Kubhengi nhoroondo. Bank: sei akasikwa?

Banks kupa vanhu chisingarambiki zvaizomunakira. Vanounganidza mari, zvidzidzo zvakasiyana mubhadharo kwema, zvikwereti uye kushumira Mapato akasiyana kuchengetedzeka. In pakudzokorora ichi, nhoroondo kwaita mabhanga ichakurukurwa.

Kwakatangira mabhanga

Wokutanga chikwereti Sharks akatanga kuonekwa kunyange munguva dzekare. Vakavapa vanhu vavo vari chikwereti zvinokosha pamwe musengwa kudzokera navo pashure imwe nguva mubereko. Pashure paizvozvo, akatanga kuumba masangano zvemari kuti kuvhiya siyana pamwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Zvakaita yakatanga sezvo kubhengi nhoroondo.

Bank ( «banko») rakashandurwa kubva Italian rinoreva "mari dhesiki". The muviri wokutanga muna ano mupfungwa akatanga kuGenoa Bank (1407). MuEngland, sangano rokutanga zvemari akasikwa 1664, uye ipapo ndangotanga kuitwa zvokutengeserana uye zvoupfumi negwaro. Mune US, chiitiko ichi chakaitika muna 1781 (pamwe veMubatanidzwa Bank of Philadelphia).

The kwaita Banks Russia

Nhoroondo kwaita Banks nyika yedu ine midzi yawo kubvira 1665. Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin akaita mukuedza kumisa sangano munyika mubvunzo, asi vake kuita havana mvumo nehurumende. Pfungwa yakazadzika muna 1733, panguva hurumende Anny Ioanovny, izvo akabvumira kuti ape chikwereti. Muna 1754, apo Elizabeth muSt Petersburg akasika ezvinhu uye Merchant Bank. Software vaionekwa zvishongo kana nhaka pamwe serfs, uyewo runovimbisa vapfumi. Muna 1757, riparadzirwe mabhiri akatanga Russia. Muna 1769, panguva hurumende Catherine II akanga hwakatangwa Banknotes. Nokufamba kwenguva, nhoroondo zviremera mari Russian akanga vaisanganisa nokuda zviitiko itsva.

Information pamusoro paumbwe ezvokutengeserana mabhanga

Nhoroondo inotanga yezvokutengeserana mabhanga ari kure kare. sangano rokutanga yakatangwa 1817. Zvakanga zvakagadzirirwa kuti vatengesi uye pavaiita ita mutengano kwema, kubhadhara. Gare gare vakauya kukwanisa nyaya pfupi-rokuti chikwereti nokuda kugadzirwa zvekutepfenyura, uye vatengesi vaigona kutora zvikwereti kuti kushanda guta mari, zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa, mari. Zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera chikwereti mazwi.

MuRussia, wokutanga bhengi vezvokutengeserana akaonekwa St. Petersburg (1864). guta Its mvumo ndiyo mamiriyoni 5. Rubles. Pamutemo kunyoresa mabhanga akatanga muna August 1888. Ivo zvazvinoita zvoupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu ari mamiriro, asi yokutanga nguva akashandisa yakaderera chaizvo chivimbo uye vazhinji havana kuzoshinga mari mari dzavo ikoko. Nokufamba kwenguva, mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja, uye vatengi vava kakawanda kushanda rokutengesa mabhanga, saka vanova akakurumbira zvikuru. Kunyange munyika yedu kubudikidza gore paiva 43. Munguva yemberi, nhamba iyi yawedzera.

