Kusvibiswa ivhu uye migumisiro yacho yevanhu. Tinyatsonzwisisa ivhu jabwanira

Ivhu - chaiwo dzinongoitika inotungamirwa, achivimbisa kuti kukura miti, zvirimwa nezvimwe zvirimwa. Zvakaoma kufungidzira upenyu pasina hwedu vadanana. Asi murume ano rinoreva zvakohwewa? Nhasi, murume ivhu kusvibiswa yasvika rakakura zvikuru, saka ivhu redu pakutambudzika kudzivirirwa uye kuchengetedza.

Ivhu - chii?

Soil kudzivirira pamusoro pakusvibiswa hazvibviri pasina kunzwisisa chii ivhu uye sei kuumbwa pachena. Funga mubvunzo uyu zvizere.

Pasi (kana pasi) - chaiwo dzinongoitika inotungamirwa, mumwe mutemo unoti chezvinonhuwira chero mararamiro. Zvinonzi akaumba mune chapamusoro yacho nomubereki padombo, kubudikidza chiito kwezuva, mvura, uye uswa. Ivhu - rudzi zambuko, kubatana, izvo rinobatanidza biotic uye abiotic zvinoumba kwenzvimbo.

Basic pezvakaitwa somugumisiro iyo ine ivhu, ichi uye anozoumbiridzwazve anokosha zvipenyu. Somugumisiro, mashoko dzinotsanagura zvokuimba weathering mubereki dombo anoparadzwa uye zvishoma akadzvinyirirwa, uye zvipenyu azara gobvu ichi zvisina upenyu pane makemikari zvinhu.

murume kusvibiswa ivhu - ndiwo mumwe matambudziko kukosha ikoroji ano uye Environmental Management, iro kunyanya wakarodzwa yechipiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri.

ivhu mamiriro

ivhu Chero ine 4 huru zvinoriumba. Ivo:

• dombo (chawo ivhu, vanenge 50% zvachose uremu);
• mvura (anenge 25%);
• mhepo (anenge 15%);
• Organic nyaya (manyowa, 10%).

Zvichienderana reshiyo yenhengo izvi muvhu, ndedzinotevera ivhu mhando :

• Rocky;
• ivhu;
• jecha;
• manyowa;
• sesaline.

Kiyi ehupfumi ivhu, izvo zvinoita yakasiyana mimwe chezvinonhuwira kwenzvimbo iri kuorera kwayo. Izvi rakasiyana pfuma kuti anogutisa miriwo zvakafanira zvinovaka muviri, unyoro uye mhepo. Saka, ivhu anopa zvipenyu kugadzirwa zvose zvinomera uye zvirimwa goho. Ndokusaka ivhu uye mvura kusvibiswa iri yakadaro inopisa nyaya munyika.

Research ivhu

Ivhu zvidzidzo avimbiswa chaiyo nesayenzi - ivhu sainzi, izvo vaiona muvambi Vasily Dokuchaev - musayendisiti wenyika vakakurumbira. Ndiye, mukupera XIX remakore rokutanga akataura kuti ivhu vakapararira zvikuru sezvingatarisirwa (latitudinal zoning ivhu) pamusoro panyika, uyewo inonzi pachena morphological zviri pasi.

Dokuchaev vaiona ivhu sechinhu chinokosha uye akazvimirira dzinongoitika inotungamirwa kuti kwaari havana kuita hapana masayendisiti. The yakakurumbira basa musayendisiti - "Russian dema pasi" muna 1883 - iri bhuku zvose ano ivhu nesayenzi. Dokuchaev vakaperekedza kunyatsoongorora ivhu inowanzorimwa mapazi weRussia ano uye Ukraine, migumisiro iyo vakaumba hwaro bhuku. Munyori akasimbisa chikuru zvinhu zvevhu: mubereki dombo, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, mamiriro okunze, uye makore chirimwa nyika. Scientist anopa anonakidza tsanangudzo "ivhu iri kushanda mubereki padombo, okunze uye zvinenge, kane nguva."

Pashure pokudzidza wevhu Dokuchaeva kuitika, uye mamwe masayendisiti akakurumbira. Pakati pavo: Kostychev, N. Sibirtsev, K. Glinka nevamwe.

