Muviri womunhu. Anatomy uye physiology pamusoro nhengo wezvakaonekwa

muviri wedu interacts pamwe nharaunda kuburikidza pfungwa, kana analyzers. Uchibatsirwa kwavo, vanhu vanokwanisa "kunzwa" kunze nyika, pachishandiswa nezviitiko izvi kwete chete, ane rinokosha kufungisisa - kuzvipira ruzivo, okugadzira zvinhu, kugona kutarisira zviitiko, etc ...

Chii chinonzi parser?

Maererano I. P. Pavlovu, mumwe analyzer (uye kunyange nhengo zvaakaratidzwa) - kwete kuti mumwe, sezvo "mashandiro" kunzwisisa. It anokwanisa kwete chete kuona ambient ezvinhu anonongedzera uye kutendeuka vapinde kupomba simba, asi zvibereko yepamusoro ongororo uye kwetunhu.

Aiona, uyewo mimwe analyzer inoumbwa 3 chinokosha zvikamu:

- peripheral chikamu chiri kukonzera maonero nechitarisiko anotikurudzira simba rayo kubudiswa mu tsinga nomunhu;

- pathway nayo tsinga zvairatidza anoenda zvakananga etsinga centre;

- cortical kuguma analyzer (kana kubata centre), iri zvakananga muuropi.

All nomunhu tsinga kubva analyzer anoenda zvakananga munzvimbo nechepakati tsinga, apo vose ruzivo chinogadzirwa. Somugumisiro nezviito zvose izvi, uye pane maonero - kukwanisa kunzwa, kuona, kubata, uye zvichingodaro ..

Sezvo kutsinga dzinouya nhengo chiono kunonyanya kukosha, nokuti pasina rakajeka mifananidzo, upenyu anova hakunakidzi uye uninteresting. Inopa 90% mashoko zvakatipoteredza.

Eye - the nhengo kuona, iyo haisi aizvinzwisisa, asi zvakadaro pfungwa yacho kuripo ipapo. Uye izvi ndizvo vachapinda nepariri munyaya ino.

Anatomy uye physiology pamusoro nhengo wezvakaonekwa

Ngatitarisei zvose kuitira.

Nhengo kuona ndiyo yeziso pamwe optic tsinga uye dzimwe miviri chikamu. Yeziso ane idenderedzwa chimiro, yemanyorero guru iri kukura (ayo kukosha mukuru ~ 7.5 cubic masendimita). Rine matanda maviri: mberi neshure. Inoitwa panozogadzirika icho chakaumbwa anoshongwa nhatu: fibrous liner uye the retina vasculature (kana intima). Ndiyo anatomi ari nhengo wezvakaonekwa. Zvino mumwe mugove zvizere.

Fibrous bemhapemha ziso

Chokunze goko pamusoro musimboti kuchibva sclera undovakira kadhi, connective gobvu membranes uye cornea, mumwe segirazi convex mugove maziso kuine midziyo ropa. The cornea vanenge 1 mm mu ukobvu uye vanenge 12 mm mu dhayamita.

Pasi riri dhayagiramu iyo inoratidza sectional maonero muviri. Pane zvakawanda unogona kuona pane mumwe kana chimwe yeziso.

choroid

Zita wechipiri goko of musimboti - the choroid. Riri zvakananga pasi sclera, izere tsinga uye ine 3 zvikamu: dzakawanda choroid uye iris uye ciliary muviri ziso.

The choroid chinhu gobvu richikurukura arteries uye mutsinga, zvakanyatsobatana. Pakati pavo vakasununguka fibrous connective zvinyama kuti akapfuma guru ruvara mumasero.

Front choroid zvakanaka kupinda ciliary muviri thickened annular chimiro. chinangwa chahwo - pekugara ziso. It inotsigira ciliary muviri, kuti izvo rinoburitsa uye anotambanudza. Inoitwa zvikamu zviviri: zvemukati (ciliary korona) dzokunze (ciliary denderedzwa).

Kubva ndima plana kuti izvo 70 anomunzwira ciliary maitiro kureba anenge 2 mm. K-yakatesvera panyanga dzacho zvakabatanidzwa Zinn faibha mwanda (ciliary bhanhire) kuuya ziso izvo.

Ciliary bhendi rinenge vose ciliary tsandanyama. Kana zvibvumirano, kuti izvo zviri anombotwasanudza uye vakagumisa kure, pashure pacho anobuda (uye pamwe pacho refractive simba) rwuchiwanzwa, uye pane pokugara.

Nokuti kuti masero ari ciliary tsandanyama atrophy akwegura uye panzvimbo yavo pane connective zvinyama masero, pekugara Zvinoipisisa uye anovandudza Kuona zviri mberi. Panyaya iyi, muviri zvakaipa kuzvigona mabasa ayo, kana munhu akaedza kufunga chinhu pedyo.

Obert

The Iris chinhu kumativi dhisiki chimiro ne buri pakati - mboni. Riri pakati izvo uye cornea.

Mugore vascular rukoko ari Iris ndivo tsandanyama mbiri. Rokutanga siyana suzhivatel (sphincter) ari mudzidzi; wechipiri, nezuva zvinopesana, mboni anowedzera.

