Robert Bruce, Mambo weScotland: Domestic and Foreign Policy, Biography

Simba reScotland rinonzi Robert Bruce rinonyatsokodzera zita rokuremekedza. Kuzvikudza kwake kwechokwadi kwakakunda kukunda muhondo inotyisa yeBannockburn. Ndizvo chete nekuda kwechiitiko ichi kuti Scotland yakagamuchira rusununguko rwavo rwakamirira kwenguva yakareba, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvakaoma kukunda nzira iyi.

Robert akakurudzira iyo Banner ye National Liberation uye akapa vanhu vake kuda uye rusununguko. Nhoroondo yeScotland yakabatana zvikuru nemutongi akakurumbira, uyo upenyu hwake kusvikira nhasi husingazaruri zvinhu zvose chaiye.

Zvakanaka zvake hazvigoni kurondedzerwa mumashoko mashomanana, asi chimwe chinhu ndechechokwadi: vanhu veScotland vanoremekedza mambo wavo uye vanomupa kuvonga kwezvose zvaanoita. Mukuwedzera kune rusununguko uye kuzvimirira kubva kuEngland, Bruce akapa Scotland zvivandudzi zvakawanda zvehupenyu. Pasinei nokuti panguva yose yekutonga akaedza kuchengetedza nyika yake kubva kuvavengi vechiChirungu, Robert akakwanisawo kuita zvimwe zvinhu zvinobatsira vaScot kurwisa.

Muvambi wedzinza uye zita rezita rakakurumbira

Robert 1 akaberekwa muna 1274, musi waJuly 11, paimba yeTernsberry. Akava muvambi wenyika uye akakodzera kutora korona yemutongi. Bruce akapedza makore ake evechiduku pachivanze cha Edward 1 - Mambo weEngland.

Kubva kwezita racho kunokonzerwa nekuti genus Bryusov yakabva kuNormans, iyo yakatora nyika yeNormandy.

Imwe nheyo huru yeBudusov inogona kunyanya kuzvikudza mutongi akadaro uye mutungamiri wemauto uyo akaita zvinhu zvose nokuda kwevanhu, uye kwete nekuda kwebatsiro rake.

Baron Robert de Bruce akatora chikamu, kana kuti kunyanya, aiva mutungamiri wekumuka pakurwa neEngland. Nokuda kweizvi, akakomborerwa zvikuru nenyika dzakawanda muYorkshire. Kuvonga nezvose zvaakakosha mhuri yeBryusov yakave yakabatana zvikuru neScotland.

Vose vanakomana vakuru mumhuri vaiva nezita rimwechete - Robert. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvose zvakanga zviri mukukudza wevaki venyika. Mukadzi wokutanga waiva Isabella (mwanasikana wepakati waDavid Huntingdon). Yakave yakakonzerwa nemukaro naye kuti Robert akapiwa kodzero yekureva chigaro cheScottish nemutemo, uye zvino kupa zvigaro zvinoreva chigaro. Asi pasina nguva imba yavo yakagumiswa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvisingazivikanwi. Kune mitsva yakawanda inotaurira zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, asi vanhu vemazuva ano havazivi chokwadi.

Upenyu hwaMambo hwakanyatsozadza chokwadi, zviitiko uye zviduku. Vechiduku vemazuva ano vanogona kutora muenzaniso kubva kune mutongi akadaro. Unhu hwake hunofanirwa nekuremekedzwa pakutanga, uye ipapo unyanzvi hwose nemano.

Panzira kuenda korona

Mushure mokufa kwemutongi weScotland, kune vakawanda vaipikisa korona, asi baba vaRobert Bruce vakaramba kugadzirisa kukakavadzana uku, saka vakamupa kumwanakomana wake.

1292 nokuda kweRobert akave anokosha, nokuti akapiwa zita reCount Carrick. Zvadaro, mushure mekufa kwababa vake, Robert Bruce akazova ishe wechinomwe weAnnandale. Mhuri iyi yakatanga kurwisana naJohn Balliol, uyo akazopedzisira apedzana neFrance.

Munguva iyi yose kuvhiringidzika uye kurasikirwa kwenhamba yakawanda yenyika, mhuri yakangodaro inosangana zvakare nevapanduki, sezvakaita vazhinji vevatongi veScotland.

