Yan Komensky, Czech pedagogue: Biography, mabhuku, mipiro pedagogy

Yan Amos Komensky (akaberekwa 28.3.1592 muna Nivnice, Moravia, akafira 11/14/1670 muAmsterdam, Netherlands) - Czech muvandudzi dzidzo maitiro uye zvechitendero. Anozivikanwa nokuda itsva madzidzisiro, kunyanya mitauro.

Yan Amos Komensky: Biography

Gotwe pavana vashanu, akaberekwa muna Comenius mhuri mwero vakapfuma vakazvipira nhengo echiPurotesitendi munharaunda yacho Bohemian Brothers. Pakafa vabereki vake nehanzvadzi mbiri muna 1604, kwasara kubva denda, akararama nehama uye ndine dzidzo mediocre, nepo muna 1608 haana apinda chikoro rechiLatin muna Přerov Bohemian hama. Makore matatu gare gare, anoonga patronage kuti Count Charles Žerotín akanga pasi pokudzora Johann Genriha Alsteda akapinda Reformed University mu Herborn. Zvakawanda mufungo Comenius akanyatsojeka zvakafanana muuzivi yokupedzisira. Alsted, Aristotle kuti mupikisi uye mutsivi Petra Ramusa, aifarira zvikuru Raymond Lully uye Giordano Bruno, zvechitendero aiva chiliasts vakabata kuunganidzwa zivo zvose yake yakakurumbira "Encyclopedia" (1630). Ndapedza zvidzidzo zvake Heidelberg muna 1614, Yan Komensky kumusha kwake, uko akatanga achidzidzisa kuchikoro. Asi muna 1618, makore maviri pashure kugadzwa kwake mupristi ari Bohemian hama, akava mufundisi fulnek. Yake yokutanga basa yakadhindwa, "Latin Girama", yakatanga makore iwayo.

Hondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu uye Hondo White Mountain muna November 1620 aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira upenyu Comenius, sezvo vakawanda basa rake rakanga zvainanga kudzoka kunyika yake uye vanhu kutenda. Mumakore masere akatevera, hazvina njodzi kusvikira kwokupedzisira kudzingwa hama kubva paakaenda nyika haina kutungamirira naye Leszno, Poland, kwaakanga zvamboshandiswa kunyengetedzana yokugara zvinobvira.

Yan Amos Komensky, Biography izvo kwemakore kwave kuchiratidzwa norufu mudzimai wake wokutanga, Maria Magidharini, uye vaviri nevana vavo, muna 1624 akaroora kechipiri. Akapedza "Labyrinth the World uye Paradise Wemwoyo" muna 1623 uye Centrum securitatis muna 1625-m, kubudisa navo 1631 uye 1633 azvaitwa mumutauro muCzech.

Kubva 1628 kusvika 1641 Yan Komensky aigara Leszno somunhu bhishopu kuboka rake, uye Rector yekwataigara jimunasiyamu. Iyewo akawana nguva ushande kuchinja zivo uye pedagogy, kunyora, uye kupfuura zvose nokuda kwake yokutanga guru rinonzi Didactica magna. Zvakanyorwa Czech, rakabudiswa muna 1657 muchiLatin sezvo chikamu Opera didactica mashoko, rine vakawanda mabasa zvakasikwa kubvira 1627

Rimwe bhuku rakanyorwa nguva ino Yan Amos Komensky, ari "Parent School", vakazvipira kusvika makore matanhatu ari kurera mwana wokutanga.

The chisingatarisirwi kukurumbira

Muna 1633, Yan Komensky tisingatarisiri vakagamuchira European pamutemo kuti bhuku Janua linguarum reserata ( «Vhura mukova mitauro"), rakabudiswa muna chete gore. Izvi nyore nhanganyaya Latin maererano nzira itsva, tichishandisa zvinotaurwa zvinobva Wolfgang Rathke uye mabhuku anobudiswa Spanish vaJesuit Salamanca. Reform mutauro kudzidzisa, kuti mhanyisa uye husina kuti zvose, aiita mukuru kuchinja kwevanhu uye nyika, iyo chiliasts zvose kutsvaka kubudirira mune maawa yasara pamberi kudzoka kwaKristu.

