Jerusarema: nhoroondo matsvene nheyo guta

Munhau yose yevanhu pane zvakawanda maguta vanozivikanwa vaiva. Zvisinei, chinonyanya inoshamisa kwavari Jerusarema. Nhoroondo nzvimbo ino anozivikanwa zvikuru nehondo pane zvimwe vakawanda nzvimbo panyika. Pasinei neizvi, guta rakapona uye huchiri kungobudirira nhasi, chisikwa chakavanzika kuna matatu zvitendero.

Nhoroondo Jerusarema rekare munguva dohanaansky

Sezvinoratidzwa matongo zvakawanikwa munzvimbo guta dzvene, asi kugarwa vanhu vokutanga vave pano kunyange kwemakore 3000 Kristu asati. Wokutanga kutaurwa zita reguta rakanyorwa Mikoko kudzokera Rushalimum XIX-XVIII emakore BC. e. Zvichida vagere Jerusarema, kunyange panguva iyoyo vakanga vari hondo navaEgipita, sezvo zita reguta racho rakanyorwa pamariro zvinyorwa anotuka kuIjipiti vavengi.

About Nezvekwakabva zita musha kuenda yakasiyana shanduro. Saka, tanga runoonekwa kuti zita Irushalem, zvichiratidza kuti guta rakanga pasi kudzivirira imwe yekare huMwari. Mune dzimwe mipumburu zita chokuita neshoko "runyararo" ( "Shalom"). Asi mubhuku rokutanga reBhaibheri, Jerusarema anonzi Shalem, zvinoreva "vaKanani." Izvi imhaka yokuti vaJudha muguta vaiva kumarudzi wechihedheni vechiKenani.

Jerusarema navaKanani nguva

History muJerusarema panguva ino, kunyange zvazvo rine zvishoma Akanyorwa uchapupu, asi izere zviitiko zvinonakidza. Saka, kuva guta-mamiriro, Jerusarema akaita basa rinokosha mudunhu. Ivo vanotonga madzimambo imba youmambo, iyo anoita basa ravapristi, uye risingazivikanwi nouMwari - vaichengetedza kweguta.

Muna XIV- XII remakore BC. e. madzinza ane gumi nemaviri aIsraeri vakadzoka kubva kuIjipiti. Vachitungamirirwa naJoshua, akakunda guta-mamiriro, anotyora kurwisa madzimambo mashanu yakavakidzana, vakabatana kuzorwa navo. Zvisinei, ari kurwisa vemo kwakanga kushingaira uye vasingakwanisi kuchengeta guta, vaJudha ape vanhu vake navaJebhusi.

Jerusarema - guru raMambo Dhavhidhi

Kwemakore, akagara pasi pesimba vaJebhusi Jerusarema. Nhoroondo yeguta iri nguva haana kusanganisira anokosha pfungwa - dzose hondo pakati pavaJudha uye vaJebhusi mavarova. Zvisinei, chete X remakore BC. e. achitungamirirwa naMambo Dhavhidhi, guta rakanga pakupedzisira kukundwa nevaJudha. VaJebhusi vakanga vadzingwa kubva chinokosha Jerusarema, asi kwenguva refu nguva vakanga vachiri kurarama noruwa.

Vakurira Jerusarema, David akazivisa guta pfuma worudzi rwaJudha, iye ari. Uyezve, pamusoro kwenguva, izvozvo akawana chinzvimbo Jerusarema, guta guru roumambo. With sangano vaJudha muguta utsvene, Areka yesungano, akatanga nhoroondo Jerusarema somuzinda yechitendero.

Mambo David mumakore ake okutonga, zvaaita zvikuru kukura muguta. Asi chaizvoizvo "parera" Jerusarema akatanga mukutonga mwanakomana wake - Soromoni. Mambo uyu akavaka temberi yakanaka, iyo kwemakore kuchengeta areka yesungano. Uyewo, apo Soromoni vaJebhusi vakanga pakupedzisira vadzingwa muguta, uye Jerusarema pacharo akava mumwe vakapfuma nemisha yacho. Zvisinei, pashure pokufa kwaSoromoni akawanikwa wakafanira mugamuchiri, uye umambo vaJudha yakakamurwa dzikava mbiri inoti: North uye South. Akaramba ari nhaka yaDhavhidhi youmambo, achitonga kumaodzanyemba umambo Jerusarema.

