Zvikonzero pakugwamba NEP. NEP: zvazviri, kuzvipokanidza, zvabuda

Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti March 21, 1921 nyika yedu yakatamira kune imwe itsva muchimiro chinokosha-mamiriro ezveupfumi: Nhasi akasaina chirevo arayira kuti kurega uye kuenda dzinorega zvokudya mitero. Ndizvo akatanga NEP.

The Bolsheviks vaiona kudiwa pamwe zvoupfumi ave nzira inoshandiswa hondo komiyunizimu uye kutya akapa zvakawanda kunambwa tichitarisa pakusimbisa separatist mananara kumucheto jaya zvokuvhoterwa, uye kwete chete ikoko.

Pakatanga idzva zvoupfumi mutemo pakati Bolsheviks vakanga kutevera anoverengeka zvinangwa zvoupfumi uye enyika:

• Bvisa makakatanwa ari muvanhu, simbisa simba hurumende wechidiki yeSoviet.
• Adzorere upfumi munyika, kuparadzwa zvachose zvichikonzerwa World Wokutanga Civil War.
• Nheyo anobudirira kuronga hwenyika.
• Pakupedzisira, zvinokosha chaizvo kuratidza "yakabudirira" nyika kushanda uye Mvumo kwehurumende itsva, kubva panguva iyoyo Soviet Union yakanga yakasimba dzakawanda zindoga.

Nhasi tichataura pamusoro pekuti musimboti itsva Soviet mutemo wehurumende, uye kurukurai chikuru zvinokonzera coagulation of NEP. nyaya iyi inonakidza zvikuru, nekuti makore mashoma itsva zvoupfumi nomutemo yakakurumbira pakutsvaga zvinhu enyika uye zvoupfumi nemamiriro nyika kwemakumi emakore achauya. Zvisinei, kure nayo, sezvo vangada kuti creators uye havaoni kuti chiitiko ichi.

Musimboti Chiitiko

Sezvazvaiva zvinowanzoitika munyika yedu, kuti NEP wakatangwa nokukasira, kurumidza pamwe kuitwa mitemo yakanga anotyisa, chirongwa pachena kuita, hapana akanga asina. Ziva zvakanaka tsika uye zvakakodzera Implementation pamusoro mutemo mutsva akanga akatakurwa anenge yakakwana. Uye hazvishamisi kuti kwete pasina yakawanda kutongwa uye kukanganisa. Ndizvo chete "madiro" zvoupfumi nokuti private nemauto: zvawanyora iri rakawedzerwa, ipapo anenge pakarepo kujekesa.

Musimboti wacho NEP nomutemo ndechokuti, apo kuramba masimba ayo ari Bolshevik gwara uye kutarisira nemauto zveupfumi mamwe rusununguko, achibvumira paumbwe pamusika ukama. Kutaura zvazviri, mutemo mutsva inogona aionekwa rudzi anomanikidza utongi. Sezvatinoziva ambotaurwa, mutemo waisanganisira zvakawanda zviyero, mazhinji zvaipesana pachena mumwe (zvikonzero izvi kare ataurwa pamusoro apa).

political zvinhu

Kana enyika mhiri, magazini NEP aiva chaiwo Bolshevik autocracy umo kuparadzana zvose munzvimbo iyi zvakasimba woutsinye. Chero zvazvingava, zvarakasiya kubva "centre mutsetse" webato regai chaizvo kugamuchira. Zvisinei, mune zvoupfumi nemauto, mumwe panzvimbo noshamisa Fusion pakati zvenyaya yaiona uye setsikawo pamusika nzira kurima:

