Nyanza: dambudziko. Dambudziko wokushandiswa nyanza

Ocean - paucheche upenyu, tsime okisijeni uye kugara zvakanaka vanhu vazhinji. Kwemazana emakore fuma yaro zvaiva hariperi, uye vaiva munyika dzose uye vanhu. Asi zana remakore rechimakumi maviri akaisa zvose panzvimbo yayo - vaiva mumhenderekedzo yegungwa pamuganhu rokufambira, mitemo nepagungwa, matambudziko uye dzinobvira.

Legal zvebasa kushandiswa yomugungwa zvinhu

Kusvikira manonwe remakore rechimakumi maviri, yakanga vakawana kuti nyanza ndezvaJehovha zvose upfumi uye miganhu Zvinotaurwa romumhenderekedzo yegungwa States ingangowedzera hapana nautical kwemakiromita anopfuura matatu. Pamutemo, mutemo kuchengetwa, asi chaizvoizvo, zhinji anoti vakazivisa dzinofunga avo makuru zvomumvura nzvimbo, kusvikira kwemakiromita mazana maviri nautical kubva kumhenderekedzo. Dambudziko wokushandiswa nyanza rashayiswa kuti chinonyanya kunobatsira kushandisa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa zvoupfumi zvikamu. Vazhinji inoti akazivisa uchangamire hwavo pamusoro nepagungwa ndima uye nechisimba vaya sechinoitika kudarika. Saka, dambudziko kukura munyanza, kushandiswa mikana kwayo nezvakaonekwa mercantile zvinofarirwa nomunhu anoti.

Muna 1982, kuti Conference yakanga yaunganira pamusoro poMutemo Gungwa, yaiitwa pasi auspices dzeUN. It akataura dzinokosha zvinetso munyanza. chisarudzo wakabatwa somugumisiro mazuva mazhinji Nhaurirano penyanza - ndicho chakajairika nhaka vanhu. Kuti inoti kuti richengetwe dvuhsotmilnye kumahombekombe nzvimbo zvoupfumi kuti nyika idzi dzine kodzero yokushandisa zvebhizimisi zvinangwa. zvikamu kwakadaro zveupfumi unehanya 40 muzana vanosvika aqueous dzezvimwe. Pasi rakavhurika yomugungwa, ayo zviwanikwa uye zvoupfumi zviwanikwa akanzi zvakajairika pfuma. Kuti akuteerere zvaidiwa zvokudya komiti chinokosha ichi hwakagadzwa waidzora kushandisa romumhenderekedzo yegungwa zvoupfumi munyika dzine, iyo yakakamurwa munyanza. Nezvinetso zvinomuka munyika kwevanhu nezvainoita zvomumvura kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinofanira kugadziriswa nehurumende dzavo. Somugumisiro, nheyo vakasununguka kushandisa mukuru mumakungwa haichagona kushandiswa.

Hazvibviri kuona kukosha nezvifambiso zvinosvika mumakungwa paNyika. matambudziko Global chokuita mitoro uye mutakurwi chokufambisa, yakasarudza kuburikidza nokushandisa matare chaiwo uye basa rokutakura mafuta uye gasi - ne Mapaipi kuvakwa.

Mining akavhiyiwa ichiitwa pamusoro echiShinto ose mumhenderekedzo yegungwa munyika, kunyanya kuzviita dzakabudirira deposits negasi uye mafuta. Yomugungwa ine muzvizhinji kuti zvinogadzirisa ose munyu, isingawanzowanikwi nesimbi uye Organic yeimwe. Huge concretions - kuramba reserves dzenyika isingawanzowanikwi simbi, simbi uye manganese - nhema pamusoro penyanza pasi mumvura yakadzika. Matambudziko mugungwa zvinhu ine sei kuti zvinhu izvi kubva mugungwa pasina kukanganisa mararamiro. Pakupedzisira, rweruzhinji kuisa desalination angapedza inokosha matambudziko evanhu - yokushomeka mvura yokunwa. Ocean mvura yakanaka solvent, saka makungwa so chirimwa kukuru processing mhuri tsvina. A yomugungwa Maze zvave zvinobudirira kushandiswa vaunze zvemagetsi simba pres.