Kukosha uye basa ivhu muupenyu hwomunhu

Mashoko okuti "nyika-mukoti", tinonzwa chaizvo kazhinji hakusi yokufananidzira kana dimikira. It chaizvoizvo. Ndicho kwainyanya zvokudya vanhu, izvo, zvisinei, rinopa vanenge 95% ose nezvokudya. The zvachose nzvimbo munyika pfuma yedu iri nhasi 129 miriyoni km ² nyika nharaunda, izvo 10% ndiyo nyika arable, uye mumwe 25% - hayfields uye mafuro.

Kudzidza ivhu rakatanga chete XIX remakore, asi vanhu vanoziva pamusoro wavo wakanaka pfuma - pamusoro kubereka kubva munguva dzekare. Kuti ivhu nechikwereti kuvapo kwavo vose nemhuka Panyika, kusanganisira vanhu. Hapana tsaona munzvimbo dzakawanda dzine vanhu vakawanda pamusoro nyika ndiyo nzvimbo chete zvikuru vadanana.

Ivhu - Nde chinogona okurima kugadzirwa. A yakawanda magungano uye kuzivisa vakagamuchira panguva dzakawanda vanochiva kudana ouchenjeri uye vatarisire ivhu. Uye izvi zviri pachena nokuti zvachose kusvibiswa nyika uye ivhu vanotyisidzira kuvapo vanhu vose panyika.

Soil pabutiro - ndicho chinhu chinokosha enzvimbo pasi mumuhara mutariri zvose kwemasayendisiti vari biosphere. Ivhu rinoungana guru mari makemikari nyaya uye simba, hunogutsa, nokudaro, basa hofori bio-firita. Ichi - huru chikamu biosphere, ane kuparadza achaputsa zvose zvayo dzichipfekeka marongerwo.

Muzana XXI remakore, mutoro uri ivhu pakavha rakura kakawanda, uye dambudziko ivhu kusvibiswa anoenda chinzvimbo mikuru uye pasi pose. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti dambudziko iri kunobva nepavanogona chiito kunyika dzose munyika.

Kusvibiswa nenyika uye nevhu

kusvibisa ivhu ndiro muitiro uchinyara ivhu pakavha, sezvamakaropafadzwa ayo zviri namakemikari iri kwazvo. Zviratidzi iyi muitiro vari zvipenyu, zvikurukuru zvirimwa kuti ndivo vokutanga kutambura kubva kutyora rwokuzvarwa Kuronga ivhu. Panyaya iyi, zvakaitwa miti kunoenderana nezera ravo aikanganiswa kuchinja kwakadaro.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munyika yedu inopa kuti mhosva kuita kumwedzi nyika nevanhu. Zvikurukuru, nyaya 254 yemutemo weCriminal Code unorira "nyika Corruption".

Typology ivhu Zvinosvibisa

Main ivhu kusvibiswa kwakatanga muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pamwe kukurumidza kukura maindasitiri kunzwisisa. Under pakusvibiswa nevhu kunzwisisa sumo iri atypical ivhu kuurongwa nayo - vanonzi "Zvinosvibisa". Vanogona kugara chero uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. ezvinhu - emura, yakasimba, gaseous kana kunzwisisa.

All utachiona ivhu unogona kukamurwa 4 mapoka:

• Organic (mishonga yezvipembenene, zvipembenene, sora, zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon, chlorinated zvinhu, phenols, makemikari acids, mafuta, peturu, lacquers uye pendi);
• inorganic (inorema nesimbi, asbestos, cyanides, alkali, inorganic acids, etc.);
• radioactive;
• zvoutachiona (utachiona, pathogenic tupukanana tusingaoneki, algae nezvimwewo).

Saka, mukuru ivhu kusvibiswa rinoitwa pachishandiswa izvi uye zvimwe Zvinosvibisa. Inosimudzira zviri izvi zvinhu muvhu kungaita kuti Migumisiro uye kusingarapiki.

Sources zvokutapukirwa munyika

It anganzi vakawanda zvinyorwa zvakadaro zvevakomana. Uye kuwanda kwavo gore negore chete inowedzera.