Gare gare, mitemo miviri vakagamuchirwa, izvo udza pamusoro ezvinhu hwomukova kubhengi uye nzira kuzvidzora. Akaiswa kuti aurayiwe chiito vaviri-weDanho rwezvemabhengi hurongwa, dzinotungamirirwa Central Bank akatanga kutaura. History mberi nechimwe kukura itsva: masangano vezvokutengeserana vakagamuchira yakazvimirira chinzvimbo kukwezva deposits. Vari zviri pamutemo vanobvumirwa kuita chikwereti mutemo, uyewo kuti vafarire prices. Pachimirirwa sangano vakabva kodzero tiite yokumwe Exchange kwema iri inonzi hwaro. Pasinei nokuti nhoroondo ezvokutengeserana mabhanga yakapfuma kuchinja, sechivako mitumbi zvemari anoramba achitsungirira.

Paumbwe rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. 1st uye 2nd nzendo

Russia lagged kure shure kunyika dzokuMadokero, saka kukura mabhanga chakaitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Wokutanga rinotanga pokugadzwa State chikwereti Bank (XVIII remakore) uye rinovapo kusvikira 1860 sezvo upfumi kukura runodiwa pakuwedzera zvikwereti zvivako kare muna 1754 mabhanga nokuda kwamachinda uye vatengesi dzakatangwa. Zvisinei, unorema zvikwereti havana kudzokera, saka masangano aya vakadzivira mabasa avo.

In wechipiri Danho (1860-1917g.) Rakavambwa State Bank of Russia, panguva imwe chete uyo akazarura zhinji vanhu chikwereti. Muna 1872, munyika rwezvemabhengi mugadziriro kwaisanganisira paruzhinji madhorobha nyika nemasangano voga. Muna 1880, kwakanga 49 matavi, 83 zvikwereti nzanga, 729 mari uye chikwereti navo, zvokutengeserana mabhanga 32. Paiva mahofisi, muri chinjanai zvitoro, zvokutengeserana dzimba.

Pakuwedzera rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. 3rd-5th Danho

The War World First chaitadzisa zvinoshingaira ikure rwezvemabhengi mabasa, asi pashure kuguma ruvengo, iye zvishoma nezvishoma. Wechitatu Danho akasvika muna 1917 uye kusvikira 1930. Mushure nokubatanidzwazve ari rwezvemabhengi nemamiriro State Bank of RSFSR (1921). Hwagadzwa, vadyi hunde makambani, kwemauto uye emunharaunda miviri zvemari. It akaumba yakawanda itsva mari chekuchengeta.

In pachikuva rechina (1932-1987g.) Paiva munyika mubhengi uye zvenguva pfupi zvikwereti kuti guta inivhesitimendi hurongwa. Panguva iyi, mari mari akasimuka mabhiriyoni 968. Kwiza nechekuzasi. uye tanga yokutanga chikwereti mari masangano, ichipa zvikwereti yakasimbiswa ne Real Estate.

Danho wechishanu anobva 1988 kusvikira panguva ino. In iyi paiva zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. It kwazova yepamusoro, sezvo vakawedzera uwandu mapazi munyika uye kunze. Central Bank Gwaro akanga zvainanga kutsiga rwezvemabhengi hurongwa.

Sei ane Alfa-Bank? (1990-2002)

Nhoroondo "Alfa-Bank" inotanga 1990. Kwemakore mana, kuti kwezvivako rakaumbwa, vatengi vokutanga uye ishamwari. Muna August 1995, rimwe dambudziko iri interbank pamusika. Nemhaka kugadzirisa zvemari mutemo uye nomazvo nzira twa Kutarisira, simbisa zvemari pakusimba, iyi haana kukanganisa "Alfa-Bank", iro zvinobudirira anoramba kuwana kutendeseka pamwe kuRussia uye dzimwe vadyidzani.

"Alfa-Bank": enhoroondo mashoko kubva 1997

Muna 1997-1998, tsika zvemari mune mubvunzo akambomisa zvinzvimbo mune zvose zvikuru Rating nemasangano dzakawanda uye wokutanga pakati vakwikwidzi ayo rakapa Eurobonds. Panguva iyi, paiva kusonganirana bhizimisi, "Alfa Capital" (mari yakasimba). Yakabuda sezvo anoreva nhema sangano LLC "Alfa-Bank". Muna 1999, kuoneka kukura yebhizimisi uye kuvandudzika pamusoro remunharaunda network. Makore maviri gare gare, "Alfa-Bank" kuramba Siyanisai, uye mudzimba pamusika paiva vanozivikanwa "Alfa Insurance".

