Rzhev hondo panguva yeHome Patriotic War

Apo patinonzwa shoko rokuti "hondo", hondo inowanikwa pamberi pedu mumunda apo, masikati, mumwe wevanopikisana achava mukundi. Iri izwi rinoshandiswa uye rinonzwisisika. Asi hondo yeRzhev yakanga yakasiyana. Yakafukidza nguva yakareba uye yakamirira rutsva rwehondo kwemakore maviri.

Rzhev-Vyazma operation

Iyo yakawanda yakagamuchirwa kwenguva yakareba iyo hondo yeRzhev yakatora (January 8, 1942-31, March 1943). Mumazuva ano, maiva nenguva dzakawanda dzekudzikama kana yehondo, nguva apo mauto asina kuita mhirizhonga.

Pakutanga kwa1942, uto reSoviet rakabudirira kurasa mauto e Wehrmacht kubva kuMoscow. Asi mhirizhonga, iyo yaiva imwe yezvakashandura zvehondo, yakaenderera mberi. Iko bhizimisi rinodiwa zvakanyanyobvira mugumisiro. Munharaunda iyi mauto eGermany eboka "Center".

Mauto eSoviet kumadokero neKalinin Front aifanira kubvarura, akapoteredza uye kuparadza simba iri. Mumazuva okutanga aJanuary mazuva e-anti-offensive, kutanga kubva pa8, zvose zvakaenda maererano neurongwa. Zvaikwanisika kusunungura Vera, Kirov, Mozhaisk, Medyn, Sukhinichi uye Lyudinovo. Pakanga pane zvaidiwa pakuparadzanisa "Centre" mumapoka akawanda akasiyana.

Surroundings

Zvisinei, ikozvino pa19, pamitemo yaJoseph Stalin, chikamu chemasimba ekurwisa chakaendeswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kunyanya, Kuznetsov's 1st shock army yakatumirwa kuNokgorod nzvimbo pedyo neDhemyansk, uye hondo ye16 yaRokossovsky yakatamirwa kumaodzanyemba. Izvi zvakaderera zvakaderera chidimbu chemaSoviet mauto. Zvikamu zvakasara zvaingova zvisingakwanisi zvigadziro zvakakwana kuti apedze basa racho. Icho chiito chakanga chakarasika.

Pakupera kwaJanuary, wechitatu weHondo pasi pemurairo waEfremov akatumirwa kuRzhev. Zvikamu izvi zvakare zvakare vakaedza kuputsa kuburikidza nekudzivirirwa kwevavengi, asi pakupedzisira ivo pachavo vakanga vakakombwa. MunaMuvhuro, makore 33 akaparadzwa, uye Mikhail Efremov akazviuraya.

Soviet operation yakakundikana. Maererano nehuwandu hwehupfumi, kurasikirwa kwaive kune vanhu 776 zviuru, iyo 272 zviuru zvisingakanganisiki. Pamusoro pekuumbwa kweA 33rd Army, mapoka mashomanana chete akabuda mudenderedzwa, ndiko kuti, 889 masoja.

Hondo dzeRzhev

Muzhizha ra1942, Stavka akaisa basa rokutora maguta muKalinin. Chokutanga pane zvose zvaiva Rzhev. Hondo yezvikamu zviviri - Kalinin (General Konev) neWestern (General Zhukov) zvakare vakatora chikonzero.

Musi waJuly 30, chimwe chikonzero cheSoviet chakashata chakatanga. Yakanga iri kunonoka zvikuru. Chimwe nechimwe chaipfuura uye chakarova chikamu chevhu chinodhura zviuru zvehupenyu. Iko kare mumazuva ekutanga ekushanda, makiromita matanhatu bedzi akasara kuna Rzhev. Zvisinei, zvakatora anenge mwedzi kuti vadzoke.

Guta rakangosvika pakupera kwaAugust. Zvaiita sokuti hondo yeRzhev yakanga yatotorwa. Yakatotenderwa kubvumirana mberi pamberi pevamiririri vehurumende yemuongorori weAmerica, avo vaifanira kutarisa kukunda kweSoviet. Rzhev yakatorwa musi waSeptember 27. Zvisinei, Red Army yakagara imomo kwemazuva mashoma. ChiGermany zvidzidzo, izvo zvakatora guta musi waOctober 1, zvakakurumidza kubviswa.

Izvozvo zvinotevera zveSoviet zvinopera pasina. Kurasikirwa kwehondo yeRzhev munguva iyi yakaenzana nevanhu vanenge zviuru mazana matatu, kureva, 60 muzana yevashandi veRed Army munharaunda iyi yepamberi.

Operation Mars

Sekupedzisira kumagumo echando-pakutanga kwechando, chimwe chiedza chakarongwa kupedza kuburikidza nekudzivirira kwe "Center" boka. Panguva ino yakasarudzwa kuti izvo zvinopisa zvaizoitika munzvimbo idzodzo izvo zvange zvisati zvaitwa. Iyi ndiyo yaiva nzvimbo pakati pehova Gzhat naOsuga, uyewo pedyo nemusha weVaduku Tud. Pano paiva nehuwandu hwemashoko eGerman.

Panguva imwecheteyo, murairo wakaedza kutaurira zvisizvo muvengi, kuitira kuti tisavhiringidza Wehrmacht kubva kuStalingrad, uko mazuva ano mazuva ekupedzisira ehondo aizouya.

