Warsaw chimurenga. The Second World War. nyaya

Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga muna 1939 uye rakapedzwa muna 1945. Mumakore nguva yose kurwa vakauraya vazhinji, kunyanya vakakuvadzwa, zhinji chinoshayikwa. In neimwe nguva yokurwisana akanga magamba ayo uye gakava unhu. Marudzi ose wemasangano vachirwa nomumwe nokuda yokumusha kwake, asingaregi upenyu. Kwakanga kusina Kusara uye yerusununguko muPoland. An chinokosha iyi kwaiva 1944 Warsaw Mhirizhonga. Pairi pane kurukurirano kusvikira nhasi. Zvinokonzera Migumisiro chiitiko ichi akasiyana chaizvo dudziro.

A Nhoroondo pfupi pre-hondo Poland

Mushure First World War wokuPoland, pane ndichibvunza kutamburira simba. Chete kusvikira 1926 pakava neshanduko Government 5. The post-hondo zvoupfumi akanga simba chaizvo, vanhu vakawedzera Kusagutsikana. Against ichi nechekumashure, paiva nevapanduki J. Pilsudski. Somugumisiro, akava mukuru weuto, uye akasarudzwa mutungamiri Ignatsi Mostsitsky. Kutaura zvazviri, munyika kumisa yemauto udzvinyiriri. Zvinotevera Makore muPoland ndiye kukura kwacho. Muna 1935, pasi bumbiro idzva, vakawanda kodzero zvaitambidzwa purezidhendi. Uye 1938 akaona pokufa Communist Party.

Germany akaisa mberi wandei zvinoda Poland, izvozvo ichikutadzisa rusununguko muna 1938. Mushure kuramba kwavo, September 1 1939 , mauto eGermany akatanga kurwa. Nechekare September 27 zvisingaiti eGermany akapinda Warsaw. Papera vhiki capitulated wokupedzisira Polish makuru reuto, uye nharaunda yose muPoland aiva pasi basa. On nyika inogarwa nyika paiva dzakawanda evapanduki kufamba. Idzi dzinosanganisira: Army Ludowa, Home Army, siyana akazvimirira remagandanga kufamba. Zvakanga avo yaitungamirira Warsaw Mhirizhonga kuti 1944.

Nzvimbo mauto pamberi Warsaw Mhirizhonga

Mauto Soviet muna 1944, akatungamirira tsamwisa pamusoro fronts zvose. A varwi mazuva mashoma akafamba 600 makiromita. Ibva mberi vakanga rakapotsa kubviswa kubva zvokuyamura. Air simba akanga asati suduruka kusvika pedo aéroports mberi. Maererano nepurani, kusunungurwa Warsaw raizoitirwa pachiuno maviri 1st chiBelorussia Front. Kusvikira pakutanga August, varwi vakauya Mafuro Warsaw - Prague. Izvi zvinoitwa kuti mberi 2nd Guards Tank Army. Nokukurumidza, akanga akatarisana aine pakaunda-tsamwisa hondo German, iyo awana simba chinokosha - maererano mamwe manyuko, paiva 5 warrior mapoka German. The Soviet Army akamanikidzwa mira uye kutanga mupomerwi. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti kuti kurwisa Soviet amira nekuda chiitiko ichi, uye ndinoiitawo varwi dzikaziya 600-kiromita refu uzvirasire. Vamwe vari muchiuto nhoroondo vaongorori vanoti mauto utungamiri mumunhu Stalin haana kuda kupa rubatsiro kune vokuPoland nemishonga, uyo vakatanga Warsaw Mhirizhonga pamusoro 1944 kuti.

Pakutanga yemuna

August 1, guta guru kwePoland chimurenga rakatanga. Akaronga mupanduki ake National Army. Munhoroondo Warsaw varipo uyewo mazuva vatema uye chena. Ndeupi wavo kupona ichi kwenguva, mubvunzo zvakawanda. Pashure bhero pane imwe machechi vatanga kurwira kusunungurwa guta kubva nechisimba German. Vomumuzinda vakarashika kutanga Warsaw Mhirizhonga uye pakutanga vakanga zvachose kwete vakagadzirira iye. Pasina nguva, vapanduki akakwanisa kumedura muguta centre uye kumisa kuzvidzora zvakazara pamusoro payo. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo Poles vakatadza andobata yemauto yendege uye chikuru mabhiriji mhiri korwizi. Oklemalas vokuGermany akakanda kurwisa zvinokosha mauto uye akadzinga vapanduki kubva munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Kunyange mushure inoitwa kuunganidza nhamba Army Regional zvikuru yakapfumisa, kuti ruoko vanhu vakanga chinhu. Muna 34 zvikuru chinhu asunungurwa 383 vasungwa kubva mumusasa vakabatwa panguva yokutanga chokutambudzika 1944 Warsaw Mhirizhonga. Kubvira vapanduki vakatanga kuridza. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti pazuva kumukirawo wokutanga guerrillas vakarasika anenge 2,000 vanodzima. Saka vazhinji vakaparara uye vanhuwo zvavo. Vakatora mumigwagwa uye vaitsigira kupandukira sezvo kwavaigona: kwezvinovharidzira, kupfuura vapanduki kuburikidza pachivande tunnels, akapa uchenjerere varwi vakakuvadzwa. Sezvo vose vanhu ava vakanga vasina kurwa ruzivo, ivo vaiva vakaurayiwa kubhomba uye kutokonora wokutanga.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro miganhu Army

