Maruva zvirimwa. Nhengo kuti maruva zvinomera, avo marongerwo uye mashandiro

Special muchinangwa shanduka ari makemikari nyika dzinotambira maruva zvinomera. Nhengo kuti maruva zvinomera zvasvika munhu zvakakwana yakakwirira azvipire kukura, ichipa boka iri zvipenyu hune nzvimbo panyika. Nhasi, zvinowanika pana anenge ose kondinendi. Enzanisa mashoko nhamba chine chikamu kosi kuchikoro bhotani "nhengo dzemuviri kuti maruva miti" (Grade 6). Kureva, pakati yepamusoro zvinomera, 850 mhando gymnosperms nezvokuvandudzika Vamiririri, uye 250 zviuru - maruva zvirimwa.

Nhengo uye mashandiro anoita maruva chirimwa

Angiosperms ndivo miti kuti ndinoumba ruva uye michero.

All zvikamu chirimwa chinogona kukamurwa mapoka maviri. By vegetative zvinosanganisira vakapukunyuka, zvinosanganisira hunde uye mashizha, uye pasi pevhu chikamu - mudzi. Rokubereka vari ruva, michero uye mbeu. Ivo chete maruva zvirimwa. Nhengo kuti maruva zvinomera, zvichienderana zvechadenga mamiriro vanoita zvimwe mabasa. Vose kuridza basa rinokosha kushanda zvipenyu, kukonzera simba ravo uye kuchinjira kumamiriro dzinogarisana mamiriro.

Nhengo uye mashandiro anoita maruva chirimwa vari interconnected. Funga mamiriro neimwe zvizere.

mudzi

inorondedzera "mudzi" mafungiro ari zvipenyu bhuku iri nyaya mutsetse "nhengo kuti maruva miti" (Grade 6). Ichi chinhu pachivande nhengo kuti nenzvimbo muvhu, zvicherwa, zvokudya, mvura, achifumira kuitika uye vegetative kupararira.

Various siyana midzi vari maruva zvirimwa. maruva nhengo dziri siyana. Kusiyanisa chikuru mudzi, adventitious uye lateral. Ivo sangana dzakananga marongerwo. zita ravo - mudzi hurongwa.

Mhando mudzi nehurongwa

Systematics kusunungurwa tsvimbo uye munhu fibrous midzi. Wokutanga chakaumbwa chete huru mudzi uye lateral kure nayo. Zviri kwese kirasi Dicotyledones vamiririri.

Fibrous danda inowedzera pakarepo kutiza. Ndiwo maitiro kuti nhengo dzose mhuri monocots. Izvi, somuenzaniso, bota uye Liliaceae hanyanisi. Mumwe hurongwa ane zvakawanda zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, anosima ane refu huru mudzi nyore vanokwanisa kusvina mwando kubva makuru pakadzika. A fibrous Hurongwa inopa guru kubvisa nzvimbo.

Tiza aro okunatsiridza

A-siyana zvemuchadenga chikamu maruva miti inozivikanwa nayo. Nhengo kuti maruva zvinomera dzimwe nguva vari dzakachinja zvichienderana zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Ichi chinhu adaptive kutiza okufunga.

Its axial chikamu inonzi hunde. Dzine kusimukira mashizha - the nodes, uye daro pakati pavo - interstices. The pakona pakati mundiro uye hunde yacho jira anoumba munhu sinus.

Divi hunde uye zvakasiyana-siyana kwazvo. Mashizha shizha chipande inonzi nyore, Multi - kunzwisisa. In dzakasiyana, angadzorwa iri chirimwa. Somuenzaniso, Birch mashizha uye sunflower - rave ari zononoka, uye Lilac uye mumeporo - pakatarisana mumwe. Whorled ndiye Phyllotaxy, sezvamakaropafadzwa mahwendefa dzinokudziridzwa nhatu nhamba uye anopfuura rimwe raiva pedyo nebundu.

All vegetative nhengo vanoita asexual kubereka basa, chicherwa muviri, photosynthesis uye transpiration.

Mitumbi mbeu kubereka vana maruva miti

Special nhengo maruva miti, apo masero vari inoumbwa pabonde kubereka - ruva. chikuru nhengo dzayo ndidzo pistil uye stamen. Mavari, paumbwe bonde masero. Mugumisiro batanidzo kwavo imbeu. It rine neerekitironi kuumbwa nomuzongoza, gunde, shizha uye plumule uye goko.

The kwacho wekusangana mu maruva miti inotanga pollination - kuchinjwa mukume kubva Stamens kusvika pistil. Izvi zvinoitwa nezvipembenene, mhepo kana munhu. Uyezve, panguva confluence munhukadzi gamete uye mudumbu yakabereka dzisingaoneki mumwe. Yechipiri chokuita nechepakati utachiona musero kuumba endosperm. Izvi kupembedza inotonhorera kuti inoshandisa kuti utachiona kukura kwendangariro.

Mbeu akapoteredzwa anoshongwa, inonzi mudumbu. Ivowo zvakasiyana. Maererano nemamiriro pericarp oga rakaoma uye manune, uye uwandu mbeu - kuroorwa uye polyspermous. With michero uye chirimwa kupararira kunoitika nyaya. Murume, akavapindurawo, anodzishandisa sezvokudya. Rinotaurawo anodzora nhamba zvinomera yoshandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo.

kujairika zvirimwa

Nhengo kuti maruva zvinomera vanowanzotorwa mwoyo nezvinhu chimiro chavo uye kukura.

Mumiririri gymnosperms Welwitschia zvinoshamisa nemaziso nowenyika nenyoka. Ndizvo zvayo refu kwazvo mashizha, richisvika kureba mamita maviri. Chirimwa rinokura mugwenga akazaruka nharaunda, apo simba inovhuvhuta kubvambura achitevedza Welwitschia mashizha. Izvi anosika nezvaizoitwa nyoka matendere. Zvino vakapukunyuka zvinoshamisa chirimwa riri pasi pevhu.

Under rutsigiro Ficus midzi, banyan, uwandu izvo pane anenge 4 zviuru, anobvumawo vanhu 5000 nyore.

Modified shizha sundew uye bladderwort namuka kwazvo, vane specialized zvomudumbu shwanu kana wokugumisa musungo. The ndechokuti vari miti, zvikara, anokwanisa nezvairehwa mapuroteni mhuka mavambo. Vanogona kudya tumbuyu diki, crustaceans uye furaya hove.

Vegetative uye rokubereka zvomukati kuti maruva zvinomera vane kunzwisisa yakarongeka, izvo anosarudza mashandiro uye kunovimbisa kutonga kwavo panyika.