Hondo yeShevardinsky ichitsvaga: tsanangudzo

Hondo yakapoteredzana nekuderedzwa kweShevardino yakaitika mangwanani eHondo yeBododino uye inofungidzirwa kuti yakatanga. Hondo yekudzivirira kwekodzero yakakosha yakatanga nokuti Napoleon aida nzvimbo yakanakisisa kune yakatevera, uye Kutuzov aida kunonoka nguva yakakodzera yekugadzirisazve hondo yake.

Zuva rakapfuura

Mumangwanani eAugust 24 (Svondo 5), 1812, vaFrance vakatanga kusvika kumamiriro ekuRussia. Hondo yekutanga yakatanga pedyo neKolotsky moni. Mauto makuru euto reRussia akanga ari makiromita 8 kubva ipapo. Wokutanga kurova aive mushure wePyotr Konovnitsyn. Mushure memaawa ekurwa, iye, pamwe nesangano rake rakayambuka Rwizi rweBolochu ndokumira pedyo neguta reShevardino.

Kutuzov inoda kuwana nguva yekupedzisa kugadzirira basa rekugadzira pakuvakwa kwemasvingo. Nokudaro, akasarudza musha weShevardino senzvimbo yevasungwa kuFrance. Zuva risati rasvika kwakavakwa pentagonal redoubt. Pakutanga kwaionekwa sechikamu chekuruboshwe kuruboshwe. Apo nzvimbo dzeRussia dzakasimudzirwa kumashure, shanduro yeShevardinsky yakava yakasimiririra mberi.

Achiona rusvingo, Napoleon akabva araira kuti amubate. Chinhu chacho ndechokuti chakadzivirira mauto eFrance kutendeuka. Zvitatu zvitatu zvakanakisisa, chikamu chemuviri waDavout, uye varwi vemabhiza ePoland vaJózef Poniatowski vakapinda mukurwisa. Zvinonakidza kuti pakutanga mauto eFrance akashandura munda wacho kuchamhembe-kumavirira uye kumavirira kweBorodino. Kutuzov aida izvo chete. Zvisinei, Napoleon akafungidzira urongwa hwomupikisi uye haana kugamuchira mitemo yake yemutambo. Ndokusaka zviwanikwa zveFrance zvichitsanangura mauto ekurwisana aRoadoubt senzira yakarurama yeuto reBonaparte.

Hondo yeRussia

Shevardinsky redoubt aidzivirirwa pasi pemurairo weLieutenant-General Andrey Gorchakov. Yaiva mukoma waSuvorov, uyo akanga atozviratidza mumasangano eSwiss neItaly. Akava mukuru mukuru wezera remakore makumi maviri nemaviri. Gorchakov aizviisa pasi pe 27th Division yaDmitry Neverovsky, mauto akawanda emabhiza, uye neuto revarwi. Hondo yeShevardinsky yakavhiringidzika yakave yemaawa ekutengesa kwevakuru. Akanga ane varwi zviuru gumi nezviviri zvaaigona, apo Napoleon akatumira zviuru makumi matatu kuti varwise.

Masimba eGorchakov akanga aine zvinotevera. Pamusoro pekudzikinura kwakanga kune mabhuni gumi nemaviri kubva mukambani yebheteri ye12, yakarayirwa naLieutenant Colonel Vinsper. Kurutivi rwavo kwaiva 27th Infantry Division. Mutsara wokutanga waiva Simbirsk uye Odessa regiments. Muchipiri - Tarnopol naVilna. IJäger Regiments (6 muzvose) iri pedyo neAlexinki pabhangi yakarurama reKolochi River. Paiva nemipata yakawanda nemasango pano. Zvimwe zvikwata zvakatora Doroninsky Grove kumucheto kweDoronino.

