Nuclear Fusion. Cold Fusion. renyukireya

Cold Fusion zvinogonawo kunzi chando Fusion. Chaizvoizvo Its uvete feasibility zvenyukireya Fusion kuita kunoitika chero makemikari enyika. Izvi achipfeka hapana chinokosha overheating ari kushanda svikiro. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, kwakajairika renyukireya maitiro pakuitisa kuumba tembiricha ringaita kuyerwa miriyoni madhigirii Kelvin. Cold Fusion dzidziso hakurevi yakakwirira tembiricha yakadaro.

zveBhaibheri zvakawanda uye kuedza

Kudzidza inotonhora Fusion, rumwe rutivi, riri kuonekwa yakachena kubiridzira. Hapana imwe tsvakurudzo nzvimbo iyi hazvigoni kuenzaniswa naye. Ukuwo, zvinokwanisika kuti nzvimbo iyi sayenzi haina kudzidza kusvikira pakuguma, uye zvose hazvigoni anoonekwa somunhu pakuva, asi zvikuru kubiridzira. Zvisinei, munhau inotonhora Fusion kuchiri chipo kana kwete vanyengeri, imi pamwe kupenga.

Kuziva ekunyebera mirayiridzo uye pfungwa kutsoropodzwa, izvo ndavhiyiwa inotonhora Fusion michina, vaiva vakawanda nokukundikana masayendisiti kushanda mumunda ichi, uyewo mabasa nevanhu tampering. Nechekare kubvira 2002, masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti basa iri nyaya iri asina tarisiro.

Zvisinei, vamwe vachiri kuedza zvakafanana kuita mberi. Saka, muna 2008, mumwe musayendisiti Japanese kubva University of Osaka akaratidza kuedza pachena, zvakaitwa pamwe electrochemical sero. Yakanga Yoshiaki Arata. Pashure nomuenzaniso masayendisiti kamwe zvakare akava kutaura nezvomukana kana hazvibviri chando Fusion, izvo zvinogona kupa wefizikisi yenyukireya. Mamwe masayendisiti, anokwanisa wefizikisi renyukireya uye kemisitiri, vanotsvaka kururamiswa kuti chiitiko ichi. Ivo vanozviita kuti vawane kutsanangura kwete zvenyukireya, uye dzimwe nzira. Uyezve, zviri zvakare nokuti kuti mashoko pamusoro Nyuturoni nemwaranzi vasipo.

History Fleyshmana uye Pons

The chaizvo nhoroondo Bhuku shanduro iyi dzesayenzi mirayiridzo mumaziso dzakawanda ari kunyumwa. Zvakatanga March 23, 1989. Panguva iyoyo Professor Martin Fleyshman nomumwe wake Stenli Ponsom akabata venhau, vakatora nzvimbo payunivhesiti apo mishonga vakashanda, muna State of Utah (USA). Zvino vakati kuti vakanga inotonhora Fusion kuita kwave kuitwa zvake Magetsi kubudikidza electrolyte. By mishonga vanoti vakakwanisa kuwana zvakanaka simba goho somugumisiro zvakaitwa, kureva kupisa. Mukuwedzera, vakaona nemwaranzi yenyukireya kunokonzerwa kubva zvakaitwa uye achibva electrolyte.

Mashoko sezvaari akasika furor munharaunda sayenzi. Chokwadi, pasi-tembiricha Fusion yenyukireya yakabereka nyore dhesiki, aigona akanyatsosiyana kushandura nyika yose. Vasingachadi chihombe kunzwisisa namakemikari mugadziriro, izvo zvakare guru mari, uye mugumisiro ari muchimiro kuwana vakada kuita kana vachadaro - Unknown. Kana zvose akasimbisa Fleyshmana uye Pons vakamirira chaizvo ramangwana, uye vanhu - rebei zvinoderedza mari.

