International Nomenclature pamusoro alkanes. Alkanes: mamiriro, ehupfumi

Zvinobatsira kutanga tsanangudzo alkanes. Izvi zvine kana zvine Mahydrocarbon, paraffins. Tinogona kutaura kuti carbons umo remubatanidzwa C maatomu rinoitwa pachishandiswa nyore ukama. The vakawanda payakavakirwa ndiko chimiro: CnH₂n + 2.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti nhamba H uye C maatomu ari mamorekuru dzavo sezvinobvira kana zvichienzaniswa nemamwe makirasi. Akapiwa kuti vose valences vari kubatikana kana C, kana H, uye makemikari zvivako zviri alkanes vakaratidza zvakajeka zvakakwana, saka zita ravo rechipiri makabuda mutsara muganhu kana nomuti Mahydrocarbon.

panewo zita kupfuura yekare kuti zvakanaka inoratidza zvavo hama himinertnost - paraffins, iro rinoshandurudzwa rinoreva "kushaya sungano".

Saka, nyaya kukurukura vedu nhasi: "Alka: homologous series, Nomenclature, mamiriro, isomerism". Lovemore kuuyawo Data maererano nezvavanenge ehupfumi.

Alkanes: mamiriro, Nomenclature

In izvi C maatomu vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro sezvo sp3-hybridization. Naizvozvo alkane Morekuru anogona kuenzanisirwa sezvo kutaridza tetrahedral zvivako C, izvo zvakabatanidzwa pakati kwete chete pachavo asiwo H.

Pakati C uye H maatomu varipo yakasimba, pasi kwazvo polar S-chisungo. Maatomu kumativi zvisungo kuroora nguva dzose tenderera Somugumisiro alkanes mamorekuru kutora zvakasiyana siyana, sezvamakaropafadzwa nokureba kubatana, pakona pakati pavo - vari constants. Forms, izvo tinoshandurirwa mumwe nokuda vachishandisa kutenderera Morekuru, kunoitika vakapoteredza σ-pazvisungo, kunzi ayo conformation.

Mukuita yokuzviparadzanisa kubva H maatomu ari morekuru anoumba munhu 1-valent nezvimedu anonzi yeHydrocarbon radicals. yeimwe ava mugumisiro kwete chete Organic yeimwe asiwo inorganic. Kana Bvisa maviri rehydrogen atomu kubva yeHydrocarbon Morekuru muganhu, mumwe anowana 2-Valencia radicals.

Saka alkanes zvinogona Nomenclature:

• TOUR (yekare Version);
• Kuzvitsinhanisa (International, hurongwa). Iye dzataurwa nokuda IUPAC.

Kunyanya TOUR Nomenclature

Muchiitiko chokutanga Nomenclature alkanes dzinoratidzwa sezvinotevera:

1. Nehanya Mahydrocarbon sezvo nomukaka zviri methane, uko akazova 1 kana kupfuura H maatomu radicals.
2. The anokudzwa zvimunakire panyaya kwete chaizvo kunzwisisa yeimwe.

Zvinoumba chitsividzo Nomenclature

Kuzvitsinhanisa Nomenclature alkane ane anotevera zvinhu:

1. Hwaro zita - 1 carbon cheni, uye vanosara samolecular zvimedu inokurukurwa sezvo substituents.
2. Kana pane akawanda akafanana radicals zita ravo pamberi inoratidza nhamba (zvakasimba mashoko), uye okunyanyisa nhamba dzakaparadzaniswa nezvitura befu.

Chemistry: Nomenclature pamusoro alkanes

Zvivanakire, mashoko anotaurwa tabular chimiro.

The pamusoro Nomenclature alkanes zvinosanganisira mazita kare vari akaumba (wokutanga 4 tichitarisa akatevedzana nomuti Mahydrocarbon).

