaturated Mahydrocarbon kwokungotarisira payakavakirwa C _N H _{2n + 2.} Pane imwe zvakafanana pakati vamiririri homologous ngaatevedzane alkenes. Sezvo alkadienes - zviri unsaturated Mahydrocarbon, nokuti tiri ichazivikanwa noku Uyezve kuita.

Musiyano uri kuti ari dienes ndiyo mbiri unsaturated miviri zvisungo, saka venguva accession inoda nekumwisa bromine mvura, rehydrogen, mvura, rehydrogen halide.

Vamiriri vamwe propadiene uye kupinda polymerization zvakaitwa. Products vakawana panguva iyi kuita rinoshandiswa kuti pagadzirwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha, rabha gadzira. Sezvo alkadienes - iri unsaturated zvinhu Qualitative maitiro nokuda nokutsunga yavo atindivare potassium permanganate uye bromine mvura. Alkadienes homologous ngaatevedzane unotanga propadiene, muri mvura kana zvinhu zvakaoma.

Pakati zvikumbiro ari vamiririri mukirasi iyi govera kugadzirwa polymeric zvinhu.

alkynes

Mugore homologous akatevedzana acetylene vakawanda payakavakirwa ndiyo C _N H _2n-2. Kana alkadienes - a venhumbi rinoumbwa vaviri miviri zvisungo, nokuti alkyne kunoratidzwa chisungo katatu. Qualitative pavakanzwa chisungo katatu kuti alkynes kuti asymmetric inonzi kudyidzana nevamiririri mukirasi iyi yakaoma remubatanidzwa - diamine sirivha hydroxide (1). The kukurukurirana pamusoro munyu aumba - sirivha acetylide.

Vamiriri ichi homologous dzino vari interclass isomers ose alkadienes. Saizvozvowo, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes zvose sei pamwe halogen Uyezve, rehydrogen, rehydrogen halide, nemvura. Kana vasiyana morekuru acetylene kukwana uwandu rehydrogen yakabereka ethylene. Kana kudyidzana pamwe zvakawandisa rehydrogen ikabereka kubva acetylene ethane (nomuti yeHydrocarbon).

mhedziso

Alkynes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, zvemakemikari ehupfumi akanga inokurukurwa kumusoro, zvinoratidza dzinokosha kufanana uye kusiyana pakati makirasi akasiyana zvinhu. Vose Mahydrocarbon marongerwo vane kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu, muri saka rakaisvonaka mafuta.