Nhoroondo guta dzvene mumakore kuuya - mazita yehondo. Saka, mumakore asingasviki gumi pashure pokufa kwaSoromoni, mambo muIjipiti kuzorwa neJerusaremu. Kuponesa yomukatikati, anotonga mambo Rehobhoamu kubhadhara rudzikinuro hombe, nokudaro kuparadza upfumi kweguta.

Mumakore akatevera mazana maviri nemakore, Jerusarema yakakundwa zvishoma zvinoparadzwa mutongi woumambo hwokumusoro vaJudha, uye gare gare - nevaSiriya. Munguva muEgipita hweBhabhironi hondo tsvene guta muchidimbu nhengo vaEgipita, uye zvadaro yakakundwa nevaBhabhironi. Mukutsiva nokuda kwokumukira vaJudha kuBhabhironi, Nebhukadhinezari mutongi vakaparadza guta rinenge pasi, uye vakawanda vacho kuutapwa munyika yavo.

Nguva Temple Yechipiri

Nebhukadhinezari pashure pokuparadzwa kweJerusarema makumi manomwe makore yakanga isina. History wevaJudha, vachiendeswa kuBhabhironi, kwemakore azere zvinoshamisa mienzaniso heroism uye kuvimbika kuna chitendero chavo uye tsika. Jerusarema kwavari wava chiratidzo rusununguko, uye saka vari kurota kudzokera uye vaigadzirise. Zvisinei, vaJudha kwakadaro mukana akapiwa chete pashure pokukundwa vaBhabhironi nevaPezhiya. Mambo Koreshi wePezhiya akabvumira vazukuru vaAbrahamu kudzokera kumusha nokuvakazve Jerusarema.

Makore 88 pashure pokuparadzwa kweguta dzvene, rakanga zvishoma yakadzorerwa, kunyanya temberi, iyo yakatanga kuita mhemberero zvakare. Mumazana emakore akatevera mashanu, kusvikira kwaJesu, akapfuura kubva mukundi mumwe Jerusarema. Nhoroondo guta dzvene iyi - chiri kumbobvira-kupedza hondo yevaJudha kuzvimiririra, izvo hakuna kubudirira. The IV remakore BC. e. Jerusarema yakakundwa Aleksandrom Makedonskim, uye gare gare - mutsivi wake Ptolemy I. Pasinei kuvimba vaGiriki uye vaIjipiti, vaJudha vaiva kuzvionera, izvo akabvumira vaIsraeri vabudirire.

Muzana II remakore BC. e. Rinotanga Hellenization chevanhu kweJerusarema. Temple vakapamba uye akava tsvene mwari mukuru Zeus vaGiriki. Izvi zvinokonzera vaJudha vakawanda okutsutsumwa kuti yazova kumukira rinotungamirirwa Judah Maccabee. Vapanduki vanokwanisa kubata Jerusarema uye munatse temberi echihedheni vachinamatwa.

Jerusarema mumazuva aJesu Kristu. Roman uye Byzantine nguva

In pakati I remakore BC. e. Zvinonzi ava mumwe enyika hweRoma, Jerusarema. Nhoroondo guta panguva iyi izere zviitiko zvinokosha zvikuru kwose kwose uye nesimba zvitendero zvenyika - Christianity. Pashure pezvose, paitonga mambo weRoma akaberekerwa Octavian Augustus Iisus Hristos (muJerusarema yaitongwa naMambo Herodhi Mukuru). Akararama makore 33 chete, nokuda shanje uye anonyengera kwevatungamiriri vechitendero vechiJudha akarovererwa muJerusarema paGomo paKarivhari.

Amuka uye akwira vadzidzi vaKristu kuparadzira dzidziso dzake. Zvisinei, vaJudha pachavo akaita zvakaipa kune chitendero chitsva uye vakatanga kumanikidza hama dzavo, vanozviti naye. Kuramba hope rusununguko yechipiri yezana Ini remakore, vaJudha vakamukira. Kwemakore 4 ivo vakabata Jerusarema kusvikira simba muRoma, akauya Kesari Titus, uyo noutsinye akakurira yemuna, akapisa temberi uye akaparadza guta. Mashomanana emakore, Jerusarema rakanga rava matongo.

