Kubuda kwomurume wekutanga kunzvimbo yekunze: zuva, zvinyatsofadza

MunaKubvumbi 1965, nzvimbo yeVekhod-2 yakavhara nzvimbo yakayerera. Pamberi pevashandi vevadzidzi veA. Belyaeva naA.A. Leonova yakanga isiri nyore, asi yakanyatsotarisirwa basa - kuisa munhu wokutanga kubva kune imwe nzvimbo.

Kunyatsogadziriswa kwekuedzwa kwakawira kuna Aleksey Leonov, uye musi waMarch 18 akabudirira kubudirira. Zuva rose rakabuda kunzvimbo yakazaruka, rakasimuka kubva muchikepe kwemamita mashanu uye rakabata kunze kwaro maminetsi gumi nemaviri nemaminitsi 9.

Kubhururuka kwe "Sunrise" kwakanga kusina mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma uye mamiriro ekuda kuziva. Zvakaoma kutsanangura maitiro akawanda emafungiro ehupenyu nemuviri aifanira kushandiswa kune vanhu vakanga vari kugadzirira kuedza kukuru uku - kubuda kwemunhu munzvimbo yakazaruka. Chokwadi chinonyanya kufadza uye zvinyorwa zvishoma zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvehurwendo uye kugadzirira kwayo kwakava chikonzero chechikamu chino.

Idea

Mhedziso yokuti murume wacho anobva kunze kune imwe nzvimbo inogoneka, akaonekwa pa Queen muna 1963. Mugadziri akaratidza kuti nokukurumidza chiitiko ichocho chaisazove chakanaka chete, asi zvakakwana. Akanga akarurama. Mumakumi emakumi anotevera, cosmonautics yakakurumidza kukura. Semuenzaniso, kuchengetedza kushandiswa kwechirongwa cheS ISS zvachose kwaisave kusingabviri kunze kwekunze kwegungano uye kugadzirisa basa, iro zvakare rairatidza kuti zvakakosha sei kuti munhu wokutanga aende kunze kwekunze. Gore ra1964 rakanga riri kutanga kwezvigadzirwa zvepamutemo zvekuedza uku.

Asi, muna 1964, kuitira kuti iite basa rakadaro rakaoma, zvakanga zvakakodzera kunyatsofungisisa kugadzirwa kwechikepe. Somugumisiro, zvakaratidzwa zvakanaka "Voskhod-1" zvakatorwa sechikonzero. Chimwe chezvikwata zvake chakatsiviwa nemugwagwa wokubuda, uye chakaderedza nhamba yevarwi kubva pa3 kusvika kune maviri. Ive airlock pachake yaiva gorofu uye yakanga iri kunze kwechikepe. Mushure mokunge kuedza kwapera, asati asvika, aifanira kuzvitsaura kubva pachigamba. Saka chikepe che "Voskhod-2" chakaonekwa.

Paiva pane imwe, dambudziko guru. Kuedza kwakadaro kwakangoita kwakakosha kutanga kutanga kushanda pamhuka. Zvisinei, izvi zvakasara, zvichifunga kuti kukura kwepamuviri yakakosha yemhuka - inotambudza uye inodhura. Kunze kwekuti, angadai asina kupindura mubvunzo unokosha kupfuura yose: munhu angaita sei kunze kwepakati? Zvakasarudzwa kuitisa miedzo kamwechete pavanhu.

Nhasi, vanogadzira nyanzvi vanogona kubva muchikepe kwemaawa anoverengeka uye vanofamba munzvimbo yakazara yakaoma kwazvo manipulations. Asi mumakumi matanhatu nemakore makumi matanhatu nematatu zvakaratidzika sechinhu chakanakisisa kana kuti kuzviuraya.

The Crew

Pakutanga, boka rezvisikwa zvinokonzera kukwira ndege yainzi Leonov, Gorbatko uye Khrunov. Belyaev akanga ari pedyo nekuderedzwa kubva kumusasa we cosmonaut nekuda kwezvikonzero zveutano, uye chete paGagarin kushivirira akabatanidzwa muboka iri kugadzirira kutiza.

Somugumisiro, magetsi maviri akaumbwa: mukuru - Belyaev, Leonov - uye kuchengetedza - Gorbatko, Khrunov. Vashandi vehurwendo urwu vaida zvakanyanya. Dare racho raifanira kushanda seyese, uye cosmonauts - kuti ienderane kune imwe neimwe maererano nemafungiro epfungwa.

Mitsva yemigumisiro yakaratidza kuti Belyaev ane chiremera chikuru nekugadzikana, haakwanisi kurasikirwa musoro wake mumamiriro chero api ezvinhu, uye Leonov, pane zvinopesana, ndeyekusava nehanya, kushushikana, asi ane ushingi uye ane ushingi. Vanhu ava vaviri, vakasiyana zvakadai mumunhu, vanogona kushanda zvakakwana muviri, izvo zvaive zvakakosha pakuita kuti munhu wekutanga apinde mukunze.

