Kumabvazuva kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Russia muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga

Chii chinozivikanwa pamusoro penjodzi iyo inotyisa iyo yakakunda nyika dzakawanda, murume wemazuva ano? Gore rokutanga raiva 1914. Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakaguma muna 1918. Russia yakabatana nayo, asi haina kuva nyika yakakunda. Vanhu vazhinji vakaurawa. Uyu munyori wenhau dzakaitika zveSoviet aiti hondo yacho isingaiti uye haina kururama. Nei zvakadaro? Nokuti kuurayiwa kwakaitika nekuda kwezvakaipesana zveve nyika ye capitalist. Nenzira yakafanana mubvunzo weani uyo akarwisa uyo akange asina hanya. Mukana wekukunda wakanga usingafungi, uye Russia yaive nawo, uye zana muzana. Muvengi akamanikidzwa kutora pasina kubatanidzwa kwenyika yedu, akanga asina zvigadziro zvekurwisanazve. Kana IEastern Front yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakanga isati yaparadzwa zvachose nezviitiko zvezvakaitika uye anti-war propaganda, zvaizoitika kare. Kana chete ...

German militancy

Ikoko kune mafungiro akachengeteka pamusoro pevarume vekuGermany vanorangwa, mauto akazvarwa akagona kugadzira simba rine simba uye risina chinetso chekushandisa mauto ehondo. Asi zvakadaro, pane zvakanyatsozivikanwa, izvo zvisingatsigiri pfungwa yakadaro yechisimba chechiGermany chemhirizhonga.

Muzana ramakumi maviri, hondo mbiri dzepasi dzakaitika. Zvose izvi zvakatangwa neGermany, uye mukati mavo maviri zvakatambura kukundwa kukuru. Haana kubatsira rubatsiro rwenyama. Yakabva isina simba isina kurumbidza tsika dzeGerman. Vakuru vakuru vechiGerman vakaratidza kuti havana kukwanisa. Varwi vakanyanya nguva nguva munyika vakazvipa ivo pachavo kumapoka ose, vachitungamirirwa nevatungamiriri. Zvichida zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ezana ramakumi maviri nemakumi maviri, asi pakutanga mweya weNordic wakanga wakasimba uye usingawaniki? Kwete, muzana remakore gumi nemasere negumi nemapfumbamwe mauto eGermany zvakare haana kuwana mukana wekuzvifukidza nemararamiro asina kubwinya. Hauna kupenya ...

Zviitiko zveHondo Yenyika Yokutanga nhasi, pasinei nekusarura kwenguva, hazvifariri kwete nekuda kwemakore zana emakore. Nhoroondo inoratidzirwa nekudzokorora, zvisinei kwete chaiyo, asi kumwe kufanana dzimwe nguva kunoonekwa. Inodawo kuenzanidza nhamo mbiri dzepasi pose, kunyanya mune zvekuita mavari muRussia uye USSR. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye vezvematongerwo enyika vangave vasina chakaipa kufunga nezvezvidzidzo zvekare, kuitira kuti tisadzokorora zvikanganiso zvinokuvadza.

Pakati pekutanga nechechipiri, sehuchenjeri hunoti, kuputsika ... Makumi makumi maviri nematatu makore haasi mazhinji, izwi iri harisi kunyange mukati metsanangudzo yechizvarwa. Mumakumi makumi maviri emakore, vanhu havagone kubereka vana, kuvamutsa uye kugadzira mamiriro ehupenyu hwechizvarwa chinotevera, inofungidzirwa kuti zvinotora makore makumi matatu. Asi murume anokwanisa kurarama maererano nezera rechiuto .

Zvavakanga vachigadzirira kurwisa

Zvombo zveHondo Yenyika Yekutanga zvakange zvisina kukwana, asi muna 1914 zvitatu zvemarudzi makuru evanhu vakanga vatotanga: mauto, vafambisi vezvombo uye mafiriya. Mhirizhonga uye kutasva mabhasi zvakashandiswa pakushandura kwemhepo uye kubhomba. Ngarava dzemakungwa dzakaonekwa, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kusingatarisirwi pazvikepe zvehondo uye vatengesi vemabhizimisi kubva mumvura yakadzika yemvura. Migodhi yemakungwa yakagamuchira zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zve "maroni". Zvechokwadi, mune dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana nedzeve paya uye zvemazuva ano hondo dzakagadzirirwa Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Mifananidzo yakatorwa pamiganhu yayo inoshamisika murume iyeyo iye zvino ane vazhinji vevatasvi vemabhiza. Mabhiza ezvo akanga achiri nyanzvi yekugadzirisa masimba, asi mabhazi akadzivirira uye matangi, ayo akanga aine nzara uye achinonoka, zvishoma nezvishoma akatora nzvimbo yavo muchitambo chekushanda. Nzvimbo dzakasimwa dzakakurumidza zvokuti dzakawanda zvemuenzaniso wayo wemakore gumi zvakashumirwa makumi emakore. Zvombo zviduku zvakakurumidza-kupisa, mhomho yemabhizimisi Maxim, Colt neGochkis zvinogona kukurudzira vavengi vevana vanobudirira zvakanyanya kudarika zvombo zvekare.