Pano nondeployed alkanes pamwe 5 kana kupfuura C aumba kubva muchiGiriki sezviverengo maatomu iyo inoratidza akapiwa nhamba kwemaatomu C. Zvanzi -en suffix kunoratidza kuti pafuma wandei nomuti yeimwe.

Pakuswedera okuremekedza muAtlantic alkanes sezvo huru cheni anosarudzwa uya kuti rine kunonyanyisa nhamba kwemaatomu C. It vakaverengwa kuti substituents vane zviduku nhamba. Kana vaviri kana kupfuura namaketani zvakaenzana urefu inova huru imwe kane chikuru nhamba substituents.

isomerism pamusoro alkanes

Sezvo yeHydrocarbon-muvambi vanoverengeka mabasa methane CH₄. Mumwe mumiririri methane dzakatevedzana kwakacherechedzwa vakasiyana yapfuura methylene boka - CH₂. muenzaniso Izvi zvinogona kurondwa yose akatevedzana alkanes.

musayendisiti German Schill akaisa mberi panyaya zita nokuwanda homologous. Akashandurwa kubva zvinoreva yechiGiriki "zvakafanana, sezvinoita."

Saka homologous akatevedzana - kutaridza chokuita Organic yeimwe muchiva mhando mamiriro pamwe pedyo himsvoystvami. Homologs - nhengo akatevedzana. Homologous musiyano - methylene boka iro maviri akasiyana pedyo homologue.

Sezvambotaurwa kare, chero Kuronga zvine yeHydrocarbon ungaratidzwa mukuru payakavakirwa CnH₂n + 2. Nokudaro, vachitevera methane ari nhengo homologous munhevedzano ethane - C₂H₆. Kuti kuona chimiro methane, zvakafanira kutsiva H atomu panguva 1 CH₃ (mufananidzo pazasi).

Sechivako nomumwe unozotevera homologue zvinogona zvinobva kumusoro saizvozvo. Somugumisiro ethane kuumbwa propane - C₃H₈.

Ndezvipi isomers?

Ko zvinhu kuti vane akafanana Qualitative uye quantitative samolecular sezvamunoita (fanana samolecular payakavakirwa) asi zvakasiyana zvemakemikari zvivako uye kuva zvakasiyana himsvoystvami.

Dzinoratidzwa chambotaurwa nezvacho Mahydrocarbon pamusoro parameter akadai kubika tembiricha: -0,5 ° - butane, -10 ° - isobutane. Izvi mhando isomerism kunzi carbonaceous marangwanda isomerism, izvozvo inobatana STRUCTURAL mhando.

Kuwanda STRUCTURAL isomers kunowedzera nokukurumidza nokuwanda kabhoni maatomu. Saka, C₁₀H₂₂ achaita kunyorerana isomers 75 (kwete kusanganisira nzvimbo), uye nokuda 4347 C₁₅H₃₂ kare anozivikanwa isomers nokuti C₂₀H₄₂ - 366.319.

Saka kare zvaiva pachena kuti yakadaro alkanes, homologous series, isomerism, Nomenclature. Zvino zvakafanira kuenda mitemo IUPAC mazita.

IUPAC Nomenclature: Zita dzidzo

Chekutanga, zvinokosha kuwana sechivako yeHydrocarbon kabhoni cheni, rine zvikuru kureba kunonyanyisa uwandu substituents. Ipapo nhamba inodiwa cheni C maatomu, kubvira kumugumo, riri pedyo substituent.

Chechipiri, hwaro - zita unbranched zvine yeHydrocarbon, izvo unoenderana nhamba C maatomu Nde cheni.

Chechitatu, isati hwaro anofanira tsanangurai lokantov makamuri, izvo riri pedyo vevatariri. Vakanga akanyorwa hyphenated zita alternates.

Chechina, kana kuti dzakafanana substituents pamusoro maatomu siyana C lokanty pamwechete, sezvamakaropafadzwa zita asati rinowanika Anowanza chivakashure: od - maviri akafanana substituents matatu - matatu, tetra - mana, Penta - kuti shanu, etc. Figures .. vanofanira kuparadzaniswa pedyo koma, uye kubva pamashoko - hyphen.