Asi kuita kudaro application mishonga yaiva mhosho yavo. Uye, uyo anoziva, zvichida inokosha. Chokwadi kuti masayendisiti haana yakasarudza kuita chero mashoko kuti vezvenhau pamusoro zvigadzirwa ake kana Zvakawanikwa pamberi mashoko pamusoro pavo achava dzinobudiswa mumagazini kushandiswa sayenzi. Masayendisiti ari kuuya saka pakarepo kugamuchira kutsoropodzwa, zviri sechinhu zvemarudzi kuravidza zvakaipa munzanga sayenzi. Maererano nemitemo, kuti chero yokutanga mutsvakurudzi zvakakwana vanosungirwa kuzivisa wokutanga munharaunda vezvesayenzi, iyo achasarudza kana chiri yakagadzirwa wechokwadi, kana zvakakodzera zvavo kuziva buri. Mumaonero pamutemo anonzi kuzvipira zvizere kuti tirambe pakavanda pamusoro chiitiko, izvo akawana vanofanira zvinoenderana pakunamata nyaya yacho iri bhuku uye kuti nguva yaro racho. Nuclear Physics Panyaya iyi hapana anosara.

Fleyshman pamwe bhururu wake akatumira ino ari mumagazini nesayenzi, inonzi Nature uye ndiyo chiremera yesayenzi bhuku pasi pose. Vose vanhu chokuita nesayenzi, vanoziva kuti magazini ino hazvirevi kubudisa unverified ruzivo, uye kunyange zvakawanda haangarevi kubudisa chete munhu. Martin Fleyshman atova nenguva kwainzi kuva anoremekedzwa masayendisiti kushanda mune electrochemistry, saka, akabvuma nyaya aifanira kusunungurwa nokukurumidza. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika. Mitatu pashure kurwara-fated musangano bhuku vakabuda, asi hype yakapoteredza hwomukova ndotodururwa akaputsa. Zvichida, saka, mukuru mupepeti Nature Dzhon Meddoks mune inotevera nyaya remwedzi magazini inobudiswa nechokwadi ake pamusoro kuwanikwa Fleyshmana uye Pons, uye kuti avo simba renyukireya maitiro rwaiwanikwa. Munyaya yake, iye akanyora kuti maKemisiti orangwa chake rokusamhanyira kuburitsa. Ikoko iwe vakaudzwa kuti masayendisiti izvi hazvaigona veruzhinji kupa mbirikira zvigadzirwa ake, uye vaya vanoita kudaro anogona kunzi chete adventurers.

Papera nguva, Pons uye Fleyshmanu akanga akabata chimwe ichivhuvhuta, rinogona kunzi kwaiparadza. Vatsvakurudzi vanoverengeka kubva United States of American tsvakurudzo masangano (Massachusetts uye California Institute of Technology) vakapfuudzira, kureva akadzokorora kuedza mishonga, nokusika vakaenzana ezvinhu uye zvinhu. Zvisinei, migumisiro haana anonamata aizviti Fleyshmanom.

Zvinogoneka kana hazviiti?

Kubvira panguva iyoyo, pakanga nekupesana pachena yose vezvesayenzi mapoka maviri. Vatsigiri pokunyengetedza zvose kuti inotonhora Fusion - izvi ingano, riri chinhu makazviteya. Zvisinei, vamwe, vachiri kutenda kuti inotonhora Fusion zvinobvira, kuti kurwara-fated mishonga vachiri akaita zvakawanikwa kuti aigona pakupedzisira kuponesa vanhu vose, achimupa mukana hariperi kunobva simba.

Chokwadi kuti kana zvinhu zvose zvinoitika nokugadzirwa imwe nzira itsva iyo ichava zvinobvira inotonhora Fusion maitiro, uye, naizvozvovo, kukosha zvakawanikwa akadaro achava kunokosha nokuda vanhu vose munyika yose pedyo nesayenzi mirayiridzo iyi zvakawanda masayendisiti, chikamu izvo chokwadi kunogona kunzi scams. Yose inoti zviri zvikuru kuita kuvaka chete Fusion chiteshi, kutambisa guru mari, uye kutonhora Fusion anokwanisa mokusvinwa simba zirokwazvo nyore uye nekaupenyu chipa nzira. Ndizvo dzinokwezva vaya vanoda kuwana nayo nekunyengera, uyewo vamwe vanhu vane chirwere chepfungwa. Pakati vatsigiri nzira iyi simba Kugadzirwa inogona kuwanika, uye avo uye nevamwe.