Uye, hongu, zvombo zvinotyisa zvikuru zveHondo Yenyika Yenyika - gonye redu. Hitler haana kutya kushandise iwo kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuparadzwa kwakazara kweTatu Reich.

Hasi yose iyi arsenal yaive yakagadzirirwa mapoka ane utsinye kusvika pakutanga kwemhirizhonga muna 1914, vamwe vakanga vachipedzeredzwa uye vakagadzirwa "munzira", asi vachitonga nekukurumidza kwekugadzirisa hutachiona, zvidziviriro zvaive zvichange zviripo muhuwandu hwemapurogiramu uye prototypes. Kukurudzira kwekushandiswa kwekambani yekudzivirira kwakapiwa neHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Tafura, iyo inoratidza kuburitsa kwezvigadzirwa zvehondo uye zvigadzirwa muRussia kwemakore mana, inoratidza kukura kukuru kwemabhizimisi emombe:

Kunyange nanhasi nhamba idzi dzinoita sedzakakosha.

Zvichida zvombo izvi zvakanga zvakaipa? Aiwa, yakanga yakanyatsoenderana nemitemo yenguva iyoyo, uye zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakanga zvakakodzera kushandiswa mumakore eHondo Guru yePatriotic. Ko mauto eRussia akanga asina kukwanisa here? Aiwa, zvose maitiro uye zvombo zvaive zvakakodzera chaizvo mumamiriro edu ezvinhu emamiriro ekunze, zvishoma zviri nani kupinda muAustria. Nezvokudya, zvakare, hakuna munhu akayeuka chero chakaipa. Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Ikutanga, iyo vaitora chikamu vakavharwa munyika dzose, havana kukonzera dambudziko rekudya muRussia. Ikoko kwaive ne "mutemo wakaoma", uye hapana aipikisa. Izvo zvinoenda kunotsigirwa teknolojia. Zviratidzo zvezvombo, izvo zvigadzirwa zvayo zvisati zvambozivikanwa nemabhizimisi emisha, zvakagamuchirwa neuto reRussia kubva kuBritain neFrance. Mapuraneti e "Farman" uye "Newport" akavakwa mune zvinyorwa zvedu kushandisa zvinyorwa zvese, uye vanyori vekuverenga uye vashandi vakanga vakwana. Nhema ye "backotaya" yeRussia, iyo yakangoerekana yawa muna 1914, Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, yava nguva yekudzinga.

Nguva

Muna 1914, chokwadi, pakanga pasina terevhizheni, regai kuve neIndaneti, saka hondo yekuziva yakarwirwa chete nemapepanhau akambomira zuva rimwe ndokuzivisa musi waJune 16 nhau dzinotyisa dzekuponda kwekugara nhaka pachigaro cheAustria-Hungary nemudzimai wake. Paiva nemhosva muguta reSerbia reSarajevo, uye ndicho chikonzero icho Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yegore ra1914-1918 yakatanga, iyo yakaunza nhamo kumarudzi mazhinji. Hurumende yenyika yakavhiringidzika yakakumbira kuzadzika kwemamiriro maviri ekugadzirisa rugare kune chiitiko ichi: kubvumirwa kweboka revapurisa reAustria kunzvimbo yekuponda uye kuiswa kwemauto. VaSerbia vakabvumirana kuti vabatane pamwe chete, asi kupindira kwakaramba. Ipapo Austria-Hungary yakazivisa hondo kuSerbia. MuRussia, kuunganidza kwakatanga, pamwe nekunyeverwa pamusoro pekugona kushandisa masimba kudzivirira vanhu vehama dzeOrthodox. Germany, pasina kumirira kuputika kwemhirizhonga, yakashuma hondo. Panguva ino, kwete Serbia, asi Russia.