Kuenda kuchamhembe kwemusha weShevardino, uko zita rokuti Shevardinsky redoubt rakabviswa, Chernigov neKharkov dragoon regiments vakatora nzvimbo dzavo . Kuenda kumaodzanyemba kwechidziro, pachikomo, chaiva nebhasi-ine nhumbi dzakasungwa yekambani yechitanhatu. Yakanga yakafukidzwa nemauto maviri, chikamu cheAkhtyrsky Hussar Regiment. Kusvikira kurudyi kwekudzikinura kwakatora nzvimbo yepfuti yekambani yechipiri yechipiri, pamwe chete nemapurisa ekambani ye 9 yakakonzerwa nekambani yechi21 yechiedza.

MuRussia kumashure kwaiva 2 Civic Division. Yakarayirwa na Major-General Ilya Duka. Pedyo naKamenka ndiyo yechipiri grenadier ye Karl Mecklenburg. Mamwe mauto mazana mana akasimuka pedyo neguta reSemenovskaya. Pose, apo hondo yakatanga kuShevardino Redoubt, Gorchakov aiva nepfuti makumi mana, 38 varwi vemabhiza uye makumi matatu nemauto ehondo. Kuruboshwe rwaiva dondo, uye kurudyi imusha wezita rimwe chete.

The French offensive

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mukuchengeteka kwemauto eRussia chaiva chifukidzo chemugwagwa wekare wekare wekare wekare. Zvinyorwa zveCossack zveMami-General Akim Karpov vakaita sevadziviriri vake. Zvitunha zvePoniatowski zvakasimuka mumugwagwa uyu.

Hondo yeShevardinsk Redoubt yakatanga nekurwiswa kwemasangano eNapoleon. Vakarwisa kubva kune imwe, Mugwagwa weNew Smolensk. Pakutanga, ruvengo rwekurohwa rwakawira pamasangano mashanu aJean-Dominique Compan. Mauto ake aizivikanwa nemukurumbira mukuru. Pamakashafu eCompan akaisa nhoroondo dzakawanda. Mumwe wavo, we 57th linear, mushure mokurwisa kweItaly kwakatumidzwa zita rokuti Grozny. Yaiva nevarume vane ruzivo rwemauto eFrance. The Fifth Division yakagadzirwa nemitemo mina yemakwikwi ehurumende, makambani maviri ezvombo uye nehondo yakabatana. Yaiva nepfuti makumi matatu nemasere uye zviuru gumi zvemauto.

Muvengi akaenda kunzvimbo yaShevardinsky Redoubt, uye akagamuchira chidziro kubva kumaodzanyemba uye kuchamhembe. Kaviri dzeFrance dzakaputika, asi nguva imwe neimwe dzakarova vana vaNewovsky.

Zviito zveCompan

Muvengi akanga achifamba nenzira yakakwirira. Zvitatu zvitatu zvevavengi zvakachengetwa zvakafanana. Pakati pa2: 00 masikati vakayambuka Koloch ndokuenda kuShevardinsky redoubt. Muchidimbu, hondo yezuva iroro yakatsanangurwa nevakawanda vakaona, kusanganisira Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky. Akataura kuti Konovitsyn akamanikidzwa kudzokera kuBorodino. Mushure meizvozvo, rearguard regiments yakatanga kuva chikamu chezvitunha. Yakagadzirirwa mukurwisana, hondo yeRussia yakaratidzwa kumeso evengi. Kuwana kwacho kwakadziviswa naShevardinsky redoubt. Nhoroondo yehondo iyoyo yakaita kuti vanyori vezvakaitika kare vafunge ...

Compan ngwarira yakashandisa zvakanakisa zvezvinhu zvemunharaunda. Sei chivako cheShevardinsky chakavakwa? Kudzivirira vaFrance kubva kuvakazve nekurwisa hondo huru yeRussia. Kuti agone kushandiswa kubatwa kwechando, Compan yakashandisa nzvimbo yakakwirira yakagadzirirwa senzvimbo yepfuti yake. Iko pfuti zvakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru nekupfura pamusana pekudzivirirwa uye kupotera kwevana.

