Oprichnina weIvan the Terrible. Nenguva pfupi pamusoro pemutemo wekutya

Makore oprichnina Ivan the Terrible akaita basa rinokosha munhoroondo yekuumbwa kwenyika yeRussia. Mambo akaiswa pachigaro cheushe muna 1547. Asi mumakore ekutanga ekutonga kwake, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rehurumende rakanga risati iro oprichnina yeIvan the Terrible.

Nenguva pfupi pamusoro pekushandurwa kweSvondo Dzakasarudzwa

Rada yakasarudzwa yakava hurumende chaiyo, yakaungana kubva kumakomana akanaka, vanokudzwa, vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye vamiririri vevafundisi. Hurumende iyi yakashanda kubva muna 1547 kusvika muna 1560. Muchidimbu, zvose zvarudzo zvaro zvakagadzirirwa kutonga kwenyika uye kusagadzirisa kwemasimba, kusikwa kwemajurisi enyika uye mazano munyika yose. Chaizvoizvo, maitiro akadaro aida nguva pachayo. Absoltization yehutongi hwemamerica yakanga yakangofanana muWestern Europe.

Oprichnina Ivan anotyisa: muchidimbu pamusoro pezvikonzero

Zvisinei, mabasa uye hupenyu huno hweVasanangurwa Dare kune zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotanga kupesana nezvinangwa zveIvan the Terrible. Muna 1560 pane kupesana pakati peTsar neshamwari dzake, izvo zvakaita kuti oprichnina weIvan the Terrible. Kuti uise muchidimbu pamusoro pezvikonzero zvekuparara kwebumbiro iri, rinofanira kucherechedza kuti kufambira mberi kwekuchinja kweVasanangurwa Rada pakupedzisira kwakaneta tsar. Ikokupedzisira yakatanga kuonekwa sokuti centralization yenyika yakanga yakanonoka kunonoka nevana, zvakare, mugore ra1560 akapomera nhengo mbiri dzeVasanangurwa Rada - Sylvester naAdasheva - mune zvavanoda kuisa pfungwa dzakasimba pamaoko emasimba avo pachavo. Chikonzero chakakosha chepasina ndiyo kupesana pakati pezviyero zvehurumende dzisina kukodzera uye mudzimai waTar Anastasia Yurieva. Mushure mekufa kwake, tsar akaramba achipomera mhondi kuti "vaigara kubva pachiedza chake." Nzira yekupedzisira yakanga isingadikanwi neIvan IV isingadikanwi ne boyar elite yaiva kuchinja kweimwe yevamwe vekare vaimbosarudzwa, uye Andrei Kurbsky, kune rumwe rutivi rwePoles munguva yeVivonian War. Chikonzero chakaita kuti vekupedzisira vaite ichi chakanga chisingagutsikane nechokwadi chokuti tsar yakanga ichidzvinyirira rusununguko rusina rusununguko uye kodzero dzevakomana. Mukupindura, iyo tsar inoumba zvitunha zvinoteerera zve oprichniks, uyo anotanga kutyisa kukuru pamusoro pevanhu vane hutongi munyika.

Oprichnina Ivan Zvinotyisa: muchidimbu pamusoro pokubata

Kubva muna 1565 muumambo hweMoscow inotanga kurwisana kunotyisa kubvisa, kana kuti panzvimbo iyo, kuparadzwa kwenyama ye boyar stratum. Nyika yacho yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: chikamu chimwe chakava chiitiko chemunhu weTsar uye chakanzi oprichnina. Chimwe chaitongwa neDuma mukomana uye ainzi zemshchina. Nharaunda ye oprichnina yakaramba ichingowedzera uye yakafukidza yakawanda yenyika munyika. Icho chinzvimbo chezvematongerwe enyika che oprichnina chaIvan the Terrible ndechekuti tsar yakazviwanira iye pachake kodzero uye kubvumirana kwevakomana kuti aigona kuisa pachena pachena maziso ezvo ndokuuraya vose avo iye pachake iye akafunga kuti vatengesi. Hazvina maturo kutaura, mushure mekufamba kweKurbsky Tsar, vatengesi nevanogadzirira vakaonekwa kwose kwose pakati pe boyar elite? Mumakore akatevera, mazana emhuri dzevanhu vakanaka vakadzingwa kubva kunyika dzavo, avo vakanga vaenda oprichniki. Nyeredzi yaro yakasvika pakuvhunduka muna 1570, apo mukuru wekupedzisira Vladimir Staritsky akaurayiwa muRussia. Kuenda kune dzimwe nguva kune Novgorod, Klin, Torzhok, Tver yakaitwa. Mazana emisha akapiswa, uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda kwakaitika muMoscow.

Mhinduro oprichnina

Chigumisiro chemurairo uyu chaiva kushaya simba kwezvematongerwe enyika emakomana munyika. Somugumisiro, tsar yakazoita zvekutonga. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinyorwa zvechokwadi uye iyo chaiyo yekuparara kwemahombe uye kuuraya ndezvakaipa zvisina kunaka. Zvisinei, hurumende yakabvumirwa kugadzira hondo yakasimba uye sangano rinobudirira rehurumende kwenguva yaro , izvo zvakaguma nekuwedzera kufambira mberi kwenharaunda dzehurumende.