Yan Komensky chibvumirano pamwe wokuEngland Samuel Hartlieb, uyo akatuma manyoro ake "Musoro hwehuMwari wechiKristu" anonzi Conatuum Comenianorum praeludia, uye ipapo, muna 1639, Pansophiae prodromus. Muna 1642 Hartlieb rakabudiswa shanduro Chirungu, yaiti "Reform pazvikoro." Yan Amos Komensky, mupiro kuna pedagogy izvo vafarire zvikuru zvimwe yeChina muEngland, akakokwa London Hartlieb. Muna September 1641 akasvika guru rokuBritain, apo akasangana vatsigiri ake, uyewo vanhu vakaita Dzhon Pell, Theodore Haak uye Sir Cheney Culpeper. Akakokwa kuramba zvachose muna UK, vakaronga kusika pansofskogo kukoreji. Asi Irish Kupandukira nokukurumidza hwogumisa tariro zvose zvirongwa izvi, apo Comenius akaramba muBritain kusvikira June 1642 Paaiva muLondon, akanyora ake Via Lucis ( «Nzira World"), iro raishandiswa chinyorwa muchimiro muEngland kusvikira rakadhindwa muna 1668 muAmsterdam. Panguva iyoyowo mudzidzisi Czech akapiwa mukana kubva Richelieu varambe basa rayo muParis, asi pachinzvimbo akashanyira Descartes pedyo weLeiden.

Kushanda mu Sweden

In Sweden, zvakare Yan Komensky akasangana nezvinetso. Oxenstierna chanzera aida kuti anyore mabhuku anobatsira zvikoro. Comenius zvakare, panguva kuomerera shamwari dzake Chirungu, vakabayira kushanda Pansophius. Akanyanya kutaura matambudziko maviri panguva imwe chete, ndatomboenda pamudyandigere muna Elbing muna Prussia panguva yakanga ichitongwa Sweden, pakati 1642 uye 1648. basa rake rave rakabudiswa Pansophiae diatyposis muna Danzig muna 1643 uye Linguarum methodus nouissima - muna Leszno muna 1648. Muna 1651-M "Pansophia" yakabudiswa Chirungu sezvo muenzaniso zvakasikwa ruzivo. Ake "Natural uzivi, kudzorwa chiedza Divine," kana Lumen divinuem reformatate Pfupiso yebhuku (Leipzig, 1633), akazviratidza mugore iroro. Muna 1648, akadzokera Leszno, Comenius akava maviri uye rokupedzisira bhishopi Bohemian nehama (gare gare tinoshandurirwa Moravian).

Kukundikana Sarospatak

Muna 1650, mudzidzisi Yan Komensky akagamuchira runhare kubva Prince Sigizmunda Rakotsi pamusoro Transylvania, muduku mukoma George II Rakoczy, kusvika pana Sarospatak mazano pamusoro revana uye Pansophia. Iye akatanga zvakawanda zvachinja chikoro vemo, asi, pasinei nebasa rakaoma, kubudirira ake vakanga diki, uye muna ra1654 akadzokera Leszno. Panguva iyoyowo Comenius yakabereka chimwe chezvinhu akakurumbira mabasa ake, Orbis sensualium Pictus ( «nyama World mu Pictures", 1658), mu Latin uye German. Pazvese, basa rinovhura epigraph kuti "kuva" apo Adhamu akapa mazita (Genesisi 2:. 19-20). Zvakanga wokutanga bhuku chikoro izvo kudzidza mufananidzo kushandisa mutauro zvinhu. Iye Akaenzanisira chinokosha vaizviti Yan Amos Komensky. Muchidimbu ndiko ichi: mashoko anofanira achiperekedzwa zvinhu uye hazvigoni akadzidza yoga kubva kwavari. Muna a1659, Charlz Huri yakabudisa Chirungu shanduro bhuku, "zvinooneka nyika Comenius, kana Mufananidzo uye mazita huru zvinhu zviripo munyika, uye mabasa evanhu."

