Sei vaTurkey vasingadi Armenian? The Armenian Genocide of 1915

Iwe unofunga kuti vaTurkey vakaziva chiArmenian kuurawa here? Aiwa, hapana munhu anoda kuratidza kukakavara kwemadzinza. Muchikamu chino tichaedza kuongorora zvakaitika kune kure 1915.

Maitiro asina kunaka

Vakawanda veavo vakasangana neArmenian mubasa kana muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, vanogodora kubatana kwavo. Vamwe vanoti Armenian vanogara mundima duku, kuti hapana anonzwisisa mutauro wavo. Nokudaro inofungidzirwa: ndicho chikonzero vanhu vakarongeka zvakanaka.

Kurega

Sei vaTurkey vasingadi Armenian? Sei vasingazivi kuurayiwa kwevanhu ava? Tichawana zvakaitika muTurkey muna 1915. Nguva pfupi mushure mokunge nyika yacho yapinda muHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, vese vamanikiti vemitemo, pamwe chete neArmenian servicemen, vakasungwa ndokuputirwa pamwechete nemhuri dzemhuri (tsika yekare yekuEastern).

Izvo zvakaitikawo zvakawira vose vaArmenia vanozivikanwa vanogara muIstanbul. Mushure meizvi, kuparadzwa kukuru kwevanhu vakapararira munyika dzose dzeTurkey kwakatanga. Nyika yacho yakatsvairwa nemaproms, chikonzero chaive kuponda kwehafu yevanhu mamiriyoni.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti Western Armenia zvakare yaiva yeHurumende yeOttoman, munharaunda yeirimamiriyoni imwe neArmenia yaigara. Vose vavo vakaurayiwa. Kuurayiwa kwakaitwa pasi peshoko rokuti: "Zvakakosha kuparadza vanhu, uye haugone kubata minda nemichero".

Minda yevaTurkey yakachengetedzwa kune vaKurds, avo vakagadzirisa nyika idzi. Somugumisiro, Western Armenia yakagumisa kuvapo kwayo ndokuva chikamu cheTurkey Kurdistan. Uye iyo yekumaodzanyemba yakashandurwa ikava yemazuva ano Armenia.

Pashure peAataturk, muponesi wevanhu uye vanhu chaivo, vakasvika pakusimba, komisheni yakagadzwa kuti iongorore kuArmenian kuitika. Muchikamu chebasa rake, zvinotevera zvakagadzirwa:

• Vagari vomuWestern Armenia vakavezwa, asi ndima yacho yakasara. Maererano nemaitiro emutemo wenyika, nyika idzi dzinofanira kudzorerwa.
• MuTurkey kwaiva nevashoma veArmenia (aikwana mazana maviri nemazana). Hondo yakatanga, uye vanhu ava, kunyengedza uye kusvibiswa kusvibiswa mune ropa razvo, zvakagumbura zvidzidzo zvakawanda.
• Murwere muTurkey vanhu vanhu vemweya wakafara, pakarepo kukanganwa zvipingamupinyi. MuUtoman Empire mumazuva iwayo, mhuri imwe chete yemarudzi akawanda yakavaka sangano rakanaka rakanaka. Ndicho chikonzero kuti parege kuva nekutaura nezvekuparadza.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muTurkey zvinorambidzwa kutaura nezvekuvapo kweWest Armenia. Pasi pemutemo weTurkey, zvinyorwa zvevanhu vose pamusoro payo zvinonzi ndezvakaipa. Pfungwa iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yepamutemo yenyika kubva panguva yeAtatkk kusvika nhasi.

The Armenian Genocide

Vakawanda havakwanisi kupindura mubvunzo wekuti sei vaTurkey vasingadi Armenian. Kuparadzwa kwacho kwakagadzirirwa uye kwakagadziridzwa muna 1915 munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa nepamusoro kweUtoman Empire. Kuparadzwa kwevanhu kwakaitwa nekudzinga nekuparadzwa kwepanyama, kusanganisira kuendeswa kwevanhu vanogara mune imwe nzvimbo inotungamirira kurufu rusingachinji.

Sei Chirongwa Chekuyeuka kweArmenia chiri zuva rinokosha zvikuru? Tichakurukura nyaya iyi zvakare, uye ikozvino ticharondedzera zvakajeka zviitiko zvinotyisa zvemakore iwayo. IArmenian Genocide yakaitwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: kusagadziriswa kwemasoja, kusarudzwa kwevanhu kubva kumiganhu, kubviswa kwevanhu vakawanda uye kuparadzwa kwevagari vemo, kuiswa kwemutemo pamusoro pokugadzirisa nzvimbo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvakaitika kare dzinosanganisira zviito zveuto reTurkey muTranscaucasia muna 1918, kuponda kwema1890, kuurayiwa muSyrna.