We nyora huru manyuko ivhu jabwanira:

1. Housing uye zvaiita mabasa. It chikuru tsime kusvibisa nyika mumaguta. Panyaya iyi, iyo kusvibiswa ivhu kunoitika kuburikidza tsvina yevanhu, zvokudya Marara, kuvaka masarasara uye zvemumba (fenicha yekare, mbatya, etc.). Mumaguta makuru, mubvunzo "chii chokuita marara?" Zvachinja kupinda njodzi chaiyo vemenisiparati. Saka, kumucheto maguta vachikura hombe kiromita landfills, izvo zvave aunganidza tsvina. Munyika dzakabudirira dzokuMadokero kare vakasuma muitiro kierrätys chaihwo zvinomera uye mafekitari. Uye ichi pane mari yakawanda ndakawana. In nyika yedu, kusvikira nyaya kwakadaro, zvinosuruvarisa isingawanzowanikwi.
2. Mafekitari zvirimwa. In boka iri, chikuru manyuko ivhu kusvibiswa - makemikari, migodhi uye ouinjiniya Mazinga. Cyanides, Arsenic, styrene, benzene, clots Polymers, carbon dema - zvinotyisa zvose zvinhu izvi muvhu munzvimbo huru maindasitiri mabhizimisi. zvino dambudziko guru ndiko dambudziko kugova pamusoro matai, projecting mhaka huru moto kuti dzakaoma chaizvo kudzima.
3. The senga yakaoma. Sources nyika utachiona, muchiitiko ichi - achitungamirira, Mahydrocarbon, chin'ai uye senitrogen oxides. All izvi zvinhu vanosunungurwa munguva mudzimu dzomunyika injini, uye ipapo iiswe pasi uye kunyura miti. Saka, vanowana pachavo muvhu. Panyaya iyi, ukuru ivhu kusvibiswa richava yakakwirira sezvinobvira pamwe makuru mikuru uye junctions pedyo nomugwagwa.
4. Agro-maindasitiri kunzwisisa. Kusvika kure pasi zvokudya, isu panguva iyoyowo Kusvibisa wake, sezvo gangaidzo sezvo kunganzwika. kusvibiswa nevanhu ivhu pano kuburikidza pakatanga nyika fetiraiza uye nemakemikari. Zvakanga zvakaoma saka yawira muvhu kwaari zvinhu - mekuri, mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene, kutungamirira uye cadmium. Uyezve, nekumwisa makemikari zviri shambidza pamwe mvura neminda, kuenda pehova zvechigarire uye pasi.
5. Mwaranzi. ngozi zvikuru unobereka ivhu kusvibiswa tsvina renyukireya indasitiri. vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti panguva zvenyukireya siyana panguva renyukireya simba miti inenge 98-99% of mafuta zvaparadzwa. uranium exchange ichi fission zvigadzirwa - necesium, plutonium, strontium nezvimwe zvinhu, izvo ngozi chaizvo. Dambudziko guru chaizvo kuti nyika yedu aizovigwa radioactive kunouraya. Gore negore unobereka vanenge 200 zviuru cubic metres tsvina kwenyukireya munyika.

The Mhando chikuru kusvibiswa

Kusvibiswa ivhu angava dzinongoitika (semuenzaniso, kuputika kwemakomo) kana munhu-akaita (murume-akaita) apo kusvibiswa kunoitika nokuda munhu. Mukupera nyaya ivhu vanowa zvinhu uye zvinogadzirwa kuti vari hwokuzvarwa nahwo zvepanyama masango uye vane inokanganisa zvinhu zvipenyu uye zviwanikwa nehurongwa.

Pfungwa kupatsanura ivhu kusvibiswa zvikuru kunzwisisa, classifications yakasiyana dzichitangira siyana. Asi achiri mhando mikuru ivhu utachiona zvinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera.