39th Army yakakwanisa kumanikidzidza Young Tud, uye nhengo dzekutanga dzakagadziriswa dzakarwisa zvigadziro zvevatambi pedyo neguta reBely. Asi yakanga iri kubudirira kwenguva pfupi. Pakutanga kwaDecember, German counteroffensive yakamisa masero eSoviet ndokuparadza 20th Army. Izvo zvakafanirwa zvakamirira zvitatu zviviri: 2 nd Guards Cavalry uye 6th Tank.

Musi waDecember 8, zvichipikisana nechekare kwezviitiko izvi, Georgy Zhukov akasimbisa kuti Operation Mars (zita rekodhi) rinotangazve nemasimba matsva. Asi hapana chimwe chekuedza kuputsa mumutsara wekudzivirirwa kwemuvengi haana kusvika kumagumo nekubudirira. Masoja ari pasi pemurairo weGeneral Khozin, Yushkevich naZygin vakakundikana. Vakawanda vakanga vakakombwa zvakare. Maererano nekufungidzira kwakasiyana-siyana, nhamba yevarwi veSoviet vakafa panguva ino inopinduka pakati pe70 ne100 000. Hondo yeRzhev ye1942 haina kumbounza kukunda kwenguva refu kwakamirira.

Operation Buffel

Mukati yehondo dzakapfuura, iro rainzi raRzhevsky rokutakura, raive rakapiwa nemauto eGermany, rakaumbwa. Yaiva chikamu chinotambudzika chepamberi - chaive chiri nyore kukukomberedza. Izvi zvakanyanya kuoma shure kwemauto eSoviet akatora guta reVelikiye Luki munaJanuary 1943.

Kurt Zeitzler pamwe nemamwe murairo Wehrmacht vakatanga kukurumidza kukumbira Hitler kupa mvumo yekuregererwa kwemauto. Pakupedzisira, akabvuma. Masoja aifanira kuendeswa kumuganhu munharaunda yeDorogobuzh. Kutarisira basa iri rinokosha raiva Colonel-General Walter Model. Chirongwa chakanga chakanyorwa "Büffel", icho chinobva kuGermany chinoshandurwa se "buffalo".

Kutora Rzhev

Kuregererwa kwakakwana kwemauto kwakabvumira maGermany kuti abve muhombekombe pamwe chete pasina kurasikirwa. Musi waMarch 30 musoja wekupedzisira weReich akasiya nzvimbo iyi, iyo yakarwiswa kweinopfuura gore. I Wehrmacht yakasiya misha nemisha isina chinhu : Olenino, Gzhatsk, Bely, Vyazma. Vose zvavo vakatorwa neSoviet mauto muna March 1943 vasina kurwisana.

Rzhev akanga akamirira kuitika kwakafanana. Akasunungurwa musi waMarch 3. Munhu wokutanga kupinda muguta aiva 30th Army, iyo yakapedza nguva yakawanda mune iyi yepamberi uye yakagadzirirwa kubva munharaunda mushure mehondo dzeropa. Nokudaro zvakagumisa hondo yeRzhev ye1942, 1943. Kubudirira kwehutano kwakaguma kune chokwadi chokuti muGreat Patriotic War icho chiitiko chakanga chakazopfuura zvakare kuSoviet Union.

Kutsvaka muvengi

Hondo yeSoviet yakasiya Rzhev kumashure ndokutanga kukurumidza kukanganisa pane zvigaro zvemanheru zvevaGermany. Somugumisiro, nokuda kwaMarch zvaive zvichibvira kutamira mberi mberi kusvika kumadokero kweimwe makiromita 150. Kukurukurirana kwemauto eSoviet kwakatambanudzwa. Avant-garde yakazviparadzanisa kubva kumashure uye kupa. Kufambira mberi kwakaderera nekutanga kwemajaya uye mashoma mumigwagwa.

Apo maGermany akazvisimbisa ivo pachavo kuDorogobuzh, zvakava pachena kuti uto rehuwandu hwakadaro haringagoni kukundwa, uye Red Army yakamira. Izvozvo zvinotevera kuitika kuchaitika muzhizha, apo Hondo yeKursk ichapera.

Zuva reRzhev. Kufungisisa mutsika

Pakati peusiku weGreat Patriotic War, vanhu zviuru makumi mashanu vaigara muguta. Guta racho rakapedza mwedzi 17 mubasa, panguva iyo iro rakaparadzwa pasi. Vanhu vomunharaunda yacho vakatizira musi iwoyo, kana kuti havana kupona simba reGermany. Apo uto reSoviet rakasunungura guta musi waMarch 3, 1943, vanhu 150 vakagara ipapo.

Kana ari kuenzana kwekurasikirwa kwese kweRed Army mumakore anodarika gore rehondo, Marshal Viktor Kulikov akadana nhamba yevanhu vanopfuura 1 mamiriyoni.

Rzhevskaya hondo yakasara muguta racho vanenge 300 magwenga akapona, apo hondo isati yasvika pakanga pane mazana mashanu mashanu. Mushure mehondo, yakavakwa zvakare chaizvo anew.

Hondo dzeropa uye kurasikirwa kukuru zvakaratidzwa mukuyeuka kwevanhu uye zvizhinji zvekuita mabasa. Nyaya inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye nhetembo yaAlexander Tvardovsky "Ndakaurayiwa pedyo neRzhev." Zviyeuchidzo zvakawanda zvine nzvimbo yeTver. Rzhev hondo, musamu panorama yechiitiko ichi - izvi zvose zvinokwezva vateereri vakawanda vevashanyi. Muguta rezita rimwe chete kunewo bhaeliski isingakanganwiki.