Vasangano ndivo vatungamiri veVaturuki Turks Jemal, Enver naTalaat, uyewo musoro we "Special Organization" Shakir Behaeddin. MuUttoman Empire, pamwe nekuparadzwa kwevanhu vekare, kuparadzwa kwePontic Greeks neAsiriya kwakaitika. Chikamu chikuru chenyika Armenian diaspora yakaumbwa kubva kuvanhu vakatiza kubva muUtoman Empire.

Panguva iyoyo, munyori Lemkin Rafael akarondedzera izwi rokuti "rudzi rwemhondi", iyo yakashanda semafananidziro ekuuraya kuwanda kweAarmenians mundima yeTurkey uye vaJudha munyika dzakatorwa nevaNazi veGermany. Kuparadzwa kweArmenians ndicho chiitiko chechipiri chekuparadzwa kwevanhu shure kweHolocaust munhoroondo. MuChitamende Declaration yaMay 24, 1915, kubatana kwenyika (Russia, Great Britain neFrance), uku kuparadzwa kwemashoko kwekutanga panguva yezvinyorwa kwakaonekwa semhosva yekupandukira.

Mamiriro

Uye ikozvino tichawana kuti chii chakaitika mberi kwekuparadzwa kwevanhu vekare. Mahedheni eArmenia akakurira kusvika muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC. E. Panyika dzeArmenia nekumabvazuva kweTurkey, munharaunda inopoteredza Lake Van neGomo Ararat. Nezana remakore rechipiri BC. E. Armenia pasi pekutonga kwaTsar Artashes ndakabatana, ndichiumba nyika yeGreat Armenia. Nharaunda huru iyo yaive nayo panguva yekutonga kwaMambo Tigran II Mukuru, apo cordon yesimba rake yakabva kuEuphrates, Palestine neGungwa reMediterranean zvichienda kumadokero kusvika kuCaspian Sea kumabvazuva.

Pakutanga kweV. IV. N. E. (Gwaro rinowanzogamuchirwa riri 301), nyika ino (yekutanga munyika) yakagamuchirwa neOrthodoxy sechitendero chehurumende. IArmenian alphabet yakasikwa muna 405 neasayendisiti Mashtots Mesrop, uye muzana remakore rechi5 Bhaibheri rakanyorwa mumutauro mutsva.

Kuumbwa kweOrthodoxy ndiyo yakakosha iyo yakabatanidza ethnos yeArmenian mushure mekurasikirwa kwehurumende, uye Apostolic Church yakava musangano unokosha zvikuru wehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Muna 428 Armenia Mukuru akapedzisa kuvapo, uye kusvikira muzana remakore rechi7 maByzantine akatonga nyika dzayo kumavirazuva, uye vaPersia - kumabvazuva. Kubvira pakati pezana remakore rechinomwe, maArabhu akatonga chikamu chinoshamisa cheyika ino. Umambo hweArmenia muma860 pasi pekutonga kweMambo weBagratid hwakadzorera uchangamire hwahwo. Byzantines muna 1045 vakatorwa Ani - guta guru renyika ino. Mutongi Ruben I muna 1080 akagadzira Cilician Armenian state, uye Prince Levon II muna 1198 akatora zita remambo.

MaMamluks evaIjipita akatora Kirikia muna 1375, uye hurumende yakagumira kuvapo. Kereke yakapesana yeArmenians, iyo yakanga isingadi kusiya chiKristu panguva yekuwanda kwevaMuslim (VaPersia, Oguz Turks neSeljuks, Arab Abbasids) munharaunda yezvakaitika kare zveArmenia, masimba ekudzoka kwevanhu uye hondo dzakaparadza zvakaita kuti kuderera kwevanhu vari munyika idzi.

Mubvunzo weArmenian neTurkey

Uye zvakadaro: nei vaturuki vasingadi Armenian? Kurarama muhurumende yeOttoman, ivo vakanga vasiri vaMuslim uye saka vakaonekwa seZimi, nyaya yechipiri. Armenia yaibhadhara mitero yakawanda, haina kubvumirwa kutakura zvombo. Uye uyo akagamuchira Orthodoxy haana kodzero yekupupurira mudare.