Sei "Alfa-Bank" pashure 2002?

Muna 2003-2007, nyaya "Alfa-Bank" iri vaisanganisa ne zviitiko itsva: kuwedzera matavi, issuance pamusoro akaisa Eurobonds, kusikwa chitsva shanduro "Alfa-Forex" padandemutande peji. Bazi idzva chitoro zvinowanika wokutanga yakavhurwa Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Lipetsk. Panguva iyi, iye akaumba Internet kubhengi "Arufa-baya 'akasimbisa basa" Alfa TV "uye vanhu vhidhiyo conferencing hurongwa. Uvandudze chinzvimbo chikwereti Rating uye mibayiro itsva vakagamuchira.

Muna 2008-2012, paiva zviitiko itsva: kusunungurwa Mastercard muripo makadhi Umembossed, anongoerekana chirongwa nangananga yemakambani mari pamusoro Wholesale vazvo motokari, pakusika munhu vakapiswa kadhi, mahofisi matsva dzinonzwa. Paiva rwezvemabhengi kushanda kuti smartphones uye Android, michina mitsva uye akavandudzika kunge dzatangwa. Ndakashanda pamwe yakawanda mibayiro uye mibayiro.

Brief zvenhoroondo date pamusoro Bank of Moscow

Bank of Moscow, vane nhoroondo yakatanga kuchitubu 1994, pakutanga vakanyorwa dzokutengesa. Gare gare, sangano agamuchira mibayiro yakawanda, uye vakatanga kutakura zita "Bank of Moscow" muna 2004.

Muna April 2010, varayirwa Yuriya Luzhkova kubhengi kubva muguta bhajeti rave dzinounzwa 7.5 bln. Rubles kuti nyaya migove, 47% iro vanotengeswa VTB. Bank Retail Finance akagamuchira 2010 Award "Financial Olympus" uye akahwina "ari seboka mubhizimisi pamusika" iri rechitatu wepagore makwikwi. Ndizvo nyaya kumhuka Bank.

Bank of Moscow zvino kumiririrwa munyika dzinenge dzakawanda Russia. Muna 04.01.2014 munzvimbo kushanda Unit 172, uye muMoscow uye nedunhu 136 mahofisi iri. The sangano nomumbure kunze kwenyika; muUkraine pane kuti "BM Bank", muEstonia, "ari Estonian Credit Bank."

Data pamusoro Central Bank of Year 1990-2003

History of mabhanga rine mashoko pamusoro Central Bank. Akaumba 13/07/1990 uye pakutanga kunzi State Bank of RSFSR. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare vakauya kuti kutanga repamutemo ane sangano zvemari.

Mugore 1991-1992 gore, akaumba chaizvo samambure masangano ezvokutengeserana, yakachinjwa munhoroondo ino, akaumba RCC (mari kugarwa nzvimbo), akasuma computerization. The nguva pasi yokudzokorora aiva mavambo kutengwa uye kutengeswa kune dzimwe mari uye kugadzwa prices pamusoro Ruble.

Bank History (Bank of Russia) rine zvinotevera mashoko: muna 1992-1995 gore, akasimbisa kwegadziriro cherechedzo uye rokuongorora masangano ezvokutengeserana kuitira kudzikamisa rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. With Pazvinotanga hupfumi dambudziko (1998), iro Bank of Russia restructured kuitira kuvandudza basa wezvokutengeserana uye mari miviri kuwedzera liquidity yavo.

