Ndeipi kwomuzvarirwo gadziriro zvakasikwa (zvipenyu)

Kutanga kubva kare yenhoroondo, munhu akaedza kupinda misimboti nyika uye kuwana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti chii hunhu yepanyama hurongwa. Ainzwisisa - nyika zvinopindirana uye akaronga maererano nechokwadi nemitemo. Funga anokosha nokuda zvipenyu nesayenzi pane makemikari enyika munyika, akasikwa panguva nhoroondo kukura munzanga yevanhu.

The kwomuzvarirwo kupatsanura zvipenyu okutanga

Rakanga dzataurwa nokuda Greek nyanzvi - baba zvipenyu - Aristotle. Kushandisa nzira achienzanisa morphological uye anatomical vatambi, iye akasika mhuka kupatsanura uye nheyo yemberi chaivo anoranga - systematics. Aristotle kupindura mubvunzo zviri hunhu yepanyama ezvinhu, verenga sezvinotevera: nyika umambo huviri - zvisina upenyu uye rarama zvisikwa. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, hierarchically kuvakwa, kubva miti nemhuka uye ipapo - kumurume.

View - chepuraimari taxon mu zvipenyu

Tikaramba kuwana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti, chii hunhu yepanyama hurongwa. In zvipenyu, tsanangudzo nemamiriro kwenyika kunotevera - iri sokutevedzana akarayira pakunzi yakatotsakatika uye zviripo panguva zvipenyu, uyewo kuparadzirwa kwavo hierarchical kuzviisa pasi uye anoenderana taxa - vamapoka kupatsanura. Chokutanga chitarisiko. It anoshumira pakona taxonomy ano.

The Linnaean maitiro ari makemikari nyika

Rakanga akagadzira muna 1735 mune akakurumbira basa "Systema Naturae". Karl Linney, achisimbisa zvidzidzo D. Ray uye Buffon, kuti chikwata anotora chimiro kupatsanura. Somunhu creationist, anotenda kuti mhuka dziri kugara uye asingachinji. Scientist inopa binary Nomenclature hwaakange zvipenyu muviri iri basa rimwe zita rine mazwi maviri, somuenzaniso: .. A anonzwisisa murume, batsira munhu, wemarudzi buttercup, etc. Kusvikira zvipenyu zvose kushandisa binary mazita marudzi, uye zviwanikwa gadziriro zvakasikwa ndiyo dzidzo kunzwisisa vane zvinhu zviri interconnected, kureva. e. ivo subsystems.

Dzematongerwe gradation of makemikari nyika yakanga wakatangwa na C. Linnaeus. Raisanganisira ushe: zvinomera, mhuka uye zvicherwa, izvo zvinozoita ichiparara kupinda superordinate dzakabatana - marudzi, genera, mirairo. Somuenzaniso: chirimwa umambo vakapesana kupinda makirasi 24, uye avo - 116 inokwana zviyero maererano nemamiriro ose gametophyte uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo - uye archegonium antheridium.

The kwomuzvarirwo maitiro zvakasikwa uye dambudziko dzidziso

Inozvikudza French zvakasikwa Georges Cuvier mukuvamba remakore rechi19 akanga achiparidza tsvakurudzo mumunda okufananidza anatomi uye paleontology. Chokwadi vakawana kuchaita masayendisiti kuratidza pfungwa kuti, vakabva, vakanga vari hwaro yake dzidziso, kupindura mubvunzo "chii hunhu yepanyama hurongwa." Mhinduro pfupi iri sezvinotevera - kuzviisa pasi yakavakirwa panheyo yacho gradation mamiriro zvinosanganisira zvakasiyana marongerwo uye upenyu dzinotsanagura zvipenyu.

Zvisaririra zvaiva uchapupu kuti pakati yakatotsakatika uye ano Dzimwe zvipenyu, hakuna Transitional siyana. Cuvier uye vateveri vake akakonzera kutsakatika mapoka yose mhuka dzakadai hofori mhuka-kufanana dzvinyu, vaiona cyclical Geological dambudziko kuti rakazungunusa nyika. Zvisinei, masayendisiti vanorambira shanduka maonero, vakatsoropodza dzidziso Cuvier. Pakupedzisira, misiyano pakati zvipenyu vane Rakanyangarika kwaita mabasa Charles Darwin uye A. Uolessa pamusoro kwakatangira mhuka.