Zvinotarisirwa

Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakanga isingadzivisiki here? Nhoroondo yemafungiro ekuzviisa pasi haabvumiri, izvo zvaiva, izvo hazvina kuchinja. Asi zvakadaro, vanhu vanoda kufungidzira, uye nguva nenguva pane zvigadziro zvezvingaitika kana mudzidzi Gavrila akatora uye akasuwa? Kana kazhinji aisazopfura, kamwe kamwe akabatwa neArthodox yechiKristu kupesana nekuponda?

Zvinopera kuti munyaya iyi, zvichida pane imwe zuva kana gore, asi Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese inotanga. Vavatori varo vaiva mune zvekugadzirisa kusingaperi muhukuru hwepasi rese. Germany yakada makoloni, asi France kana England vakanga vasingakurumidzi kugovana kuAfrica, Asia uye kune dzimwe nyika dziri kune dzimwe nyika. Russia haina kuda kuparadzanisa neBaltic States nePoland, zvakare, nyika yakanga ichiwana kuchinja kwakadaro kwezvemari kuti maererano nehutano hweBismarck, nema1950, yakange ichingopedzisira yaita basa reharaunda, uye zvichida mutungamiriri wenyika. Paiva nehondo huru ye "nzvimbo muzuva".

Kuverenga kweGerman General Staff

IEastern Front yeHondo Yenyika I yaiva kwenguva yakareba iyo nzvimbo huru yekurwisana, asi kuti iongorore kukwanisa kwehondo yeRussia, murairo weAustro-German wakatora nguva. Kufanana naHitler makore makumi mana gare gare, von Moltke, mutungamiri weAustro-Hungarian-German General Staff, aida kuti kukundwa kunogona kuwanikwa nekurwisa kunomhanya, kusunungura maoko ake kurwisa mumwe muvengi. Kuregeredza hukuru hwemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu huchauya, hutungamiri hweTreeple Alliance hauna kufunga nezvehukuru hwehupfumi hweMambo weRussia, hupfumi hwaro hwekudya uye hupfumi hwevanhu huzhinji, saka miganhu yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakanga isina kurongeka. IEast Austrians yakatumira chikamu chegumi chehondo yavo, iyo yose yakasimbiswa pamuganhu weLuxembourg neBelgium. Kubva paAugust 2 kusvika ku5, mumazuva matatu chete, vakatora nyika mbiri uye vakapinda muFrance zvishoma pasina hondo. Nenguva yaAugust 25, sezvo vakunda muvengi Marwizi, vaAustro-Hungaria nevaJalimane vakaenda kuParis. Zvaiita sokuti kukunda kwakanga kwava pedyo. Asi ...

Panguva iyi, muRussia

Kukura kwemanzwiro ekuda nyika kunoitika pakutanga kwehondo chero ipi zvayo. Mushure mokuzivisa kwazvo kune vanhu, zvinowanzoita sokuti hondo muzvinyorwa zviviri icharova muvengi. Izvi zvinotungamirirwa nemashoko ekuona zviri mumapurisa, mapepanhau, uye nhasi mamwe magetsi anoshanda. Maererano nemaonero evanyori vezvakaitika kare, Russia haisati yatorazve, yakanga isina nguva, asi Austria-Hungary yakanga ine nguva yakakwana yeizvi. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika yekutanga yehondo yeSoviet mauto muna 1941 inofungidzirwa nenzira inenge yakafanana. Chigumisiro, zvisinei, chakave chakasiyana kune izvi zviviri zvisingawanikwi. IEastern Front yeHondo Yenyika I haina kuenderera mberi kupinda munharaunda yeRussia kupfuura yeCarpathians, iyo inoratidza kuti hondo yedu yakanga isiri yakashongedzerwa uye yakashongedzwa. Izvo zvinoenderana nekutengeserana nyaya. Mashizha emasoja akakurumidza kuwedzera, akabudisa zvombo uye zvombo zvainge zvakakwana kwete kusvika pakuguma kwemhirizhonga. Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga (1914-1918) yakaguma, Russia yakakundwa kune imwe nguva yakareba yakaurayiwa muhurumende, iyo yakatora makore mana. Munguva iyi yose, mafekitari uye mafekitari vakanga vasingachaiti basa, asi ma cartridges, mabhokoni, mazhenje, mabheji, mapfuti, mhomho dzemabhiza uye zvombo kubva kumakwikwi ehondo ("reds" uye "vatsvene") hazvina kutamiswa, izvi zvose zvakatorwa kubva mune zvigadzirwa. Zvokudya makadhi zvakatangwa mushure mekuFrance, England, Germany neAustria-Hungary, uye kushaiwa kwezvokudya hazvina kunzwika kusvikira VaBolshevik vasvika pakusimba.