Kubvira kare kare, gungwa zvokudya vanhu. Extraction hove uye dzemugungwa, matope dzemugungwa mazambiringa - rwokugadzira yekare, iyo kwakamuka panguva mambakwedza yebudiriro. Kubvira ipapo, nematurusi hove uye nenheyo handishanduki. Sezvineiwo kwakawedzera pamwero kugadzirwa chete zvipenyu mari.

With zvose izvi ndizvo kunyatsoshandisa yomugungwa zvinhu yekudyidzana ekushandiswa pamusoro zvomumvura kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvinogoneka kuti rakakura muenzaniso upfumi basa yekudyidzana kunoderedza kukwanisa kwayo kuzvinzwira wokunatswa uye marara tsvina. Naizvozvo, dambudziko pose wokushandiswa nyanza kunyatsonyora kushandisa zvose kuti inopa chavanhu, kwete zvinoshatisa apo utano wayo zvakatipoteredza.

Environmental zvebasa kushandiswa yomugungwa zvinhu

Nyanza - hofori okisijeni jenareta zvakasikwa. The chikuru Mugadziri ichi chinokosha namakemikari chingaita upenyu nemaziso yebhuruu-nyoro algae. Mukuwedzera, gungwa - simba kupfuura Sefa, uye Vacuum rori, izvo kurongedza uye recycle kwevanhu tsvina. Nekusagona iri rakasiyana nemamwe rwokuzvarwa mashandiro kukurira kwetsvina - munhu zvakatipoteredza dambudziko chairo. World Kusvibiswa Ocean kunoitika kakawanda nokuda munhu.

Kukonzera kusvibisa penyanza:

• Rwakakwana Kuchenesa kutambudza maindasitiri mudzimba tsvina mvura munzizi nomugungwa.
• The tsvina mvura kupinda nyanza kubva musango uye masango. Inosanganisira fetiraiza kuti anonetsa anoora ari zvomumvura zvakatipoteredza.
• Marara - nguva kukasawedzerwa kuvigwa pazasi mumakungwa uye makungwa ose Zvinosvibisa siyana.
• Leakage peturu kana mafuta siyana gungwa uye rwizi midziyo.
• Akadzokorora kukundikana mapaipi, anomhanyira nechepasi.
• Marara uye dongo kunokonzerwa kubva dzokubudisa zvicherwa zviri pasherefu mapazi uye nemuGungwa.
• Sediments ine fuma inokuvadza.

Kana unganidza ose utachiona kuti vangangokukuvadza mumakungwa, tinogona kuziva dambudziko anorondedzerwa pazasi.

marara

It nokurasa rinonzi Reset kwevanhu zvoupfumi basa tsvina munzvimbo munyanza. zvinetso zvemhoteredzo simuka nokuda ane overabundance pamusoro namatongo dzakadaro. Chikonzero kuti ichi mhando dongo kwapararira ndechokuti mvura gungwa ane mukuru Kuparadzwa ehupfumi. Marine Graves pasi tsvina mugodhi uye metallurgia maindasitiri, mhuri tsvina, kuvaka matongo, radionuclides izvo kuchimuka renyukireya basa, makemikari, pamwe kunosiyana inosiyana toxicity.

Panguva choRugwaro utachiona kubudikidza mvura imwe chikamu tsvina yakanyauka mumvura gungwa uye alters yaro makemikari anoumba. Transparency rikawira, zvinovawo nomutorwa kwaari ruvara uye kunhuwidza. The yasara PARTICIPLE utachiona vari rakachengetedzwa pagungwa kana pasi pevhu. deposits kwakadaro kuguma kuti murwiyo dzinosiyana pasi nevhu, pane yeimwe akadai sehydrogen sulfide uye amoniya. Mukuru zviri Organic zvinhu mugungwa mumvura kunoguma nokuvhiringidzirwa yakachena nechiyero, iyo rinobatanidza zvinoderedza uwandu zvigare uye algae kuti kupatsanurwa uye matongo. Zvinhu zvakawanda vanoumba firimu pemvura mvura, iyo kunokanganisa gasi mukutsinhana pamvura-mhepo. Zvinokuvadza zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, vanowanzotevedzera kuunganidza mu mitumbi zvomugungwa. Nhamba yevanhu vanogara hove, crustaceans uye molluscs vari kuderedzwa, uye muviri inotanga mutate. Naizvozvo dambudziko wokushandiswa nyanza ndezvokuti ehupfumi ari zvomumvura kwezvakatipoteredza zvinobudirira kushandiswa hofori yacho marara mashandiro.