Kana mumwe chete C atomu raiva chete substituents maviri lokant uyewo akanyorwa kaviri.

Maererano nemitemo iyi, uye akaumba remarudzi Nomenclature kuti alkanes.

Newman kuti fungidziro

musayendisiti ichi American kunoburitsa kuti yakajeka kuratidza conformations inokosha fungidziro payakavakirwa - Newman fungidziro. Ivo dzinoenderana nezvimiro A uye B uye C vanoonekwa vari nomufananidzo pazasi.

Kana wokutanga A-kudzikatidzwa conformation, apo wechipiri - B-hwakaipa. Panzvimbo A H maatomu chiri panzvimbo risingamboshandisi kure nomumwe. chimiro ichi rinoenderana kupfuura kukosha simba nokuti kuti mukuru kuvenga therebetween. Izvi zvinoshingaira vanoshorwa mamiriro, mauri morekuru ruchigona kuisiya, uye kutamira yakatsiga zvikuru nzvimbo B. Pano H maatomu ari kunonyanyisa kure nomumwe. Saka, simba musiyano urongwa uhwu - 12 KJ / mol, saka kuti vakasununguka yadzo dzichitenderera akabatana ari morekuru ethane, iro rinobatanidza methyl mapoka vakawana gogonera. Kamwe muna zvinoshingaira zvakanaka nzvimbo Morekuru pane iri kunonoka, mune mamwe mashoko, "akamedura". Ndokusaka inonzi chakakanganisika. Result -. Zviuru 10 ethane mamorekuru zviri muchimiro chinovatadzisa conformation inopiwa nzvimbo tembiricha. mumwe chete ane zvakasiyana chimiro - kudzikatidzwa.

Kugadzirira zvine Mahydrocarbon

Kubva nyaya zvakanzi akaziva kuti ichi alkanes (chimiro, Nomenclature wavo akatsanangura zvose kare). Zvingava okushamisira kuongorora nzira dzavo kugadzirira. Vari zvikaramba kubva zvakasikwa zvinyorwa zvakadai mafuta, negasi, akabatanidza gasi, marasha. Anoshandawo chakaita zvokugadzirwa nzira. Somuenzaniso, H₂ 2H₂:

1. Pfungwa hydrogenation pamusoro unsaturated Mahydrocarbon: CnH₂n (alkenes) → CnH₂n + 2 (alkanes) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
2. Monoxide kubva musanganiswa C uye H - syngas: nCO + (2n + 1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
3. Kubva carboxylic acids (munyu awo): electrolysis panguva anode kuti cathode:

• Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH;
• Dumas maitiro (chiwanikwa pamwe alkali): CH₃COONa + NaOH (T) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.

1. Cracking mafuta: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 °) → CmH₂m + 2 + Cn-mH₂ (nm).
2. Gasification peturu (chikukutu): C + 2H₂ → CH₄.
3. Kwetunhu kunzwisisa alkanes (halogenated) vane zvishoma nhamba kwemaatomu C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH₃- CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.
4. Kuwedzera mvura methanide (simbi carbides): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.

The ehupfumi kuti zvine Mahydrocarbon chaiko

Zvivanakire, humboo dzikarongwa ari patafura.

mhedziso

Nyaya kwainzi kwakadaro chinhu sezvo alkanes (yakarongeka, Nomenclature, isomerism, homologous dzinoti uye zvichingodaro.). Rinotiudza zvishoma pamusoro zvinoitwa TOUR uye kuzvitsinhanisa nomenclatures. Nzira vanotsanangurwa chokuwana alkanes.

Uyezve, nyaya dziri zvakadzama ose Nomenclature ose alkanes (Muedzo kubatsira nezvairehwa ruzivo).