Kushaya kubudirira Sarospatak, zvichida kukonzerwa kune tarenda kushingaira uye anoratidzwa uprofita Zvokutopenga Nicholas Darbika. Comenius haisi kekutanga pfekai rokupedzisira zuva muporofita - simba, iyo kwakabatsira vamwe chiliasts. Ivo vanofungira pamusoro Zvaifungidzirwa kuti chezvinyorwa zviitiko uye zvisingatarisirwi majana, izvo zvinofanira kuitika munguva yemberi iri pedyo, akadai kuwa weimba Habsburg, kana kuguma kwebasa raPapa uye yeRoma Church. Bhuku aya kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika zviitiko akanga inokanganisa mukurumbira mudzidzisi akasiyana nevamwe.

mumakore achangodarika

Nguva pfupi pashure Comenius akadzokera Leszno pakati Poland uye Sweden, hondo yakatanga, uye muna 1656-M Leszno yakaparadzwa zvachose Polish nemauto. Iye akarasikirwa zvose mabhuku ake uye zvinyorwa uye akanga zvakare amanikidzwa kusiya nyika. Akakokwa kugadzirisa muAmsterdam, kwaakanga apedza makore asara eupenyu hwake mumba mwanakomana wake aimbova anorichengeta anonzi Lawrence of Geer. Mumakore aya akapedza basa rakawanda, izvo kunogarapo kweinenge makore makumi maviri, De rerum humanarum emendatione consultatio catholica. Rinoumbwa migove minomwe ebhuku akapfupikisa rose hwake uye akava misoro nhaurirano pamusoro kuvandudzika zvinhu zvevanhu. "Pampedii" mirayiridzo mukuru inotungamirwa kunotangira "Pansophia", chawo achiteverwa "Panglottiya" mirayiridzo kukunda nokusanganisa mitauro, izvo chinoita kuti wokupedzisira yekuvandudzwa. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nzvimbo basa dzakabudiswa muna 1702, zvaionekwa yakarasika kusvikira pakupera 1934, apo bhuku rakawanikwa Galle. zvakanzi yakatanga kubudiswa zvizere muna 1966.

Comenius akavigwa mukereke Wallonia muna Naarden pedyo muAmsterdam. Pfungwa dzake aikosheswa zvikuru pakati pietists German pamusoro XVIII remakore. In yekwake akanga akakurumbira sezvo gamba renyika uye munyori.

chiedza nzira

Yan Amos Komensky mabasa wakayeriswa dzavo nokukurumidza uye inobudirira kuchinja zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita noupenyu hwevanhu mune chitendero, vanhu uye ruzivo. chirongwa chake chaiva "Nzira World", chakagadzirirwa chaizvo vavhenekerwe murume asati nokukurumidza kudzoka kwake yepanyika kweMireniyamu umambo hwaKristu. zvinangwa Universal vaiva umwari, kunaka uye zivo; Uchenjeri kutanga vose vatatu.

Saka, muvambi uye chinangwa vose Comenius basa rakanga dzidziso. Zvaaitenda uye zvinotarisirwa Vakawanda vakararama panguva yake, asi maitiro ake akanga nokure, kupfuura wakakwana hwakawanda kuti dzave dzichitaurwa ari XVII remakore. Yakanga resipi ruponeso substantially kuburikidza neruzivo vachamutsirwa mwero mukuru uchenjeri kana Pansophia vakatsigira chirongwa dzidzo yakakodzera. The naMwari kuti zvinhu panguva zvaifungwa kuti kuuya rokupedzisira remakore, kunoenderana mukana yekuwana yezvisikwa zvinhu kuburikidza nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa zvokudhinda, uyewo kuwedzera dzakawanda zvokutengeserana uye navigation, izvo kokutanga munhoroondo yose kuparadzirwa ichi itsva, kudzorwa uchenjeri.

Sezvo basa rake hwakavanzika Mwari, mumwe munhu anofanira kuzviudza zvizaruro matatu: muzvakasikwa, izvo akaratidza simba raMwari; Man, akasikwa nomufananidzo waMwari uye nedzokunze uchapupu hwake uchenjeri hwaMwari; shoko, rayo chivimbiso wakanaka kune murume. All kuti munhu anofanira kuziva uye asingazivi, kuti rakatorwa kubva mumabhuku matatu: hunhu, pfungwa kana mweya womunhu, uye magwaro. Kuti vawane uchenjeri ichi, iye akapa nepfungwa, chikonzero uye nokutenda. Sezvo murume uye hunhu vari zvisikwa zvaMwari, vanofanira kugovana rimwe chete kuitira, uchapupu, kuona rinowirirana zvose pakati pavo uye nemurangariro dzevanhu.