Kudzoka kwaEdwin 1 kubva kunzira

Panguva ino nenguva, nhoroondo yeScotland inorasikirwa nedzimwe chokwadi, asi zvakadaro pane imwe chete yehurumende inoshandiswa.

Edward 1 anopinda muScotland, uye hondo dzinotanga. Mune hondo idzi Vashanduri veChirungu nevatasvi vemabhiza vanopwanya mazana evavengi, vatongi vakawanda vanodzingwa kubva pachigaro. Hondo dzinotakurwa dzinofanira kuendeswa kune mhuri yeBruce, uye pakuguma dzave dzichipesana neHama yeCommin kwenguva yakareba.

Robert Bruce akauraya zvikuru John Comin zvikuru, uye chete ipapo kukakavadzana pakati pemhuri kwakagadziriswa. Nekuponda uku, Bruce akabudirira nzira yake kuenda korona. Zvadaro musangano weShes Scotland wakamuzivisa iye mambo mutsva, uye kugadziriswa kwakaitwa muScåne musi waMarch 10, 1306. Mune iyo nzvimbo yakachengeterwa "Dombo rekupedzisira", iro raiva dombo rekugadziriswa kweScots.

Coronation

Pazuva risingakanganwiki rekugadziriswa, vagari vemo vazhinji vaifara zvechokwadi. Kuiswa kwechirongwa chekodonation chaireva chinhu chimwe chete: Scotland haadi kuona Edward 1 semutongi wayo. Nokudaro, pazuva rimwe chete, Hondo yeUkuzvidzivirira yakatanga.

Robert akatambura kukunda zvishoma, uye mhuri yake yakatorwa neBritish. Bruce pachake akazodzivirira munzvimbo dzakawanda. Papa pachake akamudzinga kubva kuchechi, asi kunyange chokwadi ichi hachina kumira maScots, uye kukanganisa kwavo kwakawedzera chikwata. Robert Bruce akadzokera kunyika yekwake munaFebruary ndokuendako ikoko simba rese revapanduki.

Nzira inoenda kuchamhembe

Nekuwedzera kwekuwanda kwenhamba yevapanduki, Eduard 1 aifanira kutora matanho akawandisa, uye akasarudza kutungamirira hondo kuchamhembe, uye atovapo kuti agadzirise zvirongwa zvake.

Zvinosuruvarisa, zviroto zvake zvose zvakaparadzwa, nokuti akangoerekana afa. Izvo zvakaitika kare pedyo nemuganhu neScotland, uye vose vakasarudza kupfuurira mwanakomana wavo.

Edward akafa kamwe-kamwe 1, saka mwanakomana wake aifanira kutora matanho makuru uye nenzira imwe neimwe akatora mamiriro acho ezvinhu mumaoko ake, kusvikira mauto ake asina kukundwa zvakanyanya.

Panguva imwecheteyo, veScots vainge vane simba uye simba, saka mauto eEngland akadzingwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuScotland.

Kuzivikanwa semambo

Mambo weScotland akaunganidza paramende yekutanga muna 1309. Uye shure kweizvozvo, pasinei nokuti iye akadzingwa, akazivikanwa zvakajeka nevakuru vekuScotland samambo.

Masoja aRobert Bruce akatora kutonga kwenyika yakawanda, uye maBritain akanga ane mashoma mashoma.

Guta reBannockburn pacharo rakakundwa zvikuru, sezvo raiva ipapo apo veScot vakakunda hondo yeEngland, nhamba yemasoja maive nemakore makuru kune ayo maBruce mauto.

Mukuwedzera kuScotland, vaIrish vakarwawo neBritish, seScotland neIreland vaiva nehukama. Maererano neiyo gwaro, Ireland yakanga isina kodzero yekusiya vaibatana kuti vabvise vavengi, saka mamwe mauto aibatsira kuScots.

Muna 1315, munin'ina waRobert muduku aizivikanwa saMambo weIrish. Ungano yeIreland neScotland yakaunza kubudirira kwakanyanya, asi maChirungu akanga asina kuoma. Basa ravo rakashanda sekukundikana kwenyika dzakabatana. Kukundwa kukuru kwakaiswa pamasoja eScotland neIreland, uye mutongi weIrish akaurawa.

