Mabhomba njenjere yekamuri

Chero fuma zvakasikwa, sezvo chikazozikamwa, rinoumbwa nezvimedu zviduku. Ivowo, vane chokuita kuumba dzakananga chimiro, izvo anosarudza Zvivako zviri kunyanya fuma.

The mabhomba mechanical yekamuri hunhu nezvishoma uye kunoitika yakaderera tembiricha yakakwirira zvisingatauriki. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye akavonga chivako ichi, nedhaimani, simbi uye nezvimwe zvinhu vava simba noruzhinji.

Sechivako dzakadaro zvinhu panguva samolecular vanochiva sokunge munhu sekristaro yekamuri, mumwe atomu uko waakaita rayo muvakidzani zvikuru hwakasimba remubatanidzwa huripo zvakasikwa - imwe covalent chisungo. All duku zvinhu achiumba maumbirwo vanosarudzirwa zvakarongeka uye kugara zvikamu. Vanomiririra grid umo makona maatomu dziri, vakakomba nguva dzose chete nhamba satellites, mabhomba sekiristaro yekamuri kushanda haachinji maumbirwo kwayo. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti shanduko yakachena simbi kana chiwanikwa mamiriro anogona chete muchidziisa nayo. Tembiricha iri yepamusoro, zvisungo kwasimbiswa napamahwindo.

Nemamwe mashoko, maatomu sekiristaro yekamuri ndiyo kiyi simba neukukutu zvokuvakisa. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, anofanira kufunga kuti urongwa kwemaatomu siyana zvinhu kunogonawo kuva zvakasiyana, izvo, kunokanganisa mwero simba. Somuenzaniso, nedhaimani uye graphite, ane akafanana chete kabhoni atomu, kusvikira kumusoro pamwero kwakasiyana mumwe panyaya simba: nedhaimani - chakaomesesa fuma munyika, iyo graphite anogona exfoliate uye kuputsa. Chokwadi kuti sekristaro rekamuri reimba graphite maatomu yakarongwa akaturikidzana. Kuurungana chakafanana nyuchi sero umo kabhoni maatomu vari articulated zvikuru simba. mamiriro kwakadaro kunokonzera layered makariita penzura kunotungamirira: pakuparwa breakage pamusoro graphite iri nyore akasvuura kure. Chimwe chinhu - nedhaimani sekristaro yekamuri chine zvikuru kabhoni maatomu, i.e. avo vanokwanisa kuumba 4 chisungo simba. Kuparadza joini hazviiti.

Metal yekamuri, uyezve, nhaka mamwe maitiro:

1. yekamuri Period - mutengo nokududza chinhambwe pakati nzvimbo mbiri pedyo maatomu kuyerwa napamahwindo rumbabvu. Common notation yayo vakasiyana muna masvomhu: A, B, c - kureba, upamhi, kukwirira napamahwindo, ukuwo. Zviri pachena, ukuru nhamba dziri chiduku kuti daro unotaurwa duku zviumbu - chegumi chimwe nanometer kana angstrom dzakabatana.

2. - the Kufambisa nhamba. Chakarurama kuti anosarudza mashoko chiputiriso arambe achirema pakati maatomu mukati chete hondo. Saizvozvowo, ayo arambe achirema chikuru ndechipi, wakakwidzwa nhamba K. Kutaura zvazviri, mufananidzo uyu unomirira nhamba kwemaatomu kuti vakaita pedyo sezvinobvira uye ari kure wakaenzana kubva aidzidza atomu.

3. Chikonzero napamahwindo. Kukosha zvinoratidza zvakachinjikwa arambe achirema. Zvinomirira uwandu nemaatomu kuti nhengo imwe kamuri pasi kudzidza.

4. compactness chikonzero kunoonekwa kuverenga nhamba yekamuri vhoriyamu yakakamurwa ruzha kuti anogara vose maatomu mairi. Kufanana yapfuura maviri, kukosha ichi inoratidza arambe achirema ari kudzidzwa nesefa.

Takurukura mishomanana zvinhu, izvo runozivisa maatomu sekristaro napamahwindo. Zvichakadaro, vazhinji vavo. Pasinei siyana, crystalline mabhomba yekamuri zvinosanganisira zviumbu munogara zvakabatana kunoitwa covalent chisungo (polar kana nonpolar). Uyezve, vakadaro zvinhu chaizvo insoluble mumvura uye vane yakaderera chafariz conductivity.

Zvakasikwa, pane mhando nhatu sekristaro lattices: asi cubic muviri zvakatinakira, chiso zvakatinakira cubic, hexagonal pedyo pamu.