Swa radioactive zvinhu

Radionuclides - zvinhu kuti anowanika somugumisiro simba renyukireya zvinomera. Nyanza simbi mudziyo yokuchengetera zvinhu, rine zvikuru mwaranzi simba renyukireya. Transuranium mapoka fuma kuramba achishingaira kwemakore zviuru akawanda. Kunyange zvazvo namatongo ngozi zvikuru vari mumapepa ari chisimbiso mumidziyo, hutachiona pangozi radioactive inoramba yakakwirira chaizvo. The fuma iyo midziyo zvakaitwa, kunoramba pachena kuti zvinoitwa yomugungwa. Kwapera nguva akabvumira iyerere kugona, uye ngozi zvinhu zviri zviduku zvakawanda, asi nguva dzose kuwira munyanza. Zvinetso reburial tsvina vari munyika yose zvakasikwa: maererano nenhamba, ari eighties yakadzika pasi dhipoziti akatora vanenge 7 zviuru matani zvinokuvadza .. Pari kutyisidzirwa iri wakabvunzwa neavo matongo kuti akanga avigwa mvura mumakungwa makore 30-40 apfuura.

Kusvibiswa pamwe zvine chepfu

Chepfu zvinosanganisira aldrin, dieldrin, DDT mhando, dzimwe nomukaka zviri zvinhu kuiisa chlorine tubhokisi. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, pane mukuru Kuwanda Arsenic uye zinc. makungwa, uye nyanza kusvibiswa pamwero detergents kuri worrisome. Detergents dzinonzi surfactants, zvinova chikamu mhuri makemikari. Pamwe chekubuda nzizi, yeimwe izvi kuwira munyanza, apo chirongwa marara zvichiitika kwemakumi emakore. An yezvinongoerekana muenzaniso mukuru webasa kwemakemikari hondo nevasori ndiyo vakawanda kutsakatika shiri kure Ireland. Somugumisiro, chikonzero ichi vakashumira polihloridfenilovye yeimwe kuwira mugungwa pamwechete maindasitiri wastewater. Saka, zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza nyanza uye akabata nyika pano vagari.

Kusvibiswa pamwe inorema simbi

chikuru ichi kutungamirira, cadmium nemekiyuri. Its chepfu ehupfumi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi izvi kuramba kwemazana emakore. zvinhu izvi zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa rinorema indasitiri. Munguva mafekitari zvigayo pane zvakasiyana kuchenesa unyanzvi, asi, pasinei ichi, vakawanda izvi zvinhu kupinda drains the mugungwa. For zvomumvura zvinenge pozi chikuru kutyisidzira nemekiyuri uye kutungamirira. Nzira huru yokuita vavo mugungwa - maindasitiri matongo, exhausts motokari, utsi uye guruva maindasitiri mabhizimisi. Havasi inoti zvose kunzwisisa kukosha dambudziko iri. Nyanza havagoni ribude nesimbi rinorema, uye ivo anowira zvinyama hove, crustaceans uye molluscs. Sezvo vazhinji zvisikwa gungwa zvinonamatwa hove, inorema nesimbi uye avo yeimwe kuwira chikafu kuvanhu, zvichikonzera nechirwere chakakomba, izvo havasi sei kurapwa.