• States ngaunyatsobata kudzora pamusoro zvose chokufambisa pehova, hombe uye unosvikirwa maindasitiri.
• Munguva private nemauto pakanga vamwe rusununguko. Saka, vagari anogona vakabvarura nyika, muripo vashandi.
• It akabvumira kukura private capitalism mune dzimwe sectors hwenyika. Panguva iyoyowo pamutemo hwakaipa Zvirongwa zvakawanda kuti capitalism pacharo, iro rinoita yose basa maturo munzira dzakawanda.
• Kunoitawo kuti kurenda emakambani ehurumende.
• Trade yava nekaupenyu vakasununguka. Izvi anotsanangura pfupi yakanaka migumisiro NEP.
• Panguva iyoyowo, pakati mumaguta uye mumaruwa kuti dzikurukure kupokanidzana, zvakaipira ichiripo akanzwa: iri maindasitiri nzvimbo vakapiwa maturusi uye midziyo iro vanhu vaifanira kubhadhara "kurarama" mari, apo muguta pachena akatora chikafu requisitioned nokuda mutero mune mhando. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvakaita kuti rakapotsa uranda vanhuwo zvavo.
• In indasitiri, pakava shoma mari kuti ndizvidavirire.
• Financial kuchinja akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, izvo kuvandudza zvikuru upfumi.
• utariri hwenyika rakanga pamwe decentralized, zvinobva pasimba chehurumende.
• Paiva chimedu mubayiro.
• Pasinei wehurumende ichi regai kupa mumaoko privateers dzakawanda dzaishandiswa, zvichiita ezvinhu munharaunda iyi kwakavandudza zvakare zvinoshamisa.

Kunyange zvakadaro pane zvataurwa, unofanira kubvisa pfungwa pamusoro chii chinokonzera coagulation of NEP kakawanda pasi yakatangira. About pavo isu Iye zvino tichakurukura.

Zvitsaurei Kuedza zvinhu

Vazhinji vose Bolsheviks vakaita tobvuma kuti varimi, cooperatives (pakutanga Guru Patriotic War aiva vaburitsi diki nechokwadi Implementation kwezvirongwa zvokuvakisa), uyewo maindasitiri diki. Asi pano zvinofanira ainyatsonzwisisa kuti zvaidiwa NEP, rakanga pamuviri uye izvo semubairo, akasiyana zvikuru kubva mumwe.

Muchirimo 1920 zviremera vakasvika pakugumisa kuti pakati guta uye nyika ndiyo nyore varonge zvakananga kuchinjana kwenhumbi, nokungoti nokuchinjana midziyo nezvimwe zvinhu kuti maindasitiri kugadzirwa kwezvokudya uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa anobudiswa mumusha. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti NEP kuRussia pakutanga pamuviri sezvo imwe chimiro mutero zvinorwadza, apo varimi aibvumirwa kutengesa yavo yakasara yasara.

Saka Zviremera zvaifunga kuti kukurudzira varimi kuti vawedzere plantings. Zvisinei, kana tikaongorora misi izvi munhoroondo Russian, zvinova pachena kuti wakakwana kukundikana mutemo uyu. Vanhu panguva iyoyo vaifarira vanomumirira sezvo shoma sezvo zvichiita, kwete kuda zvokudya mhirizhonga mumaguta makuru vagari pasina kuwana chimwe chinhu. Kuita kuti kutsamwa vanhuwo zvavo akatadza: kare vakava zvakajeka pakazopera gore, hapana kuwedzera chakakomba yokukohwa haisi kutarisirwa. Kuna NEP mberi, taifanira vamwe inokosha matanho.

dambudziko chikafu

Somugumisiro yechando yaiva enzara yakatsvairwa kumatunhu kuti vari pamba vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 30 kusvika. Vakafa nenzara vanenge mamiriyoni 5.5. The nyika akazviratidza nherera vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri. Kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti maindasitiri nzvimbo chingwa, zvaidiwa kwete makirogiramu asingasviki mamiriyoni 400, uye vazhinji anongoti hariko.

Achishandisa noutsinye nzira, pamwe kare "vakatorera" pakati vanhuwo zvavo akakwanisa kuunganidza mamiriyoni 280 chete. Sezvaunogona kuona, rakafanana chaizvo zvinhu akanga mbiri pakatarisana zvachose pakutanga kuaona Strategy: NEP uye hondo communism. Enzanisa navo zvinoratidza kuti mune zvose zviitiko, varimi vekumaruwa kazhinji vakamanikidzwa kupa pasina rose chirimwa.