Zvechokwadi, zvakaoma kupindura mubvunzo wekuti nei vaTurkey vasingadi Armenian. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti 70% yevanhu vakatambudzwa navo, avo vaigara muHurumende yeOttoman, vakave varombo varombo. Zvisinei, pakati pevaMuslim, chimiro chekubudirira uye neunyanzvi reArmenia ine tarenda inonakidza yebhizimisi yakaendeswa kune vamiriri vese venyika, pasina kunze. Kushushikana kwakakonzerwa nekurwa kwezviwanikwa mune zvekurima zvekurima uye kusagadziriswa mabasa evanhu mumaguta.

Izvozvi zviito zvakakanganiswa nekutenderera kwevaMuslim kubva kuCaucasus - Muhajirs (mushure mehondo dzeTurkey-Russian neCaucasian dza1877-78) uye kubva kunyika idzva dzeBalkan. Vapoteri, vakadzingwa nevaKristu vanobva munzvimbo dzavo, vakabvisa zvakaipa kuneOrthodox yeko. VaArmenia vanotaura kuti kuchengetedza pamwe uye kuchengeteka kwevanhu uye kuparara kwakafanana kwenzvimbo yavo muUtoman Empire kwakatungamirira pakuonekwa kwe "Mubvunzo weArmenia" sechikamu chechinetso cheEastern chinowedzera.

Turks neArmenia ndiyo nyika dzinorwisana. MuEzzurum munharaunda muna 1882, imwe yenhengo dzekutanga dzeArmenia dzakasimbiswa - "Agricultural Society", yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza vanhu kubva kubasa rakagadzirirwa neKurds nedzimwe mazita. Sangano rekutanga rezvematongerwo enyika "Armenakan" rakasimbiswa muna 1885. Chikwata chacho chaifunga kuti kuwanikwa kwekuzvipira kwevanhu munzvimbo iyoyo kuburikidza nemaparaganda nekujekesa, uyewo mauto ehondo ekurwisana nenyika inotyisa.

Muna 1887, sangano reSocial Democratic bloc "Hnchakyan" rakaonekwa, iro, nerubatsiro rwekuvandudza, rakaedza kusunungura Turkish Armenia uye kugadzira hutongi hwevanhu huripo. MuTiflis muna 1890, musangano wekutanga wekunyanya kushamwaridzana, Dashnaktsutyun, wakabatanidzwa, purogiramu yaireva kuzvidzivirira mukati memiganhu yeHurumende yeOttoman, kuenzana uye rusununguko rwevagari vese, uye munharaunda yezvemagariro evanhu inotarirwa kugadziriswa kwemakominyika aripo sezvinhu zvinokosha zvevanhu vatsva.

Kuparara muna 1894-1896

Kuuraya kukuru kweArmenia kwakatanga muna 1894 uye kwakaramba kusvikira 1896. Ikoko kwakanga kune kuurayiwa muIstanbul, Sasun naVan yeruwa, kunyengedza kwekutsamwa kwevakatemwa veArmenia. Muzvikamu zvose zveumambo muna 1895 mazana ezviuru zvemweya akaparadzwa. Izvo zvishoma zvidzidzo uye inopa ropa rakawanda chikamu chechipiri. Izvo zvikamu zvehutungamiri hwehutungamiri mukushandiswa kwekuuraya kusvika nhasi ndechekukurukurirana kwehasha.

Kugadzirira kwekuparadzwa kweArmenians

Zvichida, vaTurkey vakatanga kuparadza kweArmenia, nokuti vaifanira kutarisa hutsva hutsva mushure mokuchinja kweIttihat, yakaitika muna 1908. Kubatana kweUmperial Ottoman kwakaderedzwa nesheti, iyo yakaenzanidza kodzero dzevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vePorta uye yakaderedza vaTurks vane simba guru. Mukuwedzera, pfungwa iyi yakawira pamberi pemitemo ine utsinye yezvidzidziso zveIslam uye pan-Turkism. Mukati mavo, nzvimbo dzeImisitori yenyika dzakaonekwa zvakaderedzwa nemaonero aMwari asina vatungamiriri ve "Ittihat" uye kuvapo kweShiite nyika yePersia.

Munyori wenhau uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Gökalp Zia akaronga mitemo maererano nehutongi hweHurumende yeOttoman muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga. Ndiye iye akanga ari wepamusoro-soro wekutenderera kweVaturuki Turks. Maonero ake akatambanudzirwa kunyika yeTuran, iyo yaigara nevaIslam vaitaura muturuki. Akatenda kuti nharaunda yeTuran yaifanirwa kuva nenzvimbo yose yeTurkic ethnos. Iyi dzidziso yakanyatsorega zviratidzo zvisiri izvo chete kubva kuhurumende, asiwo kubva kumasangano ehurumende. Yakanga isingabvumirwi neArmenians nevamwe vezvizvarwa zvishoma muTurkey.