Zvinenge zvisingakwanisi kurwisana nenyika ine nharaunda yakakura uye yakadaro ine simba rezvemabhizimisi uye zvekurima. Kuti iite zvinokurumidza kukurumidza nekutsigirwa kukunda kuguma, nyika dzeTreeple Alliance dzakanga dzisina simba, uye hondo yepakati yekutrition ingangotungamirira kune chinogumbura chinoguma. Kutungamirirwa kwaKaiser kwaifanira kutarisira kuti mukana wekupedzisira wekutora Russia kubuda muhondo nekuisa kukunda kunoshamisa kana mamwe mazano akachenjera.

Zviitiko zvinotevera zveHondo Yenyika Yekutanga zvakaratidza kuti zvirongwa izvi zvakazoonekwa zvishoma, asi hazvina kutungamirira mukukunda kweAustria-Hungary.

Pakutanga danho

Russia yakagara ichiedza kubatsira masangano ayo munguva dzakaoma kwavari. Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakanga isiri iyo. Nhoroondo yekutanga kwemaitiro anoshingaira ehurumende yeRussian Imperial yakazara nemutambo. Mushure mokukundwa kweMarne munaAgasti 1914, kuronga nokukurumidza mberi kwekushanda kwakaitwa, izvo zvingagadzirirwa uye zviri nani. Mauto maviri (pasi pemurairo wevakuru vakuru AV Samsonov naPK Rennenkampf) vakamhanyira kunorwisa East Prussia ndokukunda muAustria 8th Army, M. Prittwitz. Mutungamiri weGermany Kaiser akaodzwa mwoyo nekukundwa, asi pasinei neizvi, akabvuma mhinduro chete, yakarurama kubva pakuona kweutungamiri. Akamisa zvinyorwa zveParis ndokutumira masimba makuru kumabvazuva. Iyo pendulum yakatungira kune rumwe rutivi, mutemo mukuru weRussia wakagadzira kukanganisa kwakakura. Kurohwa kwemauto kwakashandiswa pamwe nemitsetse yakasiyana, kuBerlin neKoenigsberg. Kuratidzira kwakadaro kwakaparadzira Eastern Front yeHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, yakatungamirira pakuderera kwekutungidzirwa kwekushanda, pane kukundikana kutora mukana weGermany General Staff. Mauto eRussia akatambura zvakanyanya, shure kwaizvozvo, zvakaratidzika, pakanga pasina chinhu chekufunga pamusoro pezvakaipa. Zvisarudzo zvakatorwa nehuwandu hwemamiriro ezvinhu, ayo, kazhinji kutaura, akanga achifarira Mutende. Mauto eAustria akamanikidzwa, asingakwanisi kufamba, uye nguva yaishanda navo.

Kurasikirwa

Mhedziso yeHondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakanga isati yakamboitika kare munhoroondo. Russia yakamanikidzwa kuita mauto ekurwa neTurkey uye yakabatana neT Triple Alliance yeBulgaria. 38 nyika dzakaburusirwa mumusana wekuwedzera wakakakavadzana. Sangano reInentente rakagamuchirwa neEgypt uye kunyange nevevengi vemazuva ano veRussia - Japan. Itaria haina kuratidzira kuomerera kumitemo, kusarudza zvido zvenyika kuti zvibatane zvikwereti. Achitanga hondo kudivi reTreeple Alliance, munguva yake yakashandura hutungamiri hwezvikwata zvevarwi vake.

Dzimwe nyika dzakava varwi. Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga, makore mana ayo, yakange yakakwana kuti iremerere mamiriyoni gumi nemaviri uye iouraye mamiriyoni gumi vanhu. Zvakakosha kusimudzira kunyanya kukoshesa kuyerwa kwevanhu vakaurayiwa nemauto ehondo dzakasimba. Nenzira, pamwe nehuwandu hwevarwi vakafa (Russia haina kuverenga vanenge mamiriyoni 1.7 mamiriyoni), ichi chiyero hachina kupfuura chema nyika yeTreeple Alliance. Ndivanaani vainyanya kuurayiwa muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga? Tafura ye kurasikirwa kwevanhu inoita seyiyi:

Hondo yeRussia, pasinei nekufungidzirwa kwemashoko (ivo vakagara varipo uye vachava nechepe ripi neripi), vakaratidzira zviri nani kwazvo. Akadzivisa kupindira kwemauto emuvengi mukati memunharaunda yake uye mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvakarova muvengi kwete nehuwandu, asi neunyanzvi. Uye zvakadaro, mumakore ose eHondo Yenyika Yokutanga, kwete imwe nyaya yekuendesa mauto eRussia kudivi revavengi, rega kusarudza kuverengwa kwehurumende, kupatsanurwa kana mauto kubva kune vanokanganisa. Izvi zvisingakwanisi kuva. Kupa uye kupa kune vasungwa vehondo kunoratidzwa mumatambudziko akawanda zvikamu zvose zvehondo iyi yakapoteredza nyika.