Kunyange zamu vatsigiri nemauto komiyunizimu vakaziva kuti zvimwe anoedza fleecing vomumusha kuti chinhu chakanaka haazorambi kuchaguma. Social Makakatanwa amuka zvinoshamisa. Pakazosvika zhizha 1921 zvakava pachena kwazvo kuti unofanira kuva kuwedzera chaiye zvoupfumi rusununguko vemo. Nokudaro, mutemo War chiKomonizimu uye NEP (pakutanga) zvikuru titsigire pane zhinji kumbofungidzira.

kosi Correction

Nokuwa kuti gore, apo chetatu nyika yakanga yava kuda nzara, Bolsheviks akaenda wokutanga basa zvakakomba: pakupedzisira romuMiddle kutengeserana, zvekare nepamusika rakanga rarambidzwa. Muna August 1921, chirevo wakabudiswa pachishandiswa rakanga kushandisa upfumi NEP:

• Sezvatakamboreva, izvozvo akatanga decentralized kurapa maindasitiri. Saka, uwandu nechepakati namapuranga akanga aderedzwa kubva mashanu 16.
• Mabhizimisi vakapiwa mamwe rusununguko munharaunda yokuzvidzora kumusika.
• Not was zvebhizimisi zvaifanira kuvharwa.
• On zvose Hurumende Mazinga pakupedzisira zvechokwadi incentives zvemari vashandi wakatangwa.
• Vatungamiri Bolshevik hurumende kubvuma kuti NEP iri USSR zvinofanira kuva zvechokwadi capitalist, kuchaita kuti zvoupfumi munyika kuburikidza vakarongeka chinokosha-mari, uye kwete yepanyama turnover mari.

Kuti pave nechokwadi kwakakodzera kwerunyararo ukama chinokosha-mari, State Bank, akazaruka mahofisi nokuti nyaya zvikwereti uye kugamuchira mari hwagadzwa muna 1921, uye zvakare akatanga fanira vachibhadharisa pakuchinja kushandisa mabhazi, ruzhinji mabasa uye neteregirafu. Rave rakadzorerwa mutero hurongwa zvachose. Kuti usimbise uye muzadze hurumende bhajeti, rikarova vazhinji zvinhu zvinodhura.

All zvimwe zvinhu zvemari akanga nechinangwa kunoparirwa kusimbisa yenyika mari. Saka, asunungurwe chaiyo mari, Soviet zvidimbu goridhe kwakatangwa muna 1922. Kutaura zvazviri, chaienderana (kusanganisira zviri zvendarama) pakutsiva youmambo gumi. chiyero Izvi akanaka chaizvo zvazvinoita chivimbo Ruble, izvo nokukurumidza akawana kuzivikanwa kunze.

¼ currency idzva inopiwa nesimbi dzinokosha, dzimwe mari dzavatorwa. The ¾ dzasara vaipa kuburikidza wevimbiso manotsi, uyewo vamwe mukuru-kudiwa zvigadzirwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hurumende iri zvachose wairambidza kudzima ndarama mari chakakonzerwa namaneja imwe bhajeti dhefisiti. Vari chinangwa kuvinga zvokudya State Bank remapazi kuti zvimwe wokumwe chinjanai kwema.

Kupokanidzana NEP

Tinofanira kunzwisisa chimwe nyore chinhu: (!), The hurumende itsva haana kuisa chinangwa kuvaka mamwe musika mamiriro venguva pachake. Uchapupu kuti mashoko akakurumbira pamusoro Lenin: "Hapana Kazhinji hatina kuziva ...". Aigara akabvunza kubva shamwari zvakasimba kudzora zvoupfumi urongwa, zvokuti NEP iri USSR akanga kumbogara akazvimirira zvoupfumi chaiyo. Imhaka musoro administrative uye nebato kumanikidza mutemo mutsva haana kupa hafu sezvo yakanaka kuti taigona kutarisira zvimwe.

Kazhinji, NEP uye hondo komiyunizimu, nokuenzanisa kuti zvinowanzotaurwa nevamwe vanyori mune evasingatombonamati kudanana chinoumba mutemo mutsva, akanga akafanana chaizvo, pasinei wokumwe zvingaita. Chokwadi, vakanga kunyanya akafanana kutanga nekutumirwa kwemauto nguva zvoupfumi zvinhu, asi zvino zvakafanana kunogona kurondwa pasina kumbondinetsa.

dambudziko

Nechekare muna 1922 Lenin akati kuti zvimwe zvichemo kuna capitalists vanofanira kumiswa zvachose, kuti NEP akapfuura. Chokwadi akagadzirisa zvinangwa izvi. Nechekare muna 1925, kufadza akabvumidza nhamba revashandi mumapurazi yakawedzera kuti vanhu zana (kare - kwete kupfuura 20). Kulak akanga pamutemo cooperatives, varidzi aigona kuvapa rangano dzavo rendi kwemakore anosvika 12. inorambidza pamusoro pakagadzwa zvikwereti mibatanidzwa, uyewo zvizere sezvo kugadziriswa kubva zvaiita mapurazi (maronda) vakanga rarambidzwa.