Nokuti avo vagari vemuumambo hwakanakisisa zvikuru pane pan-Turkism, iyo semitemo yekutanga yakagamuchirwa nevanenge vatungamiriri vose ve "Ittihat." Armenia dzakazviona ivo, kutanga kune dzose, nechinzvimbo chechitendero. Zvichida vakanga vakanganisa, vachitenda kuti Turkism iri nani kupfuura Islam.

Munguva yeBalkan Hondo ye1912, vanhu ava vakapfugama kunheyo dzeOttomanism, uye masoja eArmenia (vanopfuura 8 000 vanozvipira) vakaita basa rinokosha muuto reTurkey. Vazhinji vevarwi, maererano nemashoko ehurumende yeChirungu, vakaratidza ushingi hunoshamisa. Mukuwedzera, maArmenian blocs "Dashnaktsutyun" uye "Hnchakyan" akatanga kusungirirana ne-anti-Ottoman point of view.

Turks haifariri kuziva Armenian Genocide. Uye yakatanga sei? Muna 1914, musi waAugust 2, Turkey yakapinda muchibvumirano chakavanzika neGermany. Imwe yemamiriro ayo aiva kushanduka kwemiganhu yekumabvazuva. Izvi zvaidiwa pakuumbwa kwemugwagwa unotungamirira kuvanhu veIslami veRussia, iyo yakaratidza kuparadzwa kweAarmenian kugara muzvinhu zvakashandurwa. Uyu mutemo wakataurwa nevanhu vose nehutungamiri hweOttoman mushure mokupinda muhondo muna 1914, musi waOctober 30. Chikumbiro chacho chaive nechirongwa chekusanganiswa kusina kutaurwa kwevamiririri vose vemutambo weTurkey.

Maawa mashomanana mushure mekunyorwa kwechivimbiso cheGerman-Turkish chechiuto, "Ittihat" yakashuma pamusoro pekuunganidza kukuru, izvo zvakaguma nekudana kwevanhu vose vane utano hwakanaka muArmenia kuhondo. Uyezve, mushure mekunge vapinda muHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, Umambo hweOttoman hwakaswededzwa mumhirizhonga pane dzakawanda. Kurwiswa kweuto reTurkey munyika dzePersia neRussia kwakawedzera huwandu hwechisimba neArmenians.

Kutanga kuendeswa kunze

Turks, Armenian, 1915 ... Chii chakaitika panguva iyoyo iri kure? Pakazosvika pakati paMarch 1915, maFrance-maBritish akarova Dardanelles. MuIstanbul, kugadzirira kwakatangira kushanyira kweguta guru kuna Eskisehir uye kubudiswa kwevagari vemo. Hutungamiri hweHurumende yeOttoman yaitya kubatana kweArmenians nevakabatana, saka vakasarudza kudzinga vanhu vose vanovengwa pakati peEkiskisehir neIstanbul.

Pakupera kwaMarch, "Special Organization" yakatanga kugadzirira kuurayiwa kwevanhu ava muErzurum. Akatumira nhume dzakanyanya kwazvo "Ittihat" kumapurovhinzi, avo vaifanira kutungamira kurwisa kweArmenian. Pakati pavo paiva Reshid Bey. Ndiye iye ane nzira dzisina kunaka, kusanganisira kusungwa uye kutambudzwa, akatsvaka zvombo muDiyarbakir, uye akazoshandurwa kuva umwe wevahedheni vasina kukodzera.

Kubudiswa kweArmenian kwakatanga musi waApril 8 kubva muguta reZeitun, avo vagari varo vaine rusununguko rusarudzo kwemazana emakore uye vari mukurwisana nevakuru veTurkey. Kudzingwa kwavo kunopa mhinduro kumubvunzo mukuru unoenderana nenguva yekugadzirira kwekuparadza. Chikamu chiduku cheArmenians chakatamirwa kuguta reKonya, riri pedyo neIraq neSiriya - nzvimbo apo vamwe vanhu vose vakazodzidzingwa.

Kuuraya uku kwaifambidzana nefambi yekupamba. Merchant Mehmet Ali akapupura kuti Azmi Jemal (gavhuna weTrbizond) uye Asenth Mustafa vakashandura mabhei anokosha mazana mana emakirogiramu egoridhi eTurkey (anenge 1 500 000 US dollars). Mutungamiri weUnited States muAleppo akaudza Washington kuti pakanga pane chirongwa chikuru chekunyengedzera muUtoman Empire.