Domestic kusvibisa ivhu - pakusvibiswa ivhu nemarara uye choutsi. boka iri zvinosanganisira utachiona dzakasiyana hunhu uye yakasiyana ezvinhu aggregation. Vanogona kuva emura uye zvakasimba. Kazhinji, izvi mhando yakasviba haisi nengozi nokuti ivhu, zvisinei, nokunyanyisa kuunganidza dongo littering nzvimbo uye kunodzivisa kunowanzoitika kukura zvinomera. The kupfuura chenjera dambudziko mudzimba ivhu kusvibiswa mari mu mumaguta uye maguta makuru, uyewo mumaguta pamwe nenalazhennoy hurongwa kwemarara muunganidzwa.

Chemical kusvibiswa nevhu - ndiko, pakutanga kwezvose, inorema kusvibiswa simbi, uye mishonga yezvipembenene. Izvi mhando yakasviba ichitova ngozi huru kuvanhu. Pashure pezvose, inorema nesimbi anokwanisa kuunganidza mu zvipenyu. Nevhu utachiona weheavy metal mhuka dzakadai kutungamirira, cadmium, chromium, mhangura, nickel, mekuri, Arsenic uye manganese. More kusvibisa ivhu mabasa sezvo peturu, iro rine chepfu chaizvo fuma - tetraethyl kutungamirira.

Mishonga yezvipembenene - uyewo zvinhu ngozi zvikuru ivhu. Kwainyanya kwemishonga yezvipembenene ndiko zvokurima ano, izvo zviri kushingaira kushandiswa makemikari izvi kurwisa tupukanana notupukanana. Naizvozvo, mishonga yezvipembenene uchingounganidza muvhu vazhinji. havasisipo zvishoma ngozi mhuka uye vanhu pane rinorema simbi. Saka, zvakanga rakarambidzwa kwazvo chepfu uye kugadzikana chaizvo zvinodhaka DDT. It anokwanisa haana yaora muvhu kwemakumi emakore, masayendisiti akawana njanji zvaro Antarctica!

Mishonga yezvipembenene zvinokuvadza chaizvo kuti ivhu microflora mabhakitiriya uye hunokuvadza.

Radioactive kusvibiswa ivhu - a ivhu kusvibiswa simba renyukireya zvirimwa tsvina. Radioactive zvinhu kune ngozi zvikuru, sezvo ivo nyore kupinda muimba cheni zvokudya zvipenyu. Zvikuru ngozi radioactive isotope sechinhu strontium-90, izvo kunoratidzwa yakakwirira goho panguva fission yenyukireya (8%) uye yakakwirira (Makore 28) hafu-upenyu. Uyezve, iye kwazvo Mobile muvhu uye anogona iiswe dzakasiyana-siyana kwevanhu uye zvipenyu pfupa. Zvimwewo radionuclides ngozi anogona kunzi necesium-137, cerium-144, 36-chloro.

The kuputika Kusvibiswa ivhu - ichi mhando yakasviba rinoreva boka rwokuzvarwa. Ndizvo neZvapupu zvine chepfu muvhu, carbon dema uye combustion magasi kunoitika somugumisiro kuputika kwemakomo. Izvi haiwanzowaniki chaizvo mhando yakasviba ivhu, izvo zvinoita chete dzimwe nzvimbo duku.

Mikotoksicheskoe ivhu kusvibiswa - Uyewo haasi murume-yakaitwa uye rwokuzvarwa mavambo. kunobva kusvibisa pano ndivo dzimwe mhando notumwe kuti pave nengozi zvinhu - mycotoxins. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti izvi zvinhu akafanana yakakura ngozi zvipenyu, uyewo vamwe vose, pamusoro.

kukurwa kwevhu

A guru dambudziko kuti ndichengetedze topsoil yakanga kwakakanganisa uye anoramba. Gore negore, iye "anodya" guru nzvimbo ivhu rakaorera, yepanyama mwero kuzoita kukurwa kwevhu yekudyidzana chimbadzo. Masayendisiti akadzidza kwazvo hunhu azvaiitwa uye kuwana matanho kurwisa navo.

Kukurwa kwevhu kunogona kuva:

• mvura
• mhepo

Zviri pachena, mumutsetse wokutanga, zvichitungamirira kwevhu chinokonzera ndiko mvura inoyerera, uye wechipiri - mhepo.