Kusvibiswa nemafuta uye mafuta zvinogadzirwa

Oiri - chinhu chisinganzwisisiki makemikari kabhoni remubatanidzwa rinorema mvura ine shava ruvara. Mukuru zvinetso zvemhoteredzo nyanza anokonzerwa parasikira mafuta. Mune eighties penyanza ivo yakabuda vanenge mamiriyoni 16 matani. Izvi raimiririra 0.23% of kugadzirwa munyika mafuta panguva iyoyo. Most kazhinji chigadzirwa unowana mugungwa pachishandiswa vhinza kubva Mapaipi. High kuwanda mafuta achitevedza Neine Basa Chaizvo kutumirwa Lanes. Izvi imhaka yedambudziko kuitika pamusoro ngarava, zvikasabudiswa uye Flushing kuti kutsigisa igwa mvura kubva mungarava pemvura. Masters rwengarava vane basa mukudzivirira izvi. Pashure pezvose, maererano matambudziko aro. Mumakungwa uye zvakasvibiswa infiltration zvibereko dzakabudirira deposits - nokuti vakawanda platforms iri echiShinto uye pamatunhu makungwa. Waste mvura anoiswa mugungwa, mvura nemaindasitiri, nenzira yakadaro iri yomugungwa rinoonekwa mamiriyoni 0.5 matani pagore.

The penyanza mvura chigadzirwa urwa nezvishoma. Chokutanga, kupararira pechiso dzakaonda rukoko. The mafuta firimu kutigumbura ari kupinda chezuva uye okisijeni mumvura mugungwa, mauri kupisa kutapurirana iri kunetse. The chigadzirwa unoumba maviri mvura emulsions - the "mafuta nemvura" uye "mvura mafuta". Both emulsions husingakwanisi zvikuru nechitarisiko zvinofurira; mavara kuumbwa navo, vakasununguka kuenda mhiri gungwa tichibatsirwa yomugungwa dzenzvimbo, kugadzirisa kuti nechepasi akaturikidzana uye beaching. Kuparadzwa emulsions zvakadaro, kana asike zvinhu mamwe kubudiswa - iri uyewo mhinduro kugadzirisa yomugungwa nyaya iri akapoteredza yakasviba mafuta.

chafariz kusvibiswa

dambudziko chafariz kusvibiswa iri shoma kuoneka zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva kuchinja tembiricha pachiyero dzenzvimbo uye yegungwa rinovhuna Zvinonzi zvomugungwa, uko akapfuma mumakungwa upenyu. Matambudziko pose chokuita nokudziya, kunokonzerwa ndechokuti mukuru mvura tembiricha asunungurwa emakambani uye simba zvinomera. Liquid kutonhora wechisikigo tsime yakasiyana kwendangariro. Pakukora iri huru mvura kuchambokanganisa chaiwo kupisa mukati zvomumvura ezvinhu, izvo yekudyidzana zvinoderedza padanho okisijeni iri pasi akaturikidzana mvura. Somugumisiro, kutanga ruchikonzera algae uye anaerobic utachiona, izvo basa kubudiswa Organic zvinhu.

Nzira dzekufambisa kugadzirisa matambudziko nyanza

Kusvibiswa mafuta Global waitwa anoverengeka kumisangano hurumende nepagungwa masimba, yainetseka sei kuchengetedza nyanza. Matambudziko akatanga kupfeka ngozi hunhu. Uye pakati remakore rechimakumi maviri, vakawanda mitemo simbisai basa nokuti kuchengeteka uye kuchena kwemvura mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nzvimbo. matambudziko Global nyanza pamwe yakasarudza kuti London Conference muna 1973. Its mhinduro Zvinoda chikepe ose kuva yakakodzera dzakawanda chitupa achisimbisa kuti vose michina, midziyo uye zvigadziriswe vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, uye chikepe chinoyambuka gungwa, usazvikuvadza zvakatipoteredza. Changes dzakaitwa uye kuvakwa motokari dzakatakura mafuta. Mitemo zvitsva zvinoda kwematangi ano vane miviri pasi. Rakarambidzwa chose zvikasabudiswa mvura yakasviba kubva kwematangi mafuta, pakuchenesa midziyo yakadaro inofanira kuitwa pachiteshi dzinokosha zvinhu. Asi ichangobva, masayendisiti zvakagadzira emulsion chaiyo inochenesa kwematangi mafuta pasina nokurasa ari yakasviba mvura.