Va Consul muTrbizond vakarondedzera kuti zuva rega roga iye anoona kuti chikwata chevana nevakadzi veTurkey chinotevera mapurisa uye inotora zvose zvinogona kutorwa. Akataura zvakare kuti imba yemutungamiriri "Ittihat" muTrbizond yakanga yakazara nezvishongo uye ndarama, yakawanikwa nekuda kwekugoverana kwebibi.

Pakupera kwezhizha ra1915, vazhinji veArmenia avo vaigara muumambo vakaurawa. Masimba eOttoman akaedza kuvanza izvi, asi vapoteri vakazosvika kuEurope vakataura nezvekuparadzwa kwevanhu vavo. Muna 1915, musi waApril 27, Armenian Catholicos yakakurudzira Italy neUnited States kuti vapindire kuti vadzivise kuponda. Kuuraya kweArmenia kwaitongerwa neAllied Powers, asi munguva dzehondo vakanga vasingagoni kubatsira vanhu vane mwoyo murefu.

MuEngland, mushure mekuongorora kwehurumende, bhuku rakanyora rine musoro unoti "Maitiro kune vaArmenia muUtoman Empire" yakabudiswa, muUnited States neEurope, vanhu vakatanga kutora mari yevapoteri. Kubudiswa kweArmenia kumadokero nechepakati peAnatolia kwakaramba mushure meAugust 1915.

Vanyori

Takawana kuti nei vaTurkey vakauraya Armenian. MuBoston muna 1919 paNani yeChishanu ye "Dashnaktsutyun" yakasarudzwa kuparadza vatungamiri veVata Turks vachiitawo muurayi. Kuvhiya kwakatumidzwa zita remwarikadzi wekare wechiGiriki wekutsiva Nemesis. Vazhinji vevarangana vaiva Armenian, vakakwanisa kupukunyuka kubva pakuurawa kwevanhu. Vakanga vachida kutsiva rufu rwemhuri dzavo.

Basa racho "Nemesis" rakashanda zvakanaka. Vakatambudzwa zvikuru ndivo vaiva nhengo dzemutungamiri weTurkey triumvirate Talaat Pasha uye Mutariri weNyika yeUtoman Empire. Talaat, pamwe chete nevamwe vatungamiri veVaturuki Turks, vakatizira kuGermany muna 1918, asi yakasvibiswa muBerlin naTrayrian Sogomon munaMarch 1921.

Nechetemo

Umambo hweOttoman neRepublic of Armenia dzaifarira munyika yose nekushorwa kwavo. The Collective Declaration yaMay 24, 1915 yeAllied nyika isimbiso.

Kuziva pehondo kunokosha vavariro Armenian lobbyist masangano, uye, kunze kuzivikanwa, inozivisa kutaura kuti yokugadzirisa uye miganhu Zvinotaurwa Turkey. Kuti vawane kugamuchirwa, lobbyists zvinokwezva nezvokupindira hwevanhu muParamende, makasimbiswa masangano kubata nyaya iyi, kuisa kumanikidza utungamiriri kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakawanda kushumwa nyaya iyi munzanga. Inenge ose nhengo Armenian Diaspora vari zvakananga vazukuru kwevanhu vakaurayiwa. Sangano iri rine zvakakwana mari izvo angakudzivisai kumanikidzwa Turkey.

America katatu vakatanga zvisarudzo pamusoro vakawanda kuparadzwa pakati vokuArmenia. kuparadzwa kworudzi Izvi kuzivikanwa European Parliament, wemasangano nyika South American reparamende, United Nations Sub-Commission dziviriro uye kudzivirira kusarurwa vashoma, iyo Latin America Parliament.

Kuziva kuparadzwa Armenian vanhu haisi anofanira-kuona nzvimbo kuti Turkish accession kuna EU, asi dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti zvichaita kuti kusangana ichi.

inokosha musi

Day Rokuyeuka vakaurayiwa pakati Armenian Kuurayiwa muTurkey, akagadzwa neEuropean neParamende musi 24 April 2015. In Armenia, musi uyu haisi bhizimisi zuva uye kwakakosha. Gore negore mamiriyoni evanhu munyika yose kubhadhara mutero kuyeuka vakafa vanhu vari kuyeukwa nokudzingwa pamusoro Armenian vakadzidza kuti Istanbul.