Ndizvo huwandu rwe-melanin ari Iris kunoenderana ruvara nemaziso ake. Photo nzira dziri chaidzo pazasi.

Shoma ruvara ari Iris - the kupenya ruvara kwemaziso. Authority ndiite mabasa ayo chete pasinei Ruvara Iris.

Rwevachena rwegirini ziso kunorevawo chete shoma rwe-melanin.

Rima Ruvara maziso, mufananidzo uri pamusoro, kunoratidza kuti padanho rwe-melanin ari Iris dzakakwirira.

Internal (photosensitive) deko

The the retina iri adherent chose kusvika choroid. It chakaumbwa zvidimbu zviviri: yokunze (ruvara) uye yomukati (photosensitive).

The photosensitive desyatisloynoy goko dzoga trehneyronnye raimiririra photoreceptor chokunze rukoko radially akatarisa cheni associative ganglion pakati uye yomukati akaturikidzana.

Kunze vasiyana choroid paiva ruvara epithelial masero, idzo pavaizoramba neVadzidzi paiva pematanda uye pasikweya. Avo uye vamwe - kwete kungova peripheral pezvakaitwa (kana axon) kuti photoreceptor masero (dzouropi I).

Matanda akaumbwa dzomukati dzokunze zvikamu. The yokupedzisira achiumbwa pachishandiswa kaviri Kamudzira discs, izvo uri yeplasma Kamudzira pazvirugu. The pasikweya Munokudzwa ne uwandu (vari akakura) uye hunhu Zvifambiso.

Munguva the retina, pane mhando nhatu pasikweya, uye mumwe chete mhando zvimiti. Kuwanda tsvimbo chisvike mamiriyoni 70, kana kuti kunyange kupfuura, ukuwo cône - miriyoni chete 5-7.

Sezvambotaurwa, pane mhando nhatu pasikweya. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anotora yakasiyana ruvara: yebhuruu, tsvuku kana tsvuku.

Zvimiti vanofanirawo kunzwisisa ruzivo pamusoro chinhu chimiro uye nokupenya kamuri rako.

Kubva nerimwe photoreceptor masero anoendazve dzakaonda okuwedzera iyo inowanikwa synapse (apo Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu maviri atsvaka) nomumwe manda nedambudziko Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu (dzouropi II). Recent zvinoparadzira excitation kare hombe ganglion masero (dzouropi III). Axons (pezvakaitwa) masero vanoumba optic etsinga.

gogorosi

Izvi läpinäkyvä mechanical biconvex izvo 7-10 mm mu dhayamita. Haina tsinga kana tsinga. Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu ciliary tsandanyama izvo anokwanisa kuchinja chimiro chayo. Zviri ndachinja pezvakaita izvo uye dzinonzi pekugara ziso. Kana yakaiswa pamusoro kure chiratidzo izvo zviri flattened, uye pedyo chiratidzo - kunowedzera.

Pamwe chete vitreous izvo anoumba chiedza-refracting unosvikirwa ziso.

vitreous muviri

Vakazadza zvose iripo nzvimbo iri pakati the retina uye izvo. It ane mondo-kufanana crystalline mamiriro.

Sechivako muviri kamera zvakafanana nheyo mudziyo. Mboni kuridza basa diaphragm, kuderedza kana kuwedzera zvichienderana okuvimba. Sezvo gogorosi - vitreous uye izvo. Light mwaranzi kuwira pamusoro the retina, asi mufananidzo iri flipped kunze.

Nokuda photorefractive vezvenhau (Saka izvo uye vitreous muviri) danda chiedza weveta yeyero panzvimbo iri the retina, ndoupi akanaka chiratidzo nzvimbo. Pasikweya uye tsvimbo chiedza mafungu yakasvika chete pashure kupfuura yose retinal ukobvu.

pakufamba

Pakufamba ziso kuti striated 4 rectus tsandanyama (yakaderera, rokumusoro, lateral uye medial) uye vaviri oblique (yakaderera uye yokumusoro). Rectus tsandanyama vane basa kwezana yeziso iri rakakodzera negwara, uye oblique - nokuti Paakatendeuka ari sagittal akabatana. Movement vose eyeballs synchronous chete nokuti netsandanyama.

anopenya

Skin ukagunzva chinangwa - kushomeka palpebral kutsemuka uku uye kuvhara panguva kuvhara, kudzivirira pamberi yeziso. At ose zera anenge 75 lashes, ane chinangwa - kudzivirira yeziso kubva kuonana dzimwe zvinhu.

About kamwe ose 5-10 mumasekonzi munhu blinks.

lacrimal midziyo

Inoitwa pakati lacrimal shwanu uye lacrimal hurongwa. Misodzi neutralize zvigare uye kukwanisa inyorovese conjunctiva. Tearless ziso conjunctiva uye cornea vangadai nyore dzapwa, uye murume ingadai yakapfuura bofu.