More kwakapararira uye ngozi mvura nemvura. Kuchitanga chitarisiko pasi panyika duku, kwangopera kuoneka pomupata, asi pashure mumwe rinorema mvura gully ichi kuchawedzera uye kukura kukura kusvikira vatendeuke mugomba. Mune rimwe chete nguva gore pamusoro zvachose sandara pamusoro kunogona yakadzika mugoronga muna 1-2 mita! Inotevera Danho mvura kukurwa kwevhu - ndiyo paumbwe mumupata. chimiro ichi akasiyana guru kudzika zororo uye mapazi marongerwo. Hova catastrophically kuparadza minda, paMaare uye mafuro. Kana gully hachisi kurwa, achaita pakupedzisira kurichinja kuva danda.

Vodnoerozionnye pezvakaitwa vanonyanya achishingaira inowanzorimwa nharaunda matombo, uswa apo zvishoma.

The chikonzero mhepo anozoumbiridzwazve kushumira dutu nemhepo kuti vanokwanisa kuridza kukwira pamusoro 20 masendimita (kupfuura rakaorera) ivhu bhora. Wind anotakura ivhu nezvimedu pamusoro makuru marefu, dzichiumbwa dzimwe nzvimbo deposits kusvika 1-2 mamita. Kakawanda vari yakaumbwa pamwe yecocoa uye dondo mabhandi.

Maonero yakasviba ivhu

Kuti aite kunzwisisa zviyero nokuti ivhu kudzivirirwa kunokosha chaizvo zvakakwana tinyatsonzwisisa ivhu pakusvibiswa. It rinowanikwa nevanhu kunzwisisa masvomhu, mushure yakarongwa zvemakemikari nokutsvakurudza zvakatipoteredza. Kukoshesa nechipiriso kunzwisisa chokukomborerwa kusvibiswa _pamwe Z.

Tinyatsonzwisisa ivhu kusvibiswa rinoitwa yakavakirwa zvinoverengeka zvinokosha:

• specificity anopa kusvibiswa;
• kunzwisisa zvine maatomu akafanana - ivhu tsvina;
• pakutanga Zvinosvibisa ndandanda maererano MPC;
• unhu uye nyika kushandiswa.

Vatsvakurudzi akaratidza dzakawanda ivhu kusvibiswa yomuropa, zvinoti:

1. Zvinogamuchirwa (Z _kuti asingasviki 16).
2. Mwero ngozi (Z _ane kubva 16 kusvika 38).
3. Information (Z _ane kubva 38 kusvika 128).
4. Zvikuru ngozi (Z _vanopfuura 128).

ivhu Protection

Zvichienderana panobva kusvibiswa uye kusimba kwayo simba, kwakasimbiswa anokosha matanho kuti ivhu kudzivirirwa. Nezviyero avo vanosanganisira:

1. Legislative uye administrative (kuitwa mitemo akakodzera mumunda ivhu unodzivirira, uye kudzora Implementation yavo).
2. Process (chisikwa wasteless kugadzirwa hurongwa).
3. Zvoutsanana (muunganidzwa, decontamination uye tsvina uye ivhu kusvibiswa).
4. Research (Kugadzirwa matsva ruzivo kurapwa zvivako, kuongororwa uye richiona ivhu ezvinhu).
5. Forest reclamation uye anozoumbiridzwazve kudzora (chakasimwa mabasa ichi chinokosha pokugara mabhandi pamwe minda, kuvaka hydraulic zvivako uye gadzirisa kumhara pamusoro zvirimwa).

mhedziso

Russian ivhu - zviri zvikuru upfumi, nemhaka iyo tine chikafu uye kugadzirwa kupa zvakakodzera mbishi zvinhu. Nevhu rakaumbwa pamusoro emakore akawanda. Ndokusaka kudzivirira ivhu kusvibiswa - icho zvinokosha basa kwehurumende.

Nhasi kune vakawanda ivhu kusvibiswa manyuko: chokufambisa, maindasitiri, maguta, utilities, simba renyukireya zvirimwa uye kurima. Basa masayendisiti, vehurumende uye voruzhinji ari yose - kudzivirira ivhu kubva pakukuvadza kunoita zvose izvi zvinhu, kana kuderedza yavo inokuvadza kukanganisa ivhu.