A Waters parasikira netsaona mafuta inogona kubviswa tichibatsirwa zvinoyangarara skimmers mafuta uye siyana lateral zvipingamupinyi.

matambudziko Global nyanza, ari kusvibisa mafuta Kunyanya, Akakwezva masayendisiti. Shure kwaizvozvo unofanira kuita chinhu. Liquidation namafuta parasikira mumvura - dambudziko chikuru mumakungwa. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri vanosanganisira mumuviri uye nemakemikari nzira. Nechekare, furo siyana uye zvimwe unsinkable zvinhu zvinogona unganidza vanenge 90% of nzvimbo. Naizvozvo akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya zvinhu inounganidzwa mafuta, chigadzirwa iri kusundwa vabvemo. Akaturikidzana nezvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kushandiswa kakawanda, vane zvakakwana pasi mari uye chaizvo nekunhonga mafuta kubva munzvimbo yakakura.

Masayendisiti Japanese zvakagadzira mushonga yakavakirwa mupunga pamateko. fuma iyi sprayed pamusoro mafuta teura nzvimbo uye akaunganidza mafuta pfupi. Shure kwaizvozvo block zvinhu akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya chigadzirwa, unogona kubata chinhu mambure okubatisa hove munhuwo.

An nzira dzinonakidza yakazokudziridzwa nemasayendisiti American kubvisa mavara iwayo muAtlantic Ocean. Pasi mafuta teura iri akatura dzakaonda zvedongo bwendefa vasiyana acoustic maatomu akafanana. Last vibrates, mafuta rinoungana mafuta inotungamirwa uye otanga they gush pamusoro zvedongo ndege. mafuta uye tsvina mvura patsime iri abatidzwa magetsi kureva ndiro. Saka The chigadzirwa combusted pasina kukonzera zvakaipa kuti zvakatipoteredza.

Muna 1993, mutemo wakadzikwa inorambidza zvinoyerera mugungwa emura mwaranzi (LRW). Projects nokuti processing tsvina yakadaro yambokurukurwa nepakati 90s wekupedzisira remakore. Asi kana munhu yakachena nokurasa emura mwaranzi hakubvumidzwi nemutemo, akare dzokuchengetera vaishandisa radioactive zvinhu, izvo kuzorora penyanza pasi kubvira pakati 50s, nechinetso chakakomba.

zvabuda

Kusvibiswa Large-pamwero zvakawedzera ngozi zviwanikwa kuti iwedzere mumakungwa. Matambudziko chokuita kuchengetedza musikirwo uye zvinhu zvipenyu kuti zvinoda kukurumidza uye kutonga zvakanaka. Matanho akatorwa nemasayendisiti uye hurumende vaitungamirira nyika zvenyika, kuratidza chido chomunhu kuchengetedza upfumi nyanza zvizvarwa zvaizotevera.

Munyika yanhasi kwevanhu kukanganisa yepanyama kutenderera zviri mutsindo, saka chero matanho okururamisa anthropogenic pezvakaitwa vanofanira kuva nenguva uye zvakakwana kuti achengetedze yepanyama zvakatipoteredza. A rinokosha kudzidza ekushandiswa dzevanhu pamusoro penyanza chinoita kuramba zvichiongororwa, kwakavakirwa-refu zvaanorumbidza zviri muviri mupenyu inonzi World Ocean. Environmental matambudziko kunobva marudzi ose evanhu kukanganisa nzvimbo mvura, kudzidza zvomumvura ikoroji.

Kusiyana matambudziko kunoda pakatanga yunifomu zvinotaurwa nevakawanda matanho kuti zvinofanira kutorwa panguva dzose hanya. Nzira Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri iyo vomunyika vachakwanisa zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza penyanza uye kudzivirira zvimwe zvayo kusvibiswa, - pasave kuchengetera ngozi zvinhu mugungwa uye kwezvisikwa tsvina kugadzirwa yakavharwa kutenderera. Kutendeutsa tsvina ngozi kupinda hunoshatisa pfuma, tichaona itsva kugadzirwa michina vanofanira kupedza dambudziko kusvibisa mvura yomugungwa, asi achatora emakore kwezvakatipoteredza pfungwa kushandisa.