Food indasitiri weRussia: kukura uye matambudziko

Munhu ane kudiwa, iyo nguva dzose uye mumamiriro ose ezvinhu vanofanira kugutsa. Ani imi muri, pasinei munzanga havakoshesi pasina zvakanaka, anonyatsoita chikafu haugoni kuita. Hazvishamisi kuti kwenguva refu nguva zvokudya indasitiri chimiro mumwe kana mumwe zvave bedrock hwenyika yenyika dzakawanda.

nyika yedu hapana anosara. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti zvokudya indasitiri kuRussia kwagara tsime kunyatsobudirira, sezvo mamiriro edu anoda kusvika nguva dzose ane zvokurima simba. The zvichiguma mbishi zvinhu zvaifanira kupatsanurwa kuti kuchengetwa kana kuparadzirwa, saka kuti runoenzanirana nemauto hwenyika kwakasimbiswa nokukurumidza. Uyezve, Russia haana aiva chete murunyararo remakore, kuti zvokudya vehondo tiine unhu zvokudya vanofanira kuchengeta nguva dzose.

Nhoroondo Pfupi

First yarova zvokudya indasitiri kuRussia akagashira panguva World War Chokutanga, uye kwakakwidibira nguva Civil War pakupedzisira kwakavhiringidza. In tichienzanisa 1900 kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa ungaderedza kamwe muna kashanu. Zvisinei, kare kubudikidza 1927, indasitiri anomutswa zvinenge chose ayo dzekare pamwero, saka chete anofanira kugutsa nyika muduku, akanga asingakwanisi.

Maindasitiri simba, rakapinza kuwedzera pakuvaka uye nekutumirwa kwemauto okuwana mumativi ose Soviet Union kwakaita kuti kudiwa yakakura uongororwe chikafu indasitiri, iyo iripo kusvikira. Chakakoshera ichi chaiva kumusoro, zvikuru yepamusoro mbishi zvinhu vari kutanga kuratidza collectivized zvokurima cooperatives uye mumapurazi. Anenge ari makore chete, mumadhipatimendi ose Statistics manhamba vakauya paavhareji zvinodiwa nevanhu vakasiyana ounyanzvi hwokugadzira mune zvinovaka muviri uye dzimwe mhando dzose zvakawanda.

zvakare, munguva Patriotic Hondo 1941-45 rinenge rose zvokudya maindasitiri kuRussia, iri nechepakati zvikamu mamiriro, yakaparadzwa. Chete anoponesa nenguva kubvisa zhinji emakambani kuMabvazuva. Panzira, nemhaka ezvinhu iyi Kazakhstan nhasi yakafambira mberi munzvimbo Grocery indasitiri.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zuva zvokudya maindasitiri kuRussia, iyo rinopembererwa musi waOctober 19, zvimwe chete muzvinhu zvakawanda akasikwa kuyeuka umhare basa vashandi indasitiri kuti inopa dzirambe dziripo zvokudya necheshure uye kuti kumberi.

pashure pehondo matambudziko

Pashure pemakore mashanu, sectors vazhinji upfumi, kusanganisira zvokudya indasitiri, yadzorerwa yaro yepakutanga, pre-hondo chechetere. Ndizvo isu vakati kuti pamberi indasitiri vasingagoni kusangana vakawedzera zