Ushe Markovnikov VV chaizvo uye mienzaniso

The nemakemikari panzvimbo kuparadzwa kaviri chisungo mu alkenes uye alkynes iri katatu anogona kubatana nezvimedu zvakasiyana. Chii pasi mitemo izvi? Ndakadzidza maitiro asymmetrical homologues ose ethylene uye panguva gidrogalogenirovanii hydration Russian musayendisiti VV Markovnikov. Akawana kuti zvakaitwa mashandiro ari kuerera kunoenderana sei kuwanda rehydrogen rine kabhoni chokuita miviri chisungo. Pfungwa Arayirwa musayendisiti, akatsinhira pashure Zvakawanikwa mumunda mabhomba mamiriro. Kutonga Markovnikov kwakaita kuti pave nokuumba yesayenzi yechokwadi ine kushanda. Kunoitawo kuti zvakanyanya kuronga kugadzirwa Polymers, lubricants, alcohols.

Markovnikov kutonga

musayendisiti wokuRussia mubasa akatsaurira nguva yakawanda kuti kudzidza asymmetric reagents kuda mashandiro kune unsaturated Mahydrocarbon. In ake nyaya, yakabudiswa muna German muna 1870, VV Markovnikov kuvhomora pfungwa masayendisiti ari selectivity ari kudyidzana rehydrogen halides vane kabhoni maatomu iri panguva kaviri chisungo iri unsymmetrical alkenes. Russian mutsvakurudzi wataurwa Data inobva ruzivo murabhoritari. Markovnikov akanyora kuti halogen hazvo rakabatanidzwa kabhoni atomu rine duku nhamba rehydrogen maatomu. nesayenzi mabasa mukurumbira Most vawana pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore. Iye akafunga pfungwa yacho mashandiro ose nekuita anonzi "nokutonga Markovnikov."

Life uye basa musayendisiti-organics

Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov akaberekwa 25 (13 maererano nyaya. Style) muna December 1837. Akadzidza paYunivhesiti Kazan, uye gare gare vakadzidzisa pachikoro chete uye University of Moscow. Markovnikov akadzidza unhu unsaturated Mahydrocarbon nokuda maitiro pamwe rehydrogen halides kubva 1864. Up kusvikira 1899, dzimwe nyika, masayendisiti regai vachikoshesa kukosha zvakawanwa reRussia kemisiti. Markovnikov, kunze kutonga, zita iri rukudzo rake, akaita zvimwe zvakawanikwa:

• Ndakagamuchira cyclobutanedicarboxylic asidhi;
• Ndakaongorora mafuta kuCaucasus uye akarivhura Organic zvinhu inokosha sezvamunoita - naphtha;
• Ndikagadza musiyano utsotso pfungwa yacho yeimwe pamwe mapazi uye yakarurama cheni mu;
• hunoratidzwa isomerism mafuta acids.

Zvekufamba musayendisiti yakabatsira yekudyidzana kuti kukura zvezvipfuwo zvemakemikari bhizimisi uye nesayenzi.

Musimboti pfungwa Arayirwa Markovnikov

The musayendisiti vakapedza makore akawanda kudzidza reagent Kuwedzera anwa unsaturated Mahydrocarbon chete chisungo miviri (alkenes). Zvinonzi kuzivikanwa kuti kana mune yeimwe rehydrogen chipo, zvino rwunotumirwa kabhoni atomu, rine zvakawanda tudonhwe kuti rudzi. The anion wanamatira kune pedyo kabhoni. Ndiwo mutemo Markovnikov ayo chaizvo. Scientific shasha kufanotaura unhu zvacho, sechivako iyo panguva iyoyo vakanga vasiri zvakajeka. Maererano nomurau, kuti ethylene yeHydrocarbon kubatana remubatanidzwa zvinhu kuva sezvamunoita HX, sezvamakaropafadzwa X iri:

• halogen;
• OH;
• iine acid vakasara sulfuric asidhi;
• zvimwe zvacho.

Modern kurira Markovnikov kutonga zvakasiyana kubva musayendisiti Formulations: rehydrogen atomu kubva NH mamorekuru attachable alkene inoendeswa kabhoni kaviri chisungo panguva kuti kare rine zvakawanda sehydrogen, uye X ndiye PARTICIPLE anoenda kuvaduku hydrogenated atomu.

The mashandiro kuti kuda kuti electrophilic nezvimedu

Funga Mhando nemakemikari umo rinoshanda Markovnikov mutemo. mienzaniso:

1. Kuwedzera maitiro rehydrogen chloride kuti propene. Panguva kudyidzana pakati zvacho raparadzwa chisungo kaviri. Kuiisa chlorine anion inoendeswa munhu zvishoma hydrogenated kabhoni riri kaviri chisungo. Rehydrogen ikasakendenga navazhinji ava hydrogenated maatomu. Kuvakwa 2-chloro propane.
2. The mvura Morekuru hydroxyl Kuwedzera maitiro nhengo dzaro anouya zvishoma hydrogenated kabhoni. Rehydrogen inowedzerwa vakawanda hydrogenated atomu panguva kaviri chisungo.

Pane vasabatanidzwe kubva aronga Markovnikov mutemo kune siyana apo reactants ndivo alkenes, apo kabhoni iri kaviri chisungo nechekare ane nhamba yakaipa mapoka. It Anosarudza zvishomanana Erekitironi arambe achirema, iyo kazhinji mwoyo chokwadi mhosva rehydrogen. Regai kutevera mitemo uye siyana mberi kukuru pane electrophilic mashandiro (Harish kushanda). anosiyiwa izvi regai zvitadzise zvemashoko mitemo hwokurara vakakurumbira Russian makemikari kemisiti V. V. Markovnikovym.