Paitonga Kesari Hadrian ari Roman muhutongi Aelia Capitolina chakatangwa ungwandangwanda guta. Nokuda nyangadzi yokuparadza veguta dzvene vaJudha zvakare vakamukira uye anenge 3 years wakaitwa muJerusarema. Kana guta akadzokera vaRoma, vaJudha pasi marwadzo rufu rambidzwa kurarama mairi, uye paKarivhari vakatanga kuvaka temberi Venus (Aphrodite).

Mushure chiKristu akava chitendero pamutemo muumambo hwacho, Jerusarema rakanga zvakare kuvakwazve varayirwa Constantine. temberi vechihedheni zvakaparadzwa, uye nzvimbo kuuraya uye kuvigwa muviri waKristu rakadzikwa machechi echiKristu. VaJudha vava kubvumirwa kushanyira guta chete isingawanzowanikwi mazororo.

Paitonga ari Byzantine vatongi Julian, Evdokia uye Justinian Jerusarema rikabudirira zvakare, achiva guru chiKristu. KuvaJudha vakanga vaitira nani uye dzimwe nguva kubvumidzwa kugara muguta dzvene. Zvisinei, muzana remakore VII, vaJudha vakabatana nevaPezhiya akakunda Jerusarema uye vakaparadza vazhinji tsvene vechiKristu. Pashure pemakore 16, guta guru rakanga aizokundwa Byzantines uye akadzinga vaJudha.

Jerusarema muutongi navaArabhu

Pakafa muprofita Muhammad izvo yaakasimbisa admirers yechitendero, chiIslam, dzinotungamirirwa ari Caliph Omar akandosungawo Jerusarema. Sezvo kwemakore akawanda, guta rinoramba riri mumaoko navaArabhu. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti dzichiisa chechi, kuti vaMuslim haana kuparadza dzokunamatira nezvimwe zvitendero. Ivowo akabvumira vaKristu uye vaJudha vararame uye kunyengetera zvino guta guru kare zvitendero zvitatu. Kubva VIII remakore zvishoma nezvishoma Jerusarema kurasikirwa rayo guru mamiriro nokuda navaArabhu. Mukuwedzera, kusvikira vasvike Dzorudzidziso havana kurega hondo chitendero muguta.

The kukunda Jerusarema nokuda Dzorudzidziso. Mamluk kumwedzi

Pakupera XI remakore, musoro Catholic Church Urban II akatanga kukunda Jerusarema nokuda Dzorudzidziso Knights. Zvaakanga pakugona guta, Hondo Tsvene izvozvo ravo guru, uye richivezwa vose maArab vaJudha. In makore Knights Templar muguta mangwanani rakanga wapera, asi nokukurumidza vakakwanisa kudzikamisa upfumi Jerusarema tichiregeredza pakati Mapilgrim akawanda kubva Europe. VaJudha uye VaMuslim kurarama pano kurambidzwa zvakare.

Pashure pokukundwa guru Saladin dzechitendero, izvozvo kamwe zvakare akava muMuslim. Anoedza Dzorudzidziso tora Jerusarema akakundikana. Mumakore 30-40 ari XIII remakore cheguta chakakamurwa pakati pevaKristu uye vaMuslim. Asi nokukurumidza Khorezm mauto guta uiparadze.

Kubva pakati pezana remakore XIII, Egypt yakakundwa Muslim Mamluks. Makore 60 vaiva kuJerusarema. Nepo vaJudha vari zvakare anokwanisa kudzoka kunyika yokumusha kwavo. Zvisinei, Tichitarisa kukura kwoupfumi muguta iyi haisi kugamuchira.

Jerusarema chikamu hweTurkey. City nokuda UK zviremera

XVI remakore kwakaratidza ichatonga zvine mbiri hweOttoman Empire. Sultan Selim Ndakakwanisa kukunda guta dzvene dzezvitendero matatu, uye mwanakomana wake Suleiman kare mubasa rokuvakazve Jerusarema. Nokufamba kwenguva, mashoko Sultan akabvumira Mapilgrim yechiKristu Mutsvene City.