Nyaya chando Fusion chete aifanira kupinda Archive unonzi ekunyebera zvesayenzi nyaya. Kana kutarira nzira iyo isu tiwane simba pamusoro Fusion zvenyukireya, wakasvinura, tarirai, zvinogona kunzwisiswa kuti unobva maatomu maviri guru simba rakawanda runodiwa. Zvakakodzera kukunda magetsi nemishonga. The pasi kuvakwa panguva yemarudzi Fusion reactor, chichakurukurwa yaiva Cadarache kuFrance akaronga kuti ndiitise nokubatana kwemaatomu maviri inova lightest aripo zvakasikwa. Somugumisiro remubatanidzwa akadaro anotarisirwa zvakanaka simba choutsi. maatomu izvi zviviri - tritium uye deuterium. Vanosanganisira isotopes rehydrogen, saka rehydrogen Fusion renyukireya achava hwaro. Kushandisa kubatana kwakadaro, zvakakodzera Hazvimboiti tembiricha - mazana emamiriyoni rworwendo. Chokwadi, izvi zvingada uye richikura kumanikidzwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, masayendisiti akawanda uye vanodavira kuti chando Fusion hazvigoni kudzorwa.

Nezvatisina

Zvisinei, kuti kururamiswa ari kwetunhu pasi kukurukurwa zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti havasi chete vanhu vane zvinovadadira uye all scammers, asi nyanzvi dziri zvakajairika pakati Fans ake. Mushure kutaura Fleyshmana uye Pons, uye kukundikana nhamba yavo hwomukova masayendisiti uye tsvakurudzo masangano zvakapfuurira kuita mirayiridzo iyi. Paiva pano uye pasina penyanzvi Russian, uyo tora zvakakodzera kuedza. Uye zvinofadza ndechokuti kuedza izvi mune zvimwe zviitiko yakaguma tibudirire, uye mune dzimwe - kukundikana.

Zvisinei, sainzi iri zvachose: kana kwave kuwanika, uye kuedza yaiva akabudirira, inofanira kudzokororwa zvakare uine mugumisiro. Kana haisi yakadaro zvakawanikwa asingadi kuzivikanwa munhu. Uyezve, kudzokororwa vakabudirira kuedza kuita uye vaongorori pachavo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vanoita izvozvo, mune dzimwe - kwete. Nokuda zviri kuitika, hapana aikwanisa kutsanangura, pachine hapana nesayenzi anotsanangura chikonzero shanduka ichi.

The chipo muvambi uye shasha

In pamusoro zvose nyaya yacho pamwe Fleyshmanom Pons uye pane mumwe parutivi mari, kuti munoreva, vachinyatsoongorora nayo akavavanza chokwadi kunyika dzokuMadokero. Chokwadi chokuti Stanley Pons, aimbova mugari wenyika USSR. Muna 1970, aiva nhengo nyanzvi masikirwo Kugadzira thermionic installation. Chokwadi, Pons akanga achizivawo zvakavanzika zvizhinji Soviet wehurumende, uye vachienda kuUnited States, akaedza dzika navo.

Piyona wechokwadi uyo yakawana dzimwe kubudirira mune Fusion kuchitonhora yenyukireya, akanga Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko.

Brief ruzivo pamusoro musayendisiti yeSoviet

JS Filimonenko akafa muna 2013. Aiva nyanzvi akapotsa arega kukura vose simba zvenyukireya, kwete chete nyika yake asi pasi pose. Ndiye akapotsa aita kugadzwa zvenyukireya kutonhora Fusion, izvo, kusafanana renyukireya simba miti zvaizova akachengeteka uye zvakachipa chaizvo. Kuwedzera kuisa ichi, musayendisiti Soviet akaita kubhururuka muchina, kunobva nheyo antigravity. Aizivikanwa somunhu debunker ngozi dzinogona kuunza vanhu renyukireya simba indasitiri zvakavanzika. Scientist kushanda kudzivirira indasitiri of USSR, aiva zvedzidzo uye nyanzvi nemwaranzi makachengeteka. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti vamwe mabasa Academician, kusanganisira chando Fusion Filimonenko achiri Classified. Ivan Stepanovich kwakanyatsobatana ubatanidzwe kusikwa hydrogen, renyukireya uye Nyuturoni mabhomba, mubasa kukura zvenyukireya reactors zvakagadzirirwa vomurova zvitundumuseremusere muchadenga.

Kugadzwa zviri academician yeSoviet

Muna 1957, Ivan Filimonenko vakatanga simba muti Fusion inotonhora zvenyukireya, naro nyika vaizokwanisa kuponesa mazana matatu bhiriyoni zvamadhora pagore, vachiishandisa iri simba zvekutepfenyura. Kugadzirwa of musayendisiti pakutanga zvakasimba neHurumende, uyewo emushandi chinozivikanwa akadai Kurchatov, Keldysh, Korolev. Zvimwe zviitiko zviri yakagadzirwa uye kuunza Filimonenko kuti akapedza mamiriro hwatenderwa apo Marshal Zhukov pachake. Opening Ivan Stepanovich ndiye iyo yakanga zvikaramba simba yakachena yenyukireya, uye kuwedzera, rinogona kubatsira kuwanikwa kudzivirira nemwaranzi yenyukireya uye kubvisa migumisiro radioactive pakusvibiswa.

Suspension kubva kubasa Filimonenko

Zvinogoneka kuti papera nguva nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Ivan Filimonenko kuti muindasitiri scale, uye vanhu kuti kurasa nematambudziko akawanda. Asi mugumo patinosangana vamwe vanhu akarayira kudaro. nevamwe vake Kurchatov uye Korolev akafa, uye Marshal Zhukov akasiya. Izvi kwaiva kutanga anonzi mutambo-mifananidzo munharaunda sayenzi. Zvakaguma akanga kurega zvose basa Filimonenko, uye muna 1967 zvakaitika kudzingwa kwake. Zvimwe chikonzero kurapa kwakadaro kwava zvakakodzera musayendisiti uye ake kutamburira kugumisa zvombo zvenyukireya miedzo. mabasa ake nguva dzose nharo kukuvadza vakatambura uye hunhu uye zvakananga nevanhu varo pakunamata dzakamiswa zvirongwa zvakawanda vomurova zvitundumuseremusere muchadenga zvenyukireya reactors (chero tsaona kuti chitundumuseremusere kwakaitika muchadenga, aigona vakavhundutsira radioactive kusvibiswa yose). Vakapiwa maoko nhangemutange kuti kuwedzera apo Academician Filimonenko akava kunaka kune vamwe vanhu dzakakwirira. experimental zvivako ake kuwanikwa nezvinotaurwa mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa, musayendisiti vanogumurwa uye adzingwa Communist Party uye kunyimwa vezvinzvimbo zvose uye kazhinji kuzivisa nepfungwa munhu.

Nechekare mukupera eighties - kutanga nineties basa academician patsva, yakatanga zvivako zvitsva experimental, asi vari vakauya vose kuna zvakanaka mugumisiro haana. Ivan Filimonenko akafunga pfungwa kushandisa kwake Mobile dzaishandiswa nechinangwa abvisa zvakaipira paChernobyl, asi akarambwa. Munguva kubva 1968 kusvika 1989 Filimonenko akabviswa chero yokuedzwa uye dzishandire chando Fusion, uye pachavo kukura, chati uye vanodhirowa nevamwe vashandi Soviet dzesayenzi dzaiva kunze.

Mukutanga 90s United States akashuma miedzo kubudirira zvavakanga zvichipomerwa vakawana simba renyukireya somugumisiro chando Fusion. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti kunozivikanwa musayendisiti Soviet akayeuka mamiriro ake zvakare. Akadzorerwa yake post, asi hazvina kubatsira. Pakazosvika nguva Soviet Union wakatanga dziparare, mari yakanga shoma, ukuwo, uye migumisiro havana. Sezvinotsanangurwa gare gare bvunzurudzo naIvan Stepanovich, vachiona mberi uye panguva imwecheteyo kundikana kuedza masayendisiti akawanda kubva pasi pose pave nemigumisiro yakanaka pamusoro chando Fusion, akaona kuti pasina izvozvo hapana achagona kuona izvozvo kuburikidza. Uye, chokwadi, iye aitaura chokwadi. Kubva muna 1991 kusvika 1993, vaongorori US vawana installation Filimonenko, uye vasinganzwisisi sei zviito, uye kunyange pashure pegore uye namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara nayo. Muna 1996, vanhu vane vanhu United States akapa Ivan Stepanovich mamiriyoni zana emadhora chete chokwadi kuti akapa zano, achitsanangura kuti reactor inotonhora Fusion, iye akaramba.