Kurwisana

Mupfuti wokutanga wakagara anenge awa. Zvave zvichitarisira zvisingatarisirwi kwenguva yakareba, maRussia akaputika uye yegeri akadzoka. Nenguva ino, pasi pemurairo wega wega weNapoleon, simba revavengi rakananga zvakananga kumasvingo. Vakatungamirirwa nemoto wevavengi vakawanda vezvombo.

Ikoko kwaive nekuwedzerwa kunhamba kwenhamba kweFrench. Yakamanikidza Gorchakov kuti inotanga kushanda iyo yakachengetwa mabirnadiers. Zvisinei, kuti vaende ikoko, vaida nguva. Apo vainge vava kuswedera, kudziviririra masimba uye Shevardino Redoubt yakavata nehope, mahara, mazambiringa, grenades nemabhuru. "Chii icho, kana kwete kukunda?!" - vakafunga vaFrance, asi kukunda kwavo kwakagara kwenguva pfupi. Ndivo bedzi ivo vakatanga kuziva kubhadhara, sezvakakonzerwa muhondo vakapinda mumagiradhidiers. Nzira yavo yaifadza zvechokwadi. Pamberi pemagirnadiers vaprista vainge vakafukidzwa mune zvinyorwa. Nemachinjikwa mumaoko avo, vakasimbisa mweya wekurwa wevarwi uye vakafuridzira kuti varambe vachirwisa.

Iro regiments iyo yakauya kuzobetsera redoubt yakazosvika pakero nebheteri. Muvengi akadzingwa shure. Mukupisa kwehondo yaitanga kurwisana nemaoko. Vanopikisa vakashandurana vakatarisana uye vakagamuchira chiito, asi hapana rutivi rwaigona kutora ruzivo rwakakosha mukukunda kukupedzisira. Kwaiva kuve kusviba, uye Shevardino, kuburitswa uye sango riri kuruboshwe rworuboshwe rakasara kumaRussia.

Culmination

Zuva rakapfuura, manheru akazotevera, uye vadziviriri vebasa racho vakaramba vachigadzirisa nzvimbo yavo. Muvengi anopisa akamira kwenguva. Asi nekutangira kwerima, vashandi vakabva vauya kuzobatsira Poniatowski. Vose vakakurumidza kupinda muhondo itsva. Pamusoro pekuregererwa akanzwa nzira yevarwi veFrance. Mumumvuri, zvakanga zvisingabviri kutsanangura nhamba yavo. Asi apo paine maonero eFrance mashamba emasango akapisa , chiedza chakavhenekera korona yakaoma yemuvengi iyo yakanga iri pangozi. Aifamba achienda kurudyi rweRussian flank.

Panguva ino Gorchakov aingova neboka rimwechete uye rimwe bhoti rakasara. Ipapo mutungamiri mukuru akaenderera mberi. Akarayira murwi wehondo kuti arove madhiramu uye akadanidzira "Hurray !!!", asi usasimuka. Achinzwa mimhanzi, vaFrance vaishamisika uye vakarasikirwa nekutanga. Zvichakadai, vashandi veRussia vaibva kuChirrassier Division 2 vakapinda muhondo yacho yakazara uye vakanyengedza kurwisa.

Chikamu cheFrance cheCompan uye chiedza chitsva chakaputika muShevardino kudarika chete kusvika pakati peusiku. Kuuraya kwakaipisisa kwakatevera. Varwi vakarwa nemaoko. Kuonekwa kwaiva kuda kusvika zero. Yakanga isiri rima chete rakaridzivirira, asiwo utsi hwakasviba. Vavengi vanoputirana. Pakupedzisira, vaFrance vakanyengera uye vakadzokera zvakare, vachidonha 5 kanani. Zvitatu zvepfuti zvakasara munzvimbo, dzimwe mbiri dzakabviswa nekateirasi. Hondo yakamira. Panenge pakati peusiku panopenya zvakare kwakasimuka korona yeFrance.