Kwapera makore, Jerusarema kupera panoonekwa vokuTurkey somuzinda yechitendero uye zvishoma aparara, achiva mumwe nhare kutsigira pamusoro madzinza anongofamba. Asi dzinouya upfumi hwayo kuzivikanwa nemateru nezvisingafadzi. Kwemakore, chikuru chinhu mari vava Mapilgrim, rinova zvakawanda. Pano vakavaka nzvimbo dzakakwirira kuti vaMuslim, vaJudha uye siyana nemasangano dzechiKristu.

Guta guru zvitendero zvitatu ndezvaJehovha vokuTurkey kusvikira 1917, apo hweOttoman Empire, dzarasika Yenyika Yokutanga, rakaparadzwa. Kubva panguva iyoyo kusvikira 1948, Jerusarema yaitongwa Britain. Hurumende yeBritain vakaedza kupa mukana wokurarama murugare vatendi vose, zvisinei sangano. Uyezve, vaJudha vaigona zvino kugara guta ravo yekare. Saka, mumakore gumi anotevera nhamba yavo yakawedzera, akabatsira kuti zvoupfumi kweguta.

Asi pakazosvika okuma30 vaMuslim, tichicherechedza kukura vechiJudha uye kutya kurasikirwa neropafadzo dzavo, vakatanga kumuka. Mumakore akatevera nokuda vakawanda Arab-Jewish kupesana muguta akauraya mazana vanhu. Pakupedzisira, vokuBritain, pamwe kubatsirwa United Nations kusarudza kuti Jerusarema rive guta akasununguka, apo vanogona kurarama vose vaJudha uye navaArabhu.

The kwevaJudha muJerusarema. Jerusarema ano

guta dzakawanda Ads vatsvene vakatadza kumisa Arab-Israeli kurwisana, izvo nokukurumidza kwakawedzera kuhondo. Somugumisiro, muna 1948 Israeri akava yakazvimirira nyika, iyo kwabva West Jerusarema, asi panguva imwe chete, iyo nzvimbo inonzi Old City, akanga inotongwa Transjordan.

Pashure pemakore zvehondo siyana uye zvibvumirano kuti kana maArab kana vaJudha havana zvakasangana, muna 1967, Jerusarema yakabatana uye zita guta guru hwaIsraeri. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti muna 1988 vaIsraeri akanzi guta guru yeParistina uye kuchiri pamutemo nhengo kwayo. Zvisinei, zvose zvingaitwa dzichiri asina kuzivikanwa nenyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira United Nations.

Nhasi, pasinei dzakawanda nharo pamusoro Amenities veguta, zvinonzi navanhu nevamiririri vemarudzi akawanda. Kuwedzera Hebrew, Arabic, German uye Chirungu, kunewo Russian munharaunda. Sezvo guta guru zvitendero zvitatu, Jerusarema rizere mumachechi dzechiJudha uye dzechiKristu uye mosques Muslim yakavakwa eras siyana. Nemhaka ushanyi uye akarongeka gadziriro guta Kutarisira Jerusarema nhasi kuwedzera.

kuungudza rusvingo

Tisingatauri kunozivikanwa Western Wall, achitarisa nhoroondo guta dzvene, nokuti nzvimbo iyi kunoita kushanyira vasvika mumwe muJerusarema. Kuungudza Wall (nhoroondo vaJudha vaiziva sezvamakaudzwa Western Wall) - ndiro chete chikamu Temple Second chimiro, hwakawanda huripo. Riri pedyo reTemberi Mount muTestamende City. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pagomo iri kamwe muvambi wavaJudha, Abrahamu akanga ava kuda kubayira mwanakomana wake Isaka.

Pasinei kuparadzwa reusable muguta, kuWestern Wall acharamba uye akava chiratidzo ketariro kuvaJudha neukukutu. Kubva panguva yokuparadzwa kweJerusarema mambo wechiRoma Titus, kuWestern Wall akava nzvimbo yokunyengeterera pakuchema vaJudha. Mumakore 19 (kubva 1948), navaArabhu haana kubvumira vaJudha kunzvimbo ino tsvene. Asi rusununguko, mamiriyoni vechinamato vezvitendero zvose zvose gore kuuya pano. Maererano netsika dzechiJudha, nzvimbo pedyo parusvingo dzakaparadzaniswa rusvingo duku, varume nevakadzi akanyengetera vachiravana. Uyewo akakurumbira pakati vashanyi tsika kusiya pakati yekare zvidhinha manotsi pamwe dzaunoda nokuchiva.