Kudzidziswa

Kwemwedzi mitatu yokutanga, zvipfeko zvinodzidza kugadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa zvechikepe chitsva, zvinoteverwa nekudzidziswa kwenguva refu mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvivhiti. Izvi zvaida ndege ine simba uye mumwe mutyairi wengarava aigona kunyatsoita maota aerobatics. Kwekufamba kweawa imwe ndege yakakwanisa kuenzanisa zero-gravity kweiyo inenge maminitsi maviri. Yaiva panguva iyi apo zvikwenyora zvaifanira kushanda purogiramu yose yakarongwa.

Pakutanga, kubhururuka paMIGs, asi zvakasungirwa vafambi vepanyika vairambidzwa mukana wokufamba. Zvakasarudzwa kutora imwe yakawanda Tu-104LL. Mukati me ndege yacho yakaiswa mufananidzo wechiteshi chengarava chikamu nekamuri ye airlock, pane iyi simulator yakagadziridzwa uye kudzidziswa kukuru kwakaitika.

Haunzwisisiki spacesuits

Nhasi mu museum ye astronautics unogona kuona kuparadzaniswa kwakafanana umo Leonov akaita kuti munhu apukunyuke kune imwe nzvimbo. Mufananidzo weAstronaut anonyemwerera mu helmetti yakanyorwa "USSR" yakafambisa mapepanhau enyika yose, asi hapana munhu anogona kufungidzira kushanda kwakadini kusveta kwakabhadhara.

Kunyanya nokuda kwe "Voskhod-2" zvikwama zvakakonzerwa zvakagadzirwa, izvo zvakatakura zita rinotyisa rokuti "Berkut". Vaiva nehombodo yakawedzerwa, uye shure kwechemberi wegwenga ainzi satchel ane hupenyu hwehupenyu hutsika. Nokuda kwechiedza chakanaka, kunyange ruvara rwema spacesuits rwakashandurwa: pane rwetsika yemaruva imwe, yakachena yakashandiswa. Chiremera chakazara che "Golden Eagle" chaive chikamu zana.

Yese yekurovedzwa kwakaitika ikozvino mu spacesuits, chirongwa chekuchengetedza chakasara chakanyanya kudiwa. Mhepo yakasvibiswa yakanga isinganyanyi kubudiswa, zvinoreva kuti nechinenge chiduku chiduku, chimiro chepamusoro chakave chakafukidzwa nechipfupa kubva pakufema.

Mukuwedzera, zvipfeko zvaisanyanya kunetseka. Zvakanga zvakanyanyisa zvokuti kuitira kufambisa ruoko muchibhakera, zvaifanira kuedza kuita anenge 25 kilogram. Kuti ave nekukwanisa kuita chero rupiro rwekufamba mune zvipfeko zvakadaro, aifanira kugara achidzidzisa. Basa racho raive kupfeka uye kuchema, asi cosmonauts akamanikidza kuenda kune chinangwa chaidiwa - kuita kuti murume wacho apinde munzvimbo yakazaruka. Leonov, nenzira, yakanzi ndiyo yakasimba uye yakasimba pane boka, iyo yakawanda yakagara isarudza basa rake guru mukuedza.

Exhibition show

Pakati pekudzidziswa, Charles de Gaulle, shamwari huru yeU.SR, akaenderera kuMoscow, uye Khrushchev akasarudza kuzvirumbidza nezvekubudirira kweSoviet cosmonautics pamberi pake. Akasarudza kuratidza mutauro weFrance kuti zvikwangwani zvinoshanda sei kunze kwomurume wacho munzvimbo yakazaruka. Pakarepo zvakava pachena kuti ndege chaiyo ichaendeswa kuvashandi vanozoitawo mu "mharidzo" iyi. Nokuraira kwaGagarin panguva iyi inokosha Khrunov akatsiviwa naBelyaev. Maererano nemashoko aKhunov, haana kunzwisisa zvinangwa zvekugadziriswa uye kwenguva refu akachengetedza shungu dzake kuna Gagarin nokuda kwechiito ichi chisingaenzaniswi.

Gare gare Gagarin akatsanangurira Khrunov nzvimbo yake, akafunga kuti zvakanga zvakafanira kupa Belyaev mukana wokupedzisira wekubhururukira munzvimbo. Young Khrunov aigona kuita izvi shure kwekamwe chete, kunze kwekuti, Belyaev akanga akakodzera zvakanakisisa kuna Leonov kubva mune pfungwa yekuona.