Yaiva ipapo iyo, pamitemo ye Kutuzov, Gorchakov pakupedzisira yakadzoka. Kuchengetedza kure kure nedzimwe nzvimbo kunopera zvino kwakanga kusina maturo. Hondo yeusimba yakagadzirisa chinangwa chayo, sezvo yakapiwa nguva yakakwana yekuita kuti mukuru weuto reRussia atore nzvimbo dzaanoda uye agadzirire zvimwe zvigaro.

Usiku husina hope hweNapoleon

Zuva rakatevera mushure, Bonaparte akaita sarudzo yeimwe regiments yeCompan. Mambo wacho akabvunza achishamisika apo bhodhi rechitatu raipinda kwaari rakanga raenda. Mutungamiri wenyika akaudza tsar kuti akanga aramba aripo. Dondo rakanga riri pedo nemusuo rakaramba richifamba nemasoja eRussia. Miseve nguva dzose yakarongeka mishonga uye yakaramba ichirwisa zvishomanana. Chero apo varwi vemabhiza aMurat vakabata zvakakonzera chikonzero chacho, akakwanisa kubvisa bani. Nokudaro vakapedza hondo yeShevardinsk Redoubt (zuva rehondo racho rinoratidzwa pakutanga kwechinyorwa).

Zuva iri rakavhiringidza Napoleon. Akavata zvishoma uye zvakaipa. Pakupedzisira, General Caulaincourt akauya kwaari, uyo akaudza kuti hakuna musungwa mumwe chete wawira mumaoko emaFrance. Akashamisika, Napoleon akatanga kumubvunza mibvunzo yakasimba. Ko vaFiristiya vehondo vaFiristia havana kurwisa muvengi panguva? Chii chakaitwa navaRussia: kukunda kana kufa? Mukuru mukuru akapindura kuti mauto akakombwa nemasvingo aida kuzviuraya. Kolenkur akatsanangura chiito ichi nekuti maRussia anoshandiswa kurwisana neTurkey, uye haawanzo kutora vasungwa. Uyezve, mutauriri weNapoleon akapfuurira, mauto aG Gorchakov zvakajeka akaunzwa mukushingaira. Mambo weRoma akashamiswa zvikuru uye akapinda mukufungisisa.

Kukosha kweRedoubt

Kunyange zvazvo kutsanangurwa kwekurwisana kwekuregererwa kunopesana kubva kune mumwe nemamwe muzvinyorwa, vose vanosimbisa kuti mambo aionga kukosha kwechidziro. Saka, panzvimbo pokusvika kumunda weBododino kuchamhembe kweNova Smokenskaya mumugwagwa, akarwisa Shevardino. Panguva imwe chete yeFrance neibatsiro rezvitunha zveBogarne dzakadzivirirwa kubva pane imwe nzira yaigona kurwisa kuruboshwe. Somugumisiro wegadziriro iyi, vaRussia vaifanira kuvhara mauto avo uye vanobvisa masimba avo kuSemyonovskie nzvimbo dzakakwirira, pedyo nemakwenzi. Munguva yekudzoka, zviratidzo zvezwi zvakashandiswa kurwisa. Vaidikanwa kuti vadzivise muvengi.

Kukosha kwaakaitwa naShevardinsky Redoubt kwakakurukurwa zvishoma nezvinyorwa zvose zveFrance. Captain Labom akayeuka kuti moto unouraya uyo wakarwirwa kubva pakurwisana uku wakatonyanya kukanganisa mumapoka euto reNapoleonic.