Museum "Jerusarema Idzva,": nhoroondo wemamongi

With kuitwa chiKristu muUmambo hweRoma, kufarira muJerusarema yawedzera. Mushure erection temberi Mutsvene weguva apo vatongi vazhinji vaida kuvaka chechi dzavo munyika musha, rakafanana kuJerusarema. Kubvira ipapo, temberi dzose kana yemamongi, yakavakwa nemufananidzo Mutsvene weguva, yainzi "Jerusarema Idzva,". History rakazara vakadaro Jerusarema Idzva, wakazonzi reKarivhari. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti European Karivhari kazhinji zvakakopwa pacharo guta dzvene, kwete zano temberi.

Asi muna Russia iri pakutanga XVII remakore kubudikidza Patriarch Nikon , pedo Moscow akavaka yakatofanana Mutsvene muhwiro Jerusarema, uyewo yemamongi rinonzi "The New Jerusalem." Nhoroondo wemamongi hwunopfuura matatu nehafu emakore. Yakanga iri 1652nd, kuvakwa wemamongi zvakaoma chakatangwa, iyo aifanira kuva chaiyo yakatofanana matsvene zvose nzvimbo dzechiKristu muJerusarema. Kwemakore gumi, Nikon wakayera kuvakwa uye kushongedzwa wemamongi. Zvisinei, gare gare, tateguru ndokuwira kunyadziswa, uye vokupedzisira zvokukura kuvakwa wemamongi rapera pasina iye.

Kuva kwete chete chimwe chezvinhu akanaka, asi vakapfuma dzemamongi iri Russian Empire, Jerusarema Idzva airamba kushayisa nyika Holdings. Asi aigona kuitwa chete yaitonga Peter I. Sezvineiwo, pamwe pamukwidzwa choumambo mwanasikana wake Elizabeth, iyo wakagara pasi private patronage, wemamongi raibudirira kamwe zvakare. Nguva iyi kubudirira kana wemamongi anazvo 22 zviuru maeka munyika uye vanopfuura 10 00 vanhuwo zvavo, wakanga uri wenguva pfupi. Pashure pokutonga Catherine II panguva kushaya ari kuchinja nyika varidzi machechi uye dzimba dzemamongi yemamongi chakarasikirwa dzakawanda zvavo, uye kwakange chete nokuda vafambi uye mipiro. Sezvineiwo, nhamba yavo yakawedzera kubva gore negore. Asi pamwe pakuvaka njanji mukupera XIX remakore nhamba vechinamato nokuti gore kupfuura vanhu zviuru makumi matatu.

Pashure Revolution, muna 1919, nyaya "Jerusarema Idzva," riri hwakakanganiswa, sezvazvakanyorwa kuvharwa. Uye makore matatu gare gare akazarura Kunsthistorisches Museum panzvimbo yayo. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri German occupiers rakavhuvhuta zvivako zvakawanda munharaunda yacho miziyamu yakaoma, kunyanya, ari Cathedral Yorumuko. Pashure pokukunda rukaporeswa nezvivakwa zhinji, uye muna 1959 miziyamu yakavhurwazve kune veruzhinji.

Pashure pokuwa Soviet Union muna 1993-1994, pashure refu kwakadzama, miziyamu kukava yemamongi. Zvisinei, muna ayo munharaunda yakapfuurira kurarama Museum uye Exhibition Complex anonzi "New Jerusalem." Nhasi, sezvo zana apfuura, vafambi vanobva pose pano kwete chete kuti kuyemura ichi zvinoshamisa Monument pamusoro mapurani, asiwo kunyengetera.

Nokuti rudo vanhu kurwa, maguta makuru mazhinji akapfuura yaparadzwa, uye ikozvino panzvimbo yavo mamwe matongo. Sezvineiwo, akatambura yakasiyana wematambudziko guta zvitendero zvitatu - Jerusarema. Nhoroondo guta rino chine gumi nezvitanhatu chakakomba zvakakanganisika, uye nguva imwe neimwe, kufanana ngano shiri Phoenix, Jerusarema akamuka kubva madota. Nhasi, guta riri kubudirira, dzichikoka vakundi zvose nemaziso avo kuona nzvimbo kwaaigara uye akaparidza Iisus Hristos.