Positional uye akagadzirira kurwisa

mberi Eastern, uyewo West, yava kudzikamiswa pashure 1915. Mauto vakamira panzvimbo uye vaiita kuvasimbisa, kuchera pemigero uye akavakirirwa chivakwa. Time pane kuedza kupaza, asi haana simba yakawanda kana kushandiswa matangi, kana kunyange muchetura kuiisa chlorine asingadi kubatsira kubudirira uye kupinda mukamuri rokuvhiyira. Ndakakwanisa kuzviita kamwe chete ose makore World War First. Munyori yokukurira iyi General Brusilov, uyo muchirimo uye mangwanani zhizha 1916 akaronga uye sowakajeka akaziva budiriro layered kudzivirira mauto rweAustro-German muna South-Western Front. Kubudirira vakabatsira yakaderera morale romuvengi, utungamiriri hwakanaka uye inobudirira yevasungwa wamapoka Russian. Miscalculations vaivawo, zvikurukuru, kushomeka reserves, izvo zvaitadzisa kushandisa migumisiro inokosha kushanda zvizere.

The kutevedzana rehondo muna 1914-1918

Gore negore, mumwe hondo inotyisa yakanga dzinoratidzwa mamwe hunhu zvine urongwa ezvinhu. Muna 1914 pakava chaicho ukama zviito hondo Russian uye muchiuto of Entente. Achitsausa chikamu mauto eGermany uye yeAustria ichiitwa inobudirira kurwisa Galicia.

1915 vakava positional, asi vamwe abatsire vanhu vokuGermany vachiri akaratidzawo, vakakwanisa vatore Poland, chikamu Western Ukraine, kuBaltic States uye Belarus.

Muna 1916, pakava kuputsika mwero chakaitika kwokupedzisira nzendo World rose War First. The chikuru pokutungamirira kurwisa mauto eGermany muFrance, munharaunda Verdun. Brusilov Kurwisa zvakare vakakanganisa nyika urongwa Triple Alliance, vaifanira kukurumidza kushandisa mauto kumabvazuva kunzvenga yemauto dambudziko.

Muna 1917 Russia akabva kubva hondo, tagutsikana Papera (1918) ne Germany uye Austria-Hungary munechimwewo runyararo.

Mugumo?

All matambudziko uye njodzi kamwe misa. Uye dzakaguma Hondo Yenyika Wokutanga. 1918 raiva musi apo pfuti zii. The hweAustria-Hungary yakadhirika. Vakundi vakapemberera, vakaedza kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu kuitira kuti nekure zvinhu mari chakakonzerwa namaneja mukufamba ruvengo, kuranga Germany, kumanikidza pamusoro paro indemnity, kuti mupanda chikamu nharaunda yayo. Russia muna izvi hazvina kubatanidzwa. The February Revolution pamusoro 1917, uye ipapo October chimurenga mwoyo hondo, vasanyanya upfumi, uye zvematongerwo nezvavanofunga zvakaita Bolshevik utungamiri kusiya zvimwe kumatunhu yeRussian Empire vachifarira dzimwe inoti kana kudzipa uchangamire. The First World War, izvo vatori vechikamu akasaina chibvumirano runyararo, uye pashure mhedziso yayo akasiya matambudziko akawanda unsolved. Germany, muvengi mukuru waJehovha Entente, rakakundwa, anyadziswa uye vakapamba, asi kunzwa kusaruramisira uye kutsamwa vakasara German vanhu. Mushure gumi uye makore nehafu akawana mutungamiri anenge vakakwanisa kushandisa manzwiro aya, compressed yakaita chitubu. Versailles chibvumirano rakanga rarambidzwa, uye hazvina refu asati nguva apo French aifanira kupira utungamiriri panzvimbo chaipo apo vakapedza kudzidza World War First. Photos njanji motokari kubva Kempen, iyo yakasainwa muna 1918 nokuti wakashata nyika German achaita yokunzvenga zvose mapepanhau munyika.

Asi ichi ndicho chimwe nyaya ...