Lamarck kwakaita shanduka pfungwa

musayendisiti French Jean-Baptiste Lamarck mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi19, wokutanga kumushora shanduka yokusvika kuna kusikwa dzinongoitika hurongwa hune hunhu apo pfungwa zvakasikwa. Akanyora multivolume basa "French Flora", pakuva kwegadziriro kupatsanura pakati invertebrates, richiri kushandiswa. Naiyewo, pamwe Treviranus, shoko rokuti "zvipenyu" akanga dzichitaurwa. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "The Uzivi pamusoro Zoologie" Lamarck inotsanangura kuti hunhu yepanyama ezvinhu, inobva papfungwa yokuti zvipenyu kuva zvinobatsira mano pamusana pokudzora zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu.

Mazuva utachiona nemashoko, chikuru kukonzera shanduka zvakasikwa Lamarck akatenda non-nhaka - Modification variability. Uyezve, zviri Lamarck, akaisa murume ari shanduka pamuti primates, uye muitiro okukura zvakasikwa, iye achimiririrwa kuomesa pamusoro sangano zvipenyu maererano gradation.

YaDarwin - dzidziso kana pfungwa?

The pfungwa zviri hunhu yepanyama ino, tsanangudzo yaiva zvichishandurwa ne zvakasiyana nezvemaitiro zvipenyu zvakawanda, yakapiwa "The Origin of Species Achishandisa Natural Selection" mubasa Charles Darwin. Kubva 1859 vakatanga nguva itsva kukura rwokuzvarwa nhoroondo nyaya. The kwomuzvarirwo Hurongwa hwezvisikwa kwave anoonekwa somunhu kupatsanura, kuratidza zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja rudzi, genera, uye makirasi yose zvipenyu nokupesvedzera magene kushanduka uye dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa.

The pfungwa varehwa Darwin, zvinoratidza zvinoriumba maviri: wokutanga - dzidziso shanduka zvokunyama uye wechipiri - dzidziso nokufambisa mauto-shanduka. Darwin akasarudza matatu siyana kurwira kuvapo, kutorwa rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa: intraspecific, interspecific uye vairwisana kwakaomarara abiotic zvinhu. Natural vakasarudzwa chendangariro pakuchengetedza kwemarudzi vakawanda dzakashandisa dzakananga mamiriro ezvinhu dzinogarisana. Genetic kushanduka zvokusarudza anosarudza vanhu vakagamuchira somugumisiro kunotouraya, zviratidzo itsva yokupa mupfungwa zvakanakira yokupona. Classic yaDarwin parizvino inopa misoro hurongwa shanduka maonero pamusoro pokumuka mhuka.

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa pfungwa yemhindumupindu

Zvidzidzo mimwe nemagene kuitwa pakati pezana remakore rechi20, akapa hwaro pakusika chakaita zvokugadzirwa pfungwa yemhindumupindu, iyo akapa mhinduro yomubvunzo, chii hunhu yepanyama wemuTesitamende zvipenyu. Pfupiso yebhuku iri ichi - kusiyana kwemarudzi inodzorwa marongerwo kunobva chinobva kuzviisa pasi (akanyatsorongwa) akasiyana taxa: marudzi, genera, mhuri, mirairo (kana mapoka), makirasi, madhipatimendi (kana mhando).

Chero muviri kuti mupenyu panyika akatevedzana ndokwevakavimbika zvose zvataurwa pamusoro apa kupatsanura zviyero, yakaumbwa kuburikidza microevolution uye macroevolution. Kosi yacho kuongorora chii hunhu yepanyama wemuTesitamende zvipenyu. Grade 9 rakazvipira kudzidza kutyaira masimba shanduka - magene kushanduka uye dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa pfungwa yemhindumupindu riri munyaya imwe kosi zvipenyu 10 cl-., Kana vadzidzi vari kare vanoziva pfungwa uye mitemo genetics.

Biological Organization

Vanodawo wechisikigo gadziriro zvakasikwa, kuchireva 7 hierarchically omurume kwevari kuvakwa Open Biosystems. Ngatitaurei dana ivo samolecular, cellular, nhengo, rinenge muviri, vanogara, mhando, biogeocenotic Biosphere.

The kudzidza Chiitiko woupenyu ose pamwero yakasiyana utachiona anoranga. Somuenzaniso, vanodzidza samolecular nemakemikari omuviri uye ezvinhu zvipenyu. Cell - inobva cytology, biogeocenotic uye biosphere - taxonomy, kuenzaniswa anatomi, ikoroji, etc. Pasina kunze, zvose zvipenyu zvinhu - .. People, miti, mhuka, mabhakitiriya - unogona kunzi Panguva ose, kubva mamorekuru anoumba sero organelles, uye kupedza mamiriro pose - biosphere. It anoita kutendeuka Zvinonzi nyaya uye simba mune akazaruka utachiona gadziriro.