Military boka, kuita pamusoro kunharaunda kwePoland panguva Second World War, raiva zita miganhu Army. Zvakanga omurume hurumende Polish, izvo 1939 vakasiya nyika uye akaramba mabasa avo muLondon. Nemishonga AK akawedzera rose nenharaunda yose Poland wayo chikuru Vavariro ndiyo kundorwa occupiers German. zviitiko kudhumhana dzaro mauto eSoviet kazhinji kwakaitika. Vamwe mhosva kuti AK achiedza kuparadza Ukrainian nyika mauto.

Nhamba huru varwi muchiuto dzakabatana dzaiva 1944 - vanhu vanenge zviuru 380 .. In ayo mamiriro, rakakamurwa yakapamba - kubatanidzwa County uye dunhu. Nemamiriro kwaisanganisira AK ungwaru, sabhoteji dzakabatana. Apo Warsaw Mhirizhonga miganhu Army basa raiva nokusunungura kubva vokuGermany guta kusvikira pakasvika mauto eSoviet.

Little pamusoro Warsaw

Warsaw - guta guru European nyika ine akapfuma uye zvinorwadza nhoroondo. Taundi rine yakatangira kumwe pakati XIII remakore. Just ipapo paiva wokutanga guru akavakirirwa. kugarwa pamusoro nharaunda remangwana Warsaw. Muna 1526, pashure pokufa Prince Mazowiecki guta akanga chokuita umambo yokuPoland uye akaenda ndima ose nemisha zvakanaka. Panoperera mavambo XVI XVII emakore Warsaw anova guru kwePoland. Zvakaitika nokuda yakakunakira nenzvimbo nzvimbo yeguta, uyewo evasingatombonamati enyika zvikonzero.

Pakupera ari XVIII remakore Warsaw akapfuura pakutanga Prussia. Ikoko akagara pfupi uye atova 1807 pashure pokukundwa Napoleon, uto Prussian yakaumbwa Duchy kuna Warsaw. Asi haupo kuvapo muna 1813. Zvino pashure mukukunda mauto eRussia pamusoro Napoleon. Saka vakatanga nhoroondo mutsva Poland. Muchidimbu, ichi nguva rinogona kuzivikanwa somunhu padanho iri kurwira rusununguko. Asi yemuna muna 1830 uye 1863 wakaguma kukundwa uye kurasikirwa kunyange illusory kuzvionera.

Hondo Yenyika I Poland, pakupedzisira, zvakare kuwana kwavo mamiriro. Zvakatanga nguva kukura nyika rose uye Warsaw zvikuru. Kuvaka Dzimba itsva uye nharaunda yose. Panguva iyi, map Warsaw ave yekudyidzana zvakawedzera.

Muna 1939, munyika wokutanga, iyo Akatsoropodzwa Germany, kwaiva Poland. Warsaw vakawanda mana vhiki akatungamirira dzisakarurama tinorwisana zvisingaiti, asi mauto akanga dzisakarurama, uye guta guru vakawira. Pakarepo, guta riri kuumbwa chinhu pachivande kufamba kundorwa nechisimba. Kuunganidza simba rake, neMapurotesitenzi of Home Army, uyewo dzinoverengeka zana vanhu kubva People Uto akasarudza muna 1944 kusvika kwazvakarerekera.

mapato nezvombo

Warsaw District miganhu Army akaverenga varwi vanenge 30 000, yaiva anenge kaviri sezvo vokuGermany. Asi zvombo Mapurotesitenzi zvakanaka akapotsa haana. Vaiva nepfuti 657 chete, vamwe 47 zvigwagwagwa, 2.629 nepfuti, 50,000 magirinedhi uye zvishoma kupfuura 2500 pfuti. Nokuti vakawanda kudaro wehondo yaiva zvishomanana. Tinogona kutaura kuti nevarwi vehurumende vakasarudza kurwa nemaoko ane nguva hondo simba German.