Dambudziko pamberi pekutanga

Zuva risati rasvika, dambudziko guru rakaitika. Pamusana pekuregererwa kwemauto evarindi, inflatable sluice yakanamatira kubva muchikepe kuti iongorore kusungwa kwakangoerekana kwawira ndokubvarura. Ikoko kwakanga kusina kurega, saka zvakasarudzwa kuti zvibatsirwe izvo, izvo zvipfeko zvinoshandiswa kudzidzisa kwenguva yakareba. Ichi chiitiko chinogona kuratidza kuuraya, asi neropafadzo zvinhu zvose zvakazobuda, nzira inowanzoshandiswa yakashandiswa, uye kusununguka kwemunhu wekutanga kune imwe nzvimbo yakabudirira kwakaitika.

Kuenda kunzvimbo

Pakanga pane mazano akawanda pamusoro pehupenyu hwevanhu mune imwe nzvimbo . Avo vaifunga zvisingaiti vakatsigira kuti astronaut, uyo akabuda panze pachigadziko chemhepo, akadzimbidzirwa kwaari, aizotorerwa mukana wekutama kana kutoenda zvakanyanyisa . Izvo zvakaoma zvikuru kufungidzira zvimwe zvingaguma nekubuda kwevanhu kune imwe nzvimbo. 1965 inogona kuva nyore gore rekukundikana kukuru kweSoviet space program. Zvisinei, chiito chete chinogona kusimbisa kana kuramba zvinhu izvi zvisiri izvo.

Mukuwedzera, panguva iyoyo, hapana maitiro ekudzikinura akanga atangwa. Chinhu chimwe chete chakaitwa kune vanogadzira mhepo ndeyekubvumirwa kana chimwe chinhu chichizarura chibvongodza uye chiisa ruoko kubva mazviri.

Apo ngarava yakaenda mune imwe nzira, Leonov akatanga kugadzirira kubuda. Zvinhu zvose zvakafamba maererano neurongwa, apo awa ye X yakauya, cosmonaut zvinyoronyoro yakasundirwa kure uye yakashambira kunze kwekivha mukati.

Kufanotaura kwakaipisisa kwevasingatendi hakuna kuzadzika, uye cosmonaut akanzwa yakanaka chaizvo. Akazadzisa purogiramu yose yakatemerwa, uye yakanga yava nguva yekudzokera kuchikepe. Nezvo izvi, mamwe matambudziko akamuka. Kuvhenekera mune imwe sutu sutu isina kukodzera haina kurega Leonov achipinda airlock. Ipapo iye, pasina kubvunza munhu, akadzikisa asinganzwisisiki mukumhanya kwake uye akakurumidza kupinda mucheki, uye kwete zvakasiyana, sezvakarongwa. Kubuda kwomurume wekutanga kune imwe nzvimbo kwakapera, uye Alexei Leonov akanyora zita rake nokusingaperi munhoroondo yekuongorora nzvimbo.

Emergency on the desccent

"Voskhod-2" aiva nezviremera zvakawanda, uye mushure mekubudirira kwepurogiramu yekuenderera kune imwe nguva. Apo gedhi rekubuda rakaputirwa, ma sensor ezuva-stellar orientation akaumbwa. Apo chikepe chakaita kuti chitanhatu chayo chitendeuke Pasi, MCC yakagamuchira mirairo yekuderedza. Asi chikepe chacho chakaramba chichibhururuka, sokunge hapana chakaitika. Paakaenda kunotendeuka rechi17, zvakava zvakajeka kuti hurongwa hwekutsvaga hurumende hwakashanda, uye vashandi vaifanira kushandura kugadzirisa zvinyorwa. Kubhururuka, basa guru raibuda kunze kwemunhu kune imwe nzvimbo, rinogona kupera munjodzi.

Pakubhadhara kwekuedza kunoshamisa, Belyaev naLeonov vakawanazve kutonga pamusoro pechikepe, asi vakanga vachiri kunonoka nejini ichivharirwa kweminiti. Somugumisiro, nzvimbo yakagadzirirwa nzvimbo yekugara yakasara kure nechekare uye motokari yakatanga kusvika mumasema matema ePermian.

Kununura kushanda

VaAstronauts vakaramba vari musango rechando kwenguva refu kwemazuva maviri. Ichokwadi, imwe helikopta ichiri kuedza kukanda nguvo dzadzo dzinopisa, asi yakashaikwa, uye purogiramu yakarasika mumagetsi echando.

Iyo helikopta yakanga isingagoni kupinda mukati mechando chakanyanyisa pakati pemiti, uye vaigadziri vakanga vasina michina yakakodzera kana kutema miti, kana kuzadza chando nemvura uye kugadzira kushandiswa kwechando pakusvetera. Pakupedzisira, boka rekuponesa rakasvika kumazamu echando akaiswa netsoka uye rakakwanisa kuvabudisa kunze kwemasango.

Pasinei nezvinetso zvose zvekugadzirira uye zviitiko zvisingafadzi panguva yekufamba, Belyaev naLeonov vakatarisana nebasa ravo guru - vakaita munhu kunze. Zuva rechiitiko ichi rakava chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yeSoviet cosmonautics.