Ziva pachako uye hunhu

Izvi dzidziso inozivikanwa kuti macrocosm-Microcosm kunotipa chivimbo chokuti munhu zviri kuwana saka kure hadzisi kuzadzika uchenjeri. Munhu wese, saka, inova Pansophists, mwari diki. Vahedheni, vasina shoko rinotaurwa, haagoni vawane uchenjeri ichi. Kunyange vaKristu, kusvikira ichangopfuura, vakarasika vari maze zvikanganiso nokuda tsika uye kufurirwa aibuda mabhuku, izvo panguva yakanakisisa ane ichiparara ruzivo. Murume anofanira kutarisa chete naMwari namabasa uye kudzidza zvakananga kudhumhana zvinhu - achibatsirwa ane kuvhuya chitunha, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi Comenius. Jan Amos pedagogical pfungwa inobva chokwadi kuti zvose kudzidziswa uye ruzivo rinotanga pfungwa. Zvinoreva kuti pfungwa ine pfungwa chokuziva kuti munhu anogona kunzwisisa nzira iyo iye akatarisana. Nyika upenyu munhu wose ndiyo chikoro. Nature anodzidzisa, mudzidzisi ndiye muranda zvakasikwa uye zvakasikwa - vaprista mutemberi hwezvisikwa. Munhu anofanira kuziva pachake uye zvisikwa.

Encyclopedia of Musoro hwehuMwari

Kuti awane nzira richibva labyrinth, munhu anoda shinda Ariadne kuti, nzira iyo zvichaita kuona hurongwa hwezvinhu, kunzwisisa zvinangwa zvavo. Nzira iyi inofanira kuitwa mubhuku Pansophia umo murayiro zvakasikwa uye hurongwa pfungwa zvishoma nezvishoma kufamba akananga uchenjeri uye kunzwisisa. harizovi ane chinhu kunze kongiri uye anobatsira ruzivo, achitsiva mamwe mabhuku ose. mashoko Full rekodhi yakarongwa nenzira yakadaro, zviri enisaikoropidhiya chaiyo, zvikuru coinciding ne "dzigare mairi" Roberta Guka dzinongoitika zvinoshamisa panguva Royal Society, vakarongwa maererano Mapato ose Dzhona Uilkinsa wake "rondedzero pamusoro Chirevo wechokwadi uye mutauro dzouzivi." Zvichitevera rwokuzvarwa nzira iyi, vanhu vanogona kuwana nyore zvakazara uye kwakakwana zvarinoroora nezivo yose. The Zvichaguma yose sezvakaita wechokwadi; uye achava zvakare kuva murayiro chiedza uye runyararo. With kuchinja uku murume uye nyika achadzokera ezvinhu akafanana zvakanga pamberi Kupunzika.

Innovation muna Education

Yan Komensky, dzidzo chinodiwa kuti muduku akadzidza mwana kuenzanisa zvinhu uye mashoko, vakafunga kuti chizvarwa mutauro wokutanga kusangana chokwadi kuti rirege chakavanzwa nemashoko asina maturo uye havaratidzi kunzwisisa pfungwa. chikoro Foreign mutauro - kunyanya munyika dzakavakidzana, uye ipapo Latin - vanofanira kudzidziswa muna mai, uye mabhuku chikoro vanofanira kutevera nzira Pansophia. "The musuo kuti mitauro" ichapa zvinhu dzakafanana "musuo zvinhu", uye vaviri vachava chiduku Encyclopedia. School mabhuku anofanira kugoverwa maererano nezera mapoka uye nehanya chete zvinhu vari mukati Zvakaitika mwana. Nokuti zvose zvakasikwa kukurukurirana zvakanaka Latin, asi Comenius vaitarisira chidzoke munhu akakwana mutauro kwouzivi kuti kwaizopa Pansophia nzira, kwete anotsausa, uye hazvina uninformative. Language - ingori mutakuri zivo, asi kushandisa kwayo wechokwadi uye kudzidzisa ndiyo yakavimbika zvinoreva kuti vawane chiedza uye uchenjeri.