Asi kare muna 1926 Bolsheviks kosi enyika, chinangwa raiva nokutorerwa yacho NEP. Vakawanda zvinogadzirisa kuti vanhu vakagamuchira makei, vakanga akabvisa zvachose. Achirwiswa akasimuka zvakare zvibhakera ake, saka kuti pagadzirwe duku vakavigwa anenge zvachose. Pressure pamusoro private mabhizimisi Executives yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma vari muguta uye muruwa. Vakawanda migumisiro NEP vakanga kushanda rurege kushanda nokuti kuti utungamiriri nyika asina ruzivo zvakakwana uye unanimity munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi kuchinja.

nokutorerwa of NEP

Pasinei ose matanho akatorwa kuzvipokanidza zveupfumi bhora vakava zvikuru. Taifanira kusarudza zvokuita inotevera: kuramba kuita nzira dzomunhu oga. zveupfumi kana kubereka pakugwamba NEP vadzokere nzira hondo communism.

Sezvatinoziva, takavakunda vatsigiri nzira yechipiri, yakanga inotungamirwa I. V. Stalin. Kuti neutralize migumisiro chezviyo kuunganidza dambudziko muna 1927, yave inoverengeka administrative matanho: zvakare yekudyidzana akanatsiridzwa muchinangwa kurapa muzinda upfumi nemauto, anenge chakagumisa rusununguko akaitwa zvose nokuda kugadzirwa zvinhu zvakanga yekudyidzana kwakawedzera mitengo. Mukuwedzera, hurumende akarwawo mutero kunowedzera, zvose vanhuwo zvavo, vasina kuda kutora chingwa akatongwa. Kana kusungwa akaita kutorerwa zvakakwana pfuma uye zvipfuwo.

cannibalization varidzi

Saka, chete Volga nharaunda wasungwa varimi vanodarika zviuru 33. Archives dzinoratidza kuti inenge hafu wavo wakarasika ose pfuma. Zvinenge zvose zvokurima michina, raiva iyoyo yakawanikwa mamwe mapurazi makuru vave nechisimba akabvisa mune nyasha mumapurazi.

Kudzidza misi izvi munhoroondo Russian, unogona kuona kuti mumakore iwayo akanga akamira anomukweretesa kuti mabhizimisi madiki, izvo zvakakonzera kuti zvinoodza chaizvo yakaipa ari zvoupfumi zvekutepfenyura zvachose. Zviitiko izvi yaiitwa munyika, dzimwe nguva kusvika pfungwa dzisina musoro. Muna 1928-1929 gg. mapurazi makuru akatanga phasing panze, kutengeswa mombe, zvokushandisa uye michina. Nokurohwa makuru mapurazi zvinangwa zvematongerwe, kuratidza kusabatsira ari maitiro raiti wacho upfumi, kunoderedza nheyo inobereka mauto ari agrarian nemauto munyika.

zvakawanikwa

Saka, chii vari pezvikonzero nokutorerwa ari NEP? Izvi akwanise ne kukuru dzakawanda kuzvipokanidza utungamiriri muduku nyika, izvo chete akabatanidza pamwe zvatinosiita kuedza, asi nzira dzinoshanda kuti inotokonya zvoupfumi of USSR. Pakupedzisira haina kubatsira kunyange yakakura nokusimbaradza administrative kumanikidza private vatengesi, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga asina kuona basa tarisiro kukura warwo kugadzirwa.

Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti NEP hahuna vaviri mwedzi mune zvokurima izvi panopera pakati 20s, kuti bhizimisi rakanga kwete basa pamusoro chete nguva, apo kutengeserana kusvikira mukutanga 30s. Pakupedzisira, muna 1929, zvakanga chisarudzo pamusoro kuyambuka mugovanisi pakukura munyika, iyo vakatsunga kumavirazuva Nguva NEP.

Kukonzera coagulation of NEP iri ndechokuti utungamiri Soviet, achida kukurumidza kuvaka muenzaniso chitsva evanhu, akapa nyika yakapoteredzwa capitalist nyika, aimanikidzirwa kushandisa vanachandagwinyira chaizvo uye zvikuru kuvengwa nzira.