Germany, vakatanga mumusiye pasi kufurirwa mauto eSoviet, akabva azochinja uye ndovavarira wakabata kudzivirira warsaw kudhonza nokuti muguta uye kumucheto vakawanda zvombo. Nokudaro, boka German raiva 600 nokuzvidzora propelled pfuti uye matangi, pfuti vanenge 1158 uye mumaturi, uyewo kumwe 52 zviuru varwi.

In Warsaw pachayo pamwe Mapurotesitenzi vakarwa mapurisa kambani:

• Cossacks sorutivi 69 rechiuto;
• Vamabhiza 3rd rechiuto;
• Russian 29th Division of SS;
• Muslim hondo nokupesana;
• Ukrainian rechiuto emapurisa;
• Russian Liberation People Uto (RONA) Kaminski;
• Azerbaijani hondo.

zvematongerwo nzvimbo

Paaiva kuPoland, paiva vaviri rinopikisa misasa enyika. Chokutanga - the Lublin Committee, iro rakaumbwa muguta Chelm nezviremera veSoviet pamugumo July 1944. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti pane imwe nguva hondo Poles, vaitsigira hurumende iyi, pasi zvavo murayiro rechiuto. Pashure pehondo, dare aifanira kutora kudzora nyika pachayo.

The anorwisana Simba raiva nezviito hurumende wePolish, izvo kubva pakutanga hondo yakanga yasiyiwa muLondon. It vaiona pachayo chete chepamutemo simba. History of Poland muchidimbu rinotaura kuti hurumende iri mudare wePolish wakazara vapanduki sangano, kusanganisira miganhu Army. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha S. Mikolajczyk akanga kuzosunungura Warsaw kubva pamusha vasati vasvika simba Soviet, kuti pachava yakazvimirira kwePoland pashure pehondo. 1944 kwakanga kusarudza kuti chinangwa.

Mumwe nomumwe pamisasa vaida, mune chokwadi, mumwe chete - kusunungurwa kubva neGermany. Asi kana Lublin Committee akaona remangwana kwePoland pasi protectorate Soviet, hurumende London akaita pfungwa zvakawanda pamusoro West.

The counterattack pakati vokuGermany uye kudzivirira guta rekare

Mushure vokuGermany oklemalis uye akagamuchira vavabatsire, akatanga pamwero mukuru uye utsinye kudzvinyirira of Warsaw Mhirizhonga. Mauto vakakanda kwezvinovharidzira, iyo vapanduki akabatsira kuvaka vanhuwo zvavo, matangi midziyo. Mberi nechisimba dzakamanikidzwa kuenda unarmed vanhu, uye pachavo akamira shure kwavo. The imba umo anofungidzirwa midzi guerrillas rakavhuvhuta pamwe vacho ikoko. Maererano rokutanga vanofungidzira muvhiki yokutanga yemuna, richiuraya anenge 50,000 zvavo. Tinogona kutaura kuti Warsaw mepu akanga asingasviki zviviri, sezvo avo rakaparadzwa.

The militiamen zvikakandirwa Old City, apo vakanga huru simba. Nokuda yakamanikana mumigwagwa, mudzimba uye tunnels Poles vakarwa chaizvo kuti imba imwe neimwe. Kurutivi rwezasi veboka revarwi vairinda yaiva Church, iyo yava yevhiki mbiri, apo kushandisa bhomba haana kuparadzwa zvachose. Kuchamhembe mazuva 10, vakanga vachirwira raMwari Ian chipatara. Krasiński mumuzinda yaiva kumadokero mupomerwi nzvimbo emo, zvakagara kupfuura, saka kuti vapanduki vanenge 5,000 kushandisa ndima pevhu yamambo, vakatamira kune dzimwe mumaruwa Warsaw.

August 28, nekutora mumwe counterattack yakadaro, mauto emagandanga anenge zvose muruwa yekare zvakaparadzwa. Akakuvadzwa masoja veGermany utsinye anodzvinyirirwa matangi. Uye vaya vakabatwa, varume vanenge 2000, vakauraya uye kupiswa. September 2 guta rekare kudzivirira rakanga woutsinye zvachose.

Aviasnabzhenie

Kunyange risati ratanga kwazvakarerekera, hurumende Polish yakumbira rubatsiro Mapurotesitenzi chombo zvakakodzera. Saka, mukuvamba August ndege British kuitwa sorties akawanda. hombe wandei ndege vakaparadzwa nechisimba, vamwe vakadzokera chawo. transporters chete vashoma vakakwanisa nendege Warsaw uye uremu. Nokuda mukuru kukwira pamusoro zvombo dzakawira vokuGermany, uye chete vashoma zvenyika zvasvika. A chinokosha kukanganisa zvinhu izvozvo aisagona.