Upenyu somunhu School

Yan Komensky, iyo didactics yakanga isiri chete kune dzidzo yokuchikoro asiwo vemazera ose, kutenda kuti zvose upenyu chikoro uye kugadzirira upenyu husingaperi. Vasikana nevakomana vanofanira kudzidza pamwe chete. Sezvo vanhu vose tinozvarwa chido hweruzivo umwari, vanofanira kurovedzwa mune kwatangwa uye tamba netsika. Koporo chirango haafaniri ingashandiswa. kudzidza murombo haisi mhosva yacho mudzidzi, uye uchapupu nomudzidzisi hatigoni basa rayo se "muranda zvakasikwa" kana "nyamukuta zivo," sezvo Comenius.

Yan Amos, pfungwa pedagogical izvo zvaionekwa chinokosha, uye zvichida mupiro wake chete nesayenzi, zvikuru vakafunga chete senzira nokudenga kutendeutsa vanhu, hwaro chakanga Pansophia uye dzidziso - chete inotungamirira vavariro. Nokuwanda mubhaibheri mashoko nemabasa ake ari zvachose chiyeuchidzo tsime iri rakafuridzirwa. Yan Komensky bhuku kwouprofita hwaDhanieri uye JOHANI akaona nzira huru kuwana ruzivo ane pedyo chemakore. Nyaya yaAdhamu mazita ruoko mu "Genesis" uye uchenjeri hwaSoromoni akaumbwa maonero ake womunhu uye kutenda kwake kuitira, sezvinoratidzwa Pansophia nokuti Mwari "zvinhu zvose zviri nechiyero uye nhamba uye uremu." Akavimba zvakaoma nemadimikira uye STRUCTURAL zvivako kwetemberi yaSoromoni. Nokuti naye, murume akanga Adam, pakati yokusika. Anoziva zvose zvakasikwa, uye nokudaro chidhiraivho uye anorishandisa. Naizvozvo, kuchinja murume akanga chete chikamu kuchinja kwakakwana munyika, iyo yaizova kuzodzosera akasika kuchena ake yepakutanga uye kurongeka, uye zvingava chikuru mutero musiki kwayo.

Munhu nguva yake

Jan Amos Comenius haana kuita mupiro kune zvesayenzi yechisikigo uye akanga asingatauri zvakanyanya kune kukura kwesayenzi yaive kuitika panguva iyoyo. Zvimwe zviongorori zvebasa rake zvakaitwa, asi zvakanyatsorega kutendeseka kwake pane imwe nyanzvi yekutanga uye dzidziso yake yezvidzidzo. Kune rumwe rutivi, nhengo dzakawanda dzakakurumbira dzeRoyal Society dzakaratidza ukama hwepedyo nemafungiro ake akawanda. Chirevo cheNullius mu Verba sangano chinoshandisa nzvimbo inokosha mubhuku reComenius '"Natural Philosophy Rinochinjwa neChiedza chaMwari," uye mune zvose zviri mukati rine zvarinoreva. Ichi chiyeuchidzo chokuti tsika uye chiremera hazvisirizve arbiters wechokwadi. Inopiwa kune zvakasikwa, nekucherechedza ndiyo chete inobva ruzivo rwakakwana. Dambudziko rinokurukurwa rinowanzotaurwa pamusoro peukama pakati peConenius uye kutanga kweRoyal Society harisati ragadziriswa, kunyanya nokuti kukurukurirana kweiyi nyaya yakabva kune vanoziva zvishomanana nemabasa ake uye vanenge vaine kukwana kusakwana kwemahofisi ake.

Izvo zvataurwa pamusoro pemasimba ekuchinja kweCzech kuLeibniz zvakanyanyisa zvikuru. Icho chaive chiratidziro chaicho chezvitendero, dzidziso nematambudziko e nguva iyo pfungwa dzakafanana dzakaratidzwa nevamwe vanoita nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha mumabasa ekutanga aLeibniz. Jan Amos Comenius atora pfungwa dzake kubva kune dzidziso dzehama dzeBhohemi (dzine simba ravo rakasimba), uyewo pakati pevanhu vakakurumbira vakadai saJohn Valentine Andree, Jakob Böhme, Nikolai Kuzansky, Juan Luis Vives, Bacon, Campanella, Raimund de Sabunde Izvo zvaakabudisa muAmsterdam muna 1661 pasi pezita rinonzi Oculus fidei) uye Mersenne, ane mabhairano anoratidza maonero akanaka kune Comenius nebasa rake.