Muna 2003, vaiona sangano vakatanga kuita chirongwa kuvandudza rwezvemabhengi cherechedzo uye prudential nhau. Kuti tidzivise chakagadzirwa overpricing kana underpricing kuti mutemo unoti mitemo kwegore rakazoshandiswa wandei yemirau.

Central Bank: kukura kubva 2005 kusvika 2011

Muna 2005, Central Bank, vane nhoroondo inofarirwa nevakawanda, akaisa pacharo zvinotevera zvinangwa: kusimbisa kudzivirirwa zvido makambani, kuwedzera makwikwi, kudzivisa kusaruramisira vezvokutengeserana basa, kusimbisa chivimbo pamusoro chikwereti, depositors uye makambani. Pashure pamusoro dambudziko, chikwereti anomukweretesa makore matatu uye kuderedza liquidity mune dzakawanda mumisika akachinja akarirasa negwaro. Financial sangano akaita pfungwa mauto ayo kudzivisa vakawanda kusauka masangano.

History of Bank of Russia vaudza kuti kakawanda akacheka kufarira for 2009, kusanganisira refinancing (kubvira 13% kusvika 8,75%). Vakaumba mashandiro kutsigira interbank pamusika munguva zvoupfumi. The Bank of Russia akagovera zvikwereti kune dzimwe miviri zvemari pasina akachengeteka, asi gore papera chisarudzo rakachinjwa. Akaderedza mubereko rate (kubvira 8,75% kusvika 7,75%). Sezvo mid-2010 vakatanga kumuka, mitengo uye kufarira prices yakawedzera 0.25%. Uyezve, mari mutemo akatonyanya aoma. Ndizvo nyaya kumhuka Bank. The Bank of Russia panguva ino kuramba kuvandudza nzira zvemari nekuita itsva hurongwa kuti pave hachichinji.

Nhoroondo kukura nemabhangi: chikwereti Rating

Vatengi vari kuenda kunotora bhanga chikwereti, vanofanira kudzidza zvakawanda ruzivo nezvazvo. Ko chete inofambiswa anokosha kubva zvapfuura anokwereta, asiwo chikwereti rating: dzakanga ndiko, ndipo rakavimbika tsika zvemari. Zvose izvi zvinogona kuwanika kuMudzidzisi padandemutande pfuma, asi chikamu data, vachimuenzanisa May uye June 2014 anopiwa mune chipo ongororo.

Pane mabhanga zvinobuda zvikwereti kune vatengi pamwe murombo chikwereti nhoroondo?

Munhu anogona kushandisa kuti svikiro kadikidiki rwezvemabhengi masangano kuti murege zvinoda ruzivo pamusoro yapfuura akatsiga kubhadhara. Kazhinji ndiwo sangano muduku, ane Vavariro ndiyo kukwezva vatengi angambosvika. Vanokwanisa kupa mari, kunyange vanhu vane kunokukura chikwereti nhoroondo, asi vanozviita vapamatunhu protsenty.Sovremennuyu upenyu Zvakaoma kufungidzira pasina chikwereti. Dzimwe nguva, kuti nemhosva havagoni kubhadhara iri nguva yaidiwa uwandu (kuchinja basa, zvinoderedza, zvinoderedza inotambirwa, uye d. Zvichingodaro.), Uye kunyange kana chikwereti akazotevera achapiwa rakadzoka muripo Data wakapinda chaiyo Database, achizivisa pamusoro unreliability ari mugari. Kana zvakare vanofanira kutora zvikwereti, chero anogona kugadziriswa nemabhangi nezvakaipa chikwereti nhoroondo zvakaoma chaizvo kuti atore chikwereti zvakare. Zvisinei, kubva izvi ndizvo.

Banking zvemichina harisi akamira uye tichingotarisira Virtual. Saka, nani basa quality, ndirarame kwema zvemari zhinji, kuvandudza rakavimbika hurongwa. Naizvozvo, pashure 5 apfuura, rwezvemabhengi hurongwa chinowanzoitika kumuka kuvandudza.