The lacrimal mumasero kubereka zuva anenge zana milliliters misodzi. Interesting chokwadi: vakadzi mhere kakawanda kupfuura vanhu, nokuti kusunungurwa misodzi mvura kunoita kemikari prolactin (izvo vasikana zvakawanda).

Kumboda misodzi ine mvura ine anenge 0.5% sealbumin, 1,5% yavaibvisa chloride, zvishoma madzihwa uye lysozyme, iro rine bactericidal chiito. It ane Midzanga maitiro.

Nemamiriro evanhu ziso: anorimwa

Ngatitorei Ukanyatsotarisa anatomi ari nhengo zvaakaratidzwa achishandisa mifananidzo.

The nhamba inoratidza schematically pamusoro chikamu muviri ari chinjikira sectional maonero. pano:

1 - mudzira pakati rectus mhasuro;

2 - musana kamera;

3 - cornea;

4 - mboni;

5 - asi izvo;

6 - camera mberi;

7 - Iris;

8 - conjunctiva;

9 - mudzira zvakananga lateral tsandanyama;

10 - vitreous;

11 - the sclera;

12 - choroid;

13 - asi the retina;

14 - yellow gwapa;

15 - asi optic etsinga;

midziyo ropa the retina - 16.

mufananidzo uyu unoratidza schematic nemamiriro the retina. Museve rinoratidza kutungamirirwa chiedza danda. Figures anozivikanwa:

1 - sclera;

2 - choroid;

3 - pigmented masero of the retina;

4 - zvimiti;

5 - pasikweya;

6 - masero chinjikira;

7 - masero nedambudziko;

8 - masero amacrine;

9 - ganglion masero;

10 - faibha optic tsinga.

The mufananidzo unoratidza dhayagiramu ane Manyiminya akabatana ziso:

1 - chinhu;

2 - cornea;

3 - mboni;

4 - Iris;

5 - asi izvo;

6 - nechepakati pfungwa;

7 - Image.

Ko muviri?

Sezvambotaurwa, munhu chiratidzo anotumira anenge 90% mashoko pamusoro nyika yakatipoteredza. Pasina izvozvo, nyika yaizova kwakadaro uye uninteresting.

Nhengo zvaakaratidzwa rakanyatsojeka kunzwisisa uye kwete zvakazara ne parser. Kunyange nhasi, masayendisiti dzimwe nguva tine mibvunzo nemamiriro uye chinangwa womuviri uyu.

The chikuru mabasa ari nhengo zvaakaratidzwa - chiedza maonero, marudzi enyika, zvinhu chinzvimbo mune nzvimbo, uye zvichingodaro ..

Chiedza anogona kukonzera kuchinja dzakaoma ari the retina, uye nokudaro, mukana wakakwana anotikurudzira kuti nhengo wezvakaonekwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti wekutanga vakanzwisisa bundu rhodopsin.

Most Qualitative chinooneka maonero inopiwa kuti mufananidzo chinhu vachawira pasi nzvimbo yacho the retina, kunyanya mune yayo nechepakati gomba. The kure kubva pakati fungidziro mufananidzo chinhu, saka zviri zvishoma pachena. Ndizvo physiology ari nhengo wezvakaonekwa.

Eye zvirwere

Ngatimboonai zvimwe rakajairika zvirwere ziso.

1. Hyperopia. Zita wechipiri chirwere - hyperopia. Munhu ane chirwere dambudziko iri kuona zvinhu zviri pedyo. Kazhinji zvakaoma kuverenga, kushanda zvinhu zviduku. Kazhinji ikabuda vanhu, asi kunogonawo kuonekwa vechiduku. kurapa Zvakakwana hyperopia anogona chete kushandisa opretsionnogo kupindira.
2. Myopia (anonziwo myopia). The chirwere kunoratidzwa nekusagona kuona zvakanaka zvinhu zviri kure zvakakwana kure.
3. Yemaziso - yakawedzera intraocular kumanikidzwa. It kunoitika nokuda Urume akaparadzirwa zvirwere muziso. Zvinonzi kurapwa, asi kuvhiya kungadiwa mune zvimwe zviitiko.
4. Cataract - kwete kuti mumwe, sezvo kutyora pachena weziso izvo. Vabatsirei kubvisa hosha anogona chete ophthalmologist. Zvinoda pokuvhiyiwa, umo munhu anoratidzwa anogona kudzorerwa.
5. Anogumbura zvirwere. Izvi zvinosanganisira conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, uye vamwe. Mumwe nomumwe wavo yazvo nzira ngozi uye ane nzira dzakasiyana: vamwe vanogona kurapwa pamwe mishonga, uye zvimwe chete apo zororo kushandiswa.

chirwere Prevention

Chinhu chokutanga kuyeuka ndechokuti meso ako vanofanirawo zororo, uye kunyanya muviri kuti chinhu chakanaka haazorambi kuchaguma.

Shandisa chete yepamusoro chiedza aine rambi simba 60 kusvika 100 watts or.

Muperekedzei zvakawanda muchiitwa meso, uye runenge kupfuura kuongorora nemunhu ophthalmologist kamwe pagore.

Yeuka kuti ziso zvirwere miviri - ndiyo nengozi kuti unhu hwako.