Zvishoma nezvishoma kufamba

Nokudaro, hondo yeShevardinsky kuregererwa yakava chirevo chehondo yose yeBorodino. Nenzira imwecheteyo yakafanana nekaviri yevarwi, avo tsika dzakatanga hondo dzepakati peEast Slavs. Nhengo imwe neimwe mune imwe pfungwa yakagadzirisa chinangwa chayo. Kutuzov akakwanisa kugadzirira hondo yose, uye Napoleon akaratidza pachena simba rehondo yake. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutungamiriri weRussia-mukuru-mukuru akatsunga nzira inogona kunge yakananga yekutsvaga muvengi. Akatanga kugadzirira hondo yacho kubva pakuziva kuti vaFrance vaifanira kumurwisa iye kuruboshwe.

Akakunda hondo yeShevardinsky kudarika, Bonaparte akava nemukana wekutora varwi vake pamberi pomuvengi wehurongwa. Bhirijiro, iro raakatora kuzorwa neRussia kuruboshwe, rakabatsira zvikuru. Kufambisa kwaNapoleon kwakamanikidza Kutuzov kuronga kuungana kwemauto ake usiku usiku hwemauto ose. Kubva munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakadzikidzwa, zvakava pachena kuti vaFrance vakanga vachiwedzerwa kudyirwa kurudyi, uye vazhinji vavo vaipfura vakanga vachiungana mumatanda. Kubva pakuderedzwa, zvombo zveGreat Army zvaitakurwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kumakomo akapoteredza nemakomo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, Gorchakov pakarepo akaratidza kuti maRussia aizorwa nehasha, izvo zvisina kuvimbisa Napoleon kukunda zviri nyore, kwaaizojaira panguva yehondo muEurope. Kutuzov, mushure mokurwisana nehondo, yakaendesa Grenadier battalion ya Count Vorontsov pedyo nekusimbiswa pedyo naSemenovsky. Akaparadzanisa zvitunha zveTuchkov kubva panzvimbo iyi uye akazviendesa kumugwagwa wekare wekare. Mamwe mashefu kubva kumasasa akasara kumiganhu, vaifanira kubatsira avo vakakuvadzwa. Nemhaka yekutungamirirwa kweuto reFrance, Kutuzov akachinja musoro wake. Kubva Tatarinov akatamira kune Gorki. Mukuwedzera, 4 Jaeger regiments vakatumirwa kusango kuti vadzivirire kutaurirana pakati pehondo yechipiri nemuviri weTuchkov.

Mhinduro

Somugumisiro wezviito zveFrench, Semenov kuputika (ivo vanonziwo Bagrationovs) vakauya mberi, asi Maslovskys akanga asina maturo. Kukosha kweArash Smolenskaya mumugwagwa kwawedzera zvakanyanya. Iye zvino, nerubatsiro rwemugwagwa uyu, vaFrance vakapiwa mukana wekutungamirira nzira yekufukidzira. Pakati pechisimba chezviitiko zvinotevera zveBododino zvakatamira mberi kumaodzanyemba. Mumaoko aNapoleon yaiva yakakwirira yepamusoro, iyo yaakagamuchira nekuda kwekukuvadza kwake. Mutongi weFrance akanga asisada kupfurikidza nemuganhu weRussia wakakomberedzwa, wakabva paKoloch uye wakanzwisiswa nezvipingamupinyi zvepanyama nenzira yekuoma kusvika kumhenderekedzo yehova. Nokudaro, Napoleon akafananidza chinzvimbo chake uye, mune imwe pfungwa, akataridzirwa Kutuzov. Izvo zvakazoguma zvehondo yeBorodino zvakatsigira nehutano hwevatungamiriri pahondo.

Zvinotendwa kuti kubatwa kwechibvumirano cheShevardino cheFrance chakarasikirwa nevana 4-5 zviuru zvevanhu vakaurayiwa uye vakakuvadzwa, asi kurasikirwa kweRussia kwaive kusvika 6-7 mazana. Kurashika kukuru kwakadaro kunokonzerwa nekukosha kukuru kwezvombo zvevengi uye nhamba yepamusoro yemuvengi. Mauto eRussia akatambura kurasikirwa kwakanyanya nemhaka yekufambisa uye kuputika.