US Air Force akabvunza vatungamiri Soviet Union mvumo kunyika ndege yavo USSR mamwe nerubatsiro Poles. The chikumbiro akarambwa. Zvikonzero pokuramba, mumwe bato zvichishandurwa zvakasiyana. Stalin akazivisa kuti Warsaw yemuna - iri bheja, uye haadi kuti kutora chikamu mairi.

avhiyesheni Soviet vakatanga kutsigira vapanduki kumwe muna 13 September. Nokuda kusunungurwa zvombo kubva pasi kuzvikomo, kubudirira rubatsiro kwakadaro kwave zvikuru kupfuura reBritain neAmerica. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, ndege Soviet akaita anopfuura zana sorties pamusoro Warsaw.

The pakati chokutambudzika yemuna

September 9 Bor-Komorowski inoita kuedza kutanga kutaurirana vokuGermany kuzvipira. Avo pakupindura kuvimbisa kuti funga miganhu Army masoja vasungwa. Panguva iyoyowo, mauto eSoviet kuti inogumbura, nokuda iro vokuGermany vaifanira kurega mhiri Vistula, akapisa mazambuko shure kwavo. Hwokuda mberi chinotangira mauto, matanda vachiri mukaramba kuzvipira uye mberi kumukira zvavo nezvombo. Asi September rechi14 mauto eSoviet amira zvakare. Saka, kwazvakarerekera mune blockade kwakakwana uye vashomanana muzvitoro kutanga -buda.

Nokuti vapanduki mid-September rwakanga rwakakura nzvimbo mashoma. Mhiri guta makanga kungotamburira nokuda imba ose uye zvose munda. The Polish Chikamu mauto akaedza kumanikidzira Vistula River, zvichiguma anenge mashanu battalions akakwanisa. Zvinosuruvarisa, midziyo uye zvokushandisa havana kukwanisa naanotevera, saka zvakanga imwe bheja mhando. September 23 pevane masimba muvengi vakakanda zvidimbu izvi kumashure. Masoja Polish nezvinhu yairema anenge 4000 vanodzima. Zvadaro, varwi zvikamu izvi pakataurwa Soviet murayiro mibayiro kuti umhare hondo.

Kukundwa uye capitulation

Kusiyiwa pasina rutsigiro akaramba Mapurotesitenzi haangavi refu. Saka, musi waSeptember 24, masoja eGermany yakatanga kudenhwa Mokotów, iyo ravane mazuva matatu chete. September 30 nechisimba vakakunda okupedzisira muzinda kurwisa muna Żoliborz. Bor-Komorowski October 1 akarayira munhu zvipere-moto, uye zuva rakatevera vakagamuchira mashoko mapfumo pasi, izvo zvinenge pakarepo akanga chibharo zvisingaiti German. Saka akagumisa Warsaw kumukirawo.

Munguva kurwa, hondo evapanduki kuti Poles akarasikirwa anenge 20,000 masoja, 15,000 zvakawanda vakatorwa musungwa. rehurumende vagari kurasikirwa maererano nokufungidzira siyana kubvira 150 000 kusvika 200 000 vanhu. Kunyange 700,000 Poles vakasundira kubva Warsaw. Nokurasikirwa eGermany sezvinotevera: 17 000 vakaurayiwa, 5,000 akakuvadzwa, uye 300 dzehondo. Zvakanzi Akaparadzawo motokari dzakawanda mazana maviri dhazeni pfuti. Warsaw asunungurwe anouya chete matatu nehafu mwedzi - January 17, 1945. Munguva yose iyi kusvikira pasuo mauto eSoviet vokuGermany zvakanyatsorongwa aparadza nhoroondo netsika nhaka guru kwePoland. Uyewo vomumuzinda akadzinga zvavo mumisasa yevasungwa uye rokumanikidzirwa muGermany.

Warsaw kumukira zvose unoreva zvakawanda yose shanduro dzakasiyana ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinosuwisa zviri Second World War uye nguva zviomere vokuPoland vanhu. Utsinye vokuGermany panguva kudzvinyirira ari kurwisa akapfuura miganhu zvose. German Empire, kuti vainzwa pedyo nomugumo, vakasarudza kutora kubva pamusoro Poles, achipukuta Warsaw kubva panyika, pamwe vakawanda vaigaramo. Zvinosuruvarisa enyika zvakakomba uye vanhu vane simba, haana kukurukurwa pamwechete noupenyu hwevamwe vanhuwo zvavo, zvikuru Bole pfungwa dzavo. Regai mumwe yenhoroondo zvakadaro, kufanana Warsaw yemuna, achadzidzisa vanhu kutaurirana nemumwe uye kukoshesa upenyu norugare.