Kurwisana neChirungu

Kunyange pasinei nokukundikana uku kwose uye kurasikirwa kwehama yamambo, Hondo yeUkudzivirira yakaenderera mberi. Robert neuto rake vaisazorega. Chikamu chenyika dzakapfuura kune kutonga kweScots. VaBritain vakaedza kutanga wechipiri-scale-scale counteroffensive, vachitarisira kuti kubudirira kumwe chete, asi zvirongwa zvavo zvakare zvakaparadzwa. Mauto eScotland akapinda pamberi pevadzivisi, saka vakakwanisa kuvadzivisa ivo vose vachifamba uye vakavakunda.

Robert Bruce nechinetso chiduku akagumisa chibvumirano chehondo neFrance. Gore rakatevera, mwanakomana wake wokutanga akaberekwa, kune avo, maererano, shure kweizvozvo korona yakapfuura.

Muedzo wokupedzisira weBritish wakagadzirwa muna 1327, asi, nerufaro, basa ravo rakaguma mukukundikana. Masoja eScotland akaparadza zvachose Northumberland uye akadzokerazve kune dzimwe nyika dzeIreland.

Gore rakatevera, England yakamanikidzwa kusayina chibvumirano chaireva kuzvimiririra kweScotland. Iye zvino Scotland yakakodzera kuva mumiriri wehurumende, uye Robert Bruce anozivikanwa saiye mambo.

Zvose zvorugare zvinozopedzisira zvakachengetedzwa nemudzimai mumwe chete waDavid Bruce (mwanakomana ane makore mana aRobert Bruce) uye Joan Plantagenet (hanzvadzi yemakore manomwe eEdwin III).

Mushure mekufa

Mambo wekuScotland anozivikanwa akawana mitemo yakawanda yekunze kune dzimwe nyika pamwe nekubudirira kwehondo. Asi, pasinei nemabasa ake ose uye kukunda, iye achiri kukwanisa kuzadzisa chinangwa chake chaaida. Robert aida kuvaka nheyo yakasimba yevakuru vakuru veScotland, izvo zvaasagona kuvaka.

Mumakore achangopfuura, akarwara nechirwere chinotyisa - maperembudzi (maperembudzi). Zvinosuruvarisa, panguva iyoyo kwakanga kusina zvipo zvekugadzirisa uye kuporesa munhu, saka aifanira kutakura zvose izvi paari pachake ari mupenyu uye achitsungirira kusvika kune yekupedzisira. Akararama panguva ino muKardrosse, pamahombekombe, ndokufira ipapo.

Mutumbi, pakukumbira kweScots, wakavigwa muDunfermline, uye mwoyo wakanamirwa kuMelrose. Imwe nguva gare gare, mushure mechiitiko chinotyisa, nhoroondo dzakawanda dzakapararira muScotland, vanhu vakanyora uye vakanyora nhetembo, nhetembo, nhau, nezvimwewo. Muzvinyorwa zvose izvi, mambo akafanirwa masimba emashiripiti kana mumwe mutongi wekunze akapa vanhu vake rusununguko kuburikidza nokubayira Mune masimba.

Mushure mekufa kwemwanakomana wake, rutsva rwamambo rwakapfupiswa. Korona yakapfuudzwa kumzukuru nevakadzi - Robert Stewart.

Mudzimai wechipiri

Elizabeth de Burg anozivikanwa zvikuru somukadzi wechipiri weMambo weScotland. Pamusoro pake pakange pane nhoroondo zhinji pakati pevamwe vekune uye mauto eScotland, kwaakazozivikanwa.

Akaberekerwa muDunfermline, apo, sezvamunoziva, Robert akapedzisa makore ake okupedzisira ehupenyu. Akanga ari mwanasikana wemunhu mukuru weRichard de Bourg, saka mhuri yakanaka yakawedzera zvakakwana kumamiriro ake.

NaRobert Bruce, Elizabeth deBurg akasangana mudare reChirungu, uye muna 1302 vakaroorana.