Musimboti Soviet academician kuedza

Ivan Filimonenko nokuongorora vakawana kuti manyowa kunzi rinorema mvura electrolysis nayo uchiora muruoko okisijeni uye deuterium. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, iri zvazvichanyungudutswa palladium cathode, sezvamakaropafadzwa kuva renyukireya Fusion kuita. In muitiro kuitika Filimonenko akapa kusavapo zvose mwaranzi uye Nyuturoni nemwaranzi. Uyezve, somugumisiro kuedza ake, Ivan Stepanovich akawana kuti ake renyukireya Fusion reactor mwaranzi nokusingagumi uye izvi kunoderedza zvikuru akabuda nehafu upenyu radioactive isotopes. Izvozvo zvaizopedza ne pakusvibiswa.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Filimonenko panguva akaramba kutsiva ayo renyukireya reactor chokugadza pachivande matumba, vakadzidziswa soro vatungamiri USSR iri huye hondo yenyukireya. Mumazuva iwayo, yaaigara ari Cuban chombo dambudziko, uye saka ane yakakwirira chaizvo mukana kutanga kwayo. Vakagara mutongo madenderedzwa kuUnited States uye Soviet Union riri kuti mumaguta aya pevhu kusvibiswa kubva zvenyukireya reactors kuti zvichiri kuuraya zvose zvipenyu kwapera mwedzi mishomanana. Zvematongerwo reactor Filimonenko kutonhora Fusion aigona kuumba yakachengeteka mapazi ose radioactive kusvibiswa, saka kana academician vakabvuma ichi, mukana nehondo yenyukireya anogona ngazviwedzerwe akawanda-mudanga. Kana ichi zvechokwadi zvazvingava, nokunyima iye zvose mibayiro uye zvakare udzvanyiriri vanowana pfungwa dzavo.

Warm Fusion

JS Filimonenko hydrolysis chafariz achine simba chirimwa wakasikwa, riri zvachose yakachena. Kusvikira zvino hapana akatadza kusika munhu analogue TEGEU zvakafanana. Musimboti chirimwa uye panguva imwecheteyo, kusafanana nedzimwe dzakabatana zvakafanana ndechokuti haina kushandiswa zvenyukireya reactors, uye kugadzwa Fusion yenyukireya kutoitika panguva neavhareji tembiricha kuti 1150 inegumi. Naizvozvo, kuvamba ichi kwave vakatumidza inodziya marongero Fusion yenyukireya. Mukupera eighties pasi guru, muguta Podolsk, akasikwa 3 installation. Soviet academician Filimonenko akatora zvakananga chikamu ichi, tichigadzirisa yose muitiro. Simba neimwe TEGEU rakanga 12,5 KW, sezvo mukuru mafuta akashandiswa rinorema mvura. Chete kilogram nokuda kwayo kuita unobereka simba yakaenzana chinogona kuwanikwa uchipfuta makirogiramu mamiriyoni maviri peturu! Izvi oga anotaura bhuku uye kukosha zvakagadzirwa ari musayendisiti mukuru, kuti chando renyukireya Fusion siyana yakatanga navo aigona kuuya achida mugumisiro.

Saka, panguva ino asingazivi kuti vamwe kana kodzero iripo kana kwete chando Fusion. Zvinogoneka kuti kudai asiri udzvanyiriri kuti shasha ichi sayenzi Filimonenko, nyika nhasi ringadai zvisina kudaro, uye hunotarisirwa vanhu upenyu aigona kuwedzera kakawanda. Pashure pezvose, kunyange kana Ivan Filimonenko akataura kuti radioactive nemwaranzi - mhaka dzevanhu kukwegura uye mangwanani rufu. Icho nemwaranzi kuti ikozvino pane chaizvoizvo kwose kwose, tisingatauri maguta makuru, ari kutyora okutodza dzevanhu. Pamwe ndosaka vomuBhaibheri akararama makore chiuru, kubva panguva kukuvadza mwaranzi zvichida hariko.

Chiripo academician Filimonenko kugadzwa kwenguva refu anogona kubvisa nyika izvi kuuraya utachiona, Kuwedzera pakupa ane hariperi kunobva kokupata simba. Like kana kwete, nguva achakuudza, asi tsitsi kuti nguva ino inogona akapindira ipapo.