Unsaturated Mahydrocarbon: alkenes, zvemakemikari zvivako uye kushandisa

Alkenes - unsaturated Mahydrocarbon vane mamorekuru pakati maviri kabhoni maatomu, mumwe kaviri chisungo. Vari anowanzonzi Mahydrocarbon ethylene series, nokuti nyore mumiririri ethylene NC2 = CH2. Dzimwe nguva Mahydrocarbon aya anotaurwa olefins sezvo gaseous alkenes kuita pamwe bromine kana kuiisa chlorine kuti aumbe jikichira yeimwe havasi soluble mumvura. Shoko "alkenes" IUPAC Nomenclature rinobva pashoko "alkanes", apo -imba suffix kunotsiviwa ne suffix -ene, izvo zvinoratidza kuvapo muna morekuru pafuma kaviri chisungo.

Unsaturated Mahydrocarbon - alkenes: mamiriro

alkenes All vaiona nomukaka zviri ethylene kana ethene - C2H4.

The ethylene Morekuru rine mbiri kabhoni maatomu mana rehydrogen maatomu, ari unsaturated kabhoni maatomu. Mumwe nomumwe ari unsaturated kabhoni atomu hybridizes akangwara mumwe maviri Pi-orbitals, uye mumwe Pi orbital zvasara mu "chimiro wakachena", kuti anopa kunonyanyisa rwendo hybridized zvemagetsi orbitals. achakoromora dzavo zvinoumba 120 °. Izvi zvinoita Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu nokuda bindepinde pakati Erekitironi orbitals. Three orbitals ose kabhoni maatomu zvakadaro kuumba matatu Sigma zvisungo (mbiri C-H, C-C a). Somugumisiro, ethylene morekuru mashanu Sigma zvisungo zviri vemunyika imwe chete, achiumba pakati pavo necheparutivi 120 °. P-maerekitironi yakasara "wakachena" kuumba chimwe chisungo pakati kabhoni maatomu maviri. Zvinorondedzerwa zvemagetsi maumbirwo ethylene mamorekuru runowanzoitika alkenes. Unsaturated Mahydrocarbon dzinofanira sechinoitika nomukaka zviri ethylene.

Nokuti alkene dzinoratidzwa 2 mhando isomerism - geometric uye STRUCTURAL.

Structural isomers pamusoro alkenes rinotanga butene C4H8. Kusiyanisa uye dzakasiyana ayo - Chain isomerism (kana kabhoni marangwanda) uye isomers placement of kaviri chisungo aitenderera yakadaro.

Geometric isomerism nokuda gogonera placement rehydrogen substituents vari morekuru ethylene hama kuti ndege yacho kaviri chisungo. Unsaturated Mahydrocarbon vari cis- uye mhiri-isomers.

Alkenes ari akasununguka mamiriro kwazvo kushoma zvakasikwa. Vakanga synthesized vachishandisa maindasitiri uye mumarabhoritari kwendangariro.

Chemical ehupfumi pamusoro Mahydrocarbon: alkenes

Vari anokonzerwa miviri chisungo pakati kabhoni maatomu maviri ari morekuru ane alkene.

The hydrogenation kuita

Alkenes vanoita nyore kuda rehydrogen. Richiwanika pamberi catalysts kana kudziyisa:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

va- halides

Zvakaitwa unobuda kubudikidza ari Markovnikov utongi, i.e. kupfurikidza zvokuverengera rehydrogen halide pamwe asymmetric mamorekuru alkenes rehydrogen riri akawedzera panzvimbo yacho localization iri miviri chisungo kunyanya carbon atomu rakatevera icho pane mamwe rehydrogen maatomu, mumwe halogen atomu - kune kabhoni atomu rakatevera icho zvishoma rehydrogen maatomu kana zvachose havapo:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Kushandiswa Mahydrocarbon

Ethene - gasi urwa zvakanaka doro uye havaratidzi soluble nemvura, putika.

Ivo vakapfuma cracking walnut magasi (20% zvachose uremu) uye chemubhotoro muchoto gasi (vanenge 5%). Murabhoritari nzira zvokusava nemvura kuti ethylene akagadzirira dehydrogenation kuti ethane uye panyaya iyi. Kushandisirwa kuwana ethylene ethyl doro, vinyl chloride, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, antifreeze vamiririri (zvinhu izvo kuderedza nechando chemvura pfungwa mvura iri injini) uye dzimwe Organic zvinhu. In munhu uye mushonga wemhuka, ethylene rinoshandiswa senzira zvinodhaka Pfungwa iri chirimwa - kuwedzera ichiibvira kwezvibereko (madomasi, Lemons, uye zvakafanana).

Propylene inotengwa pamwe ethylene muna pyrolysis uye cracking walnut pamusoro siyana epetroleum feedstock. Propylene - chimwe chezvinonhuwira motokari mafuta. Rinoshandiswa sezvo feedstock nokuda polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, isopropyl doro. With isopropanol, acetone, pamwe isopropylbenzyl - acetone uye phenol. Propylene rinoshandiswa senzira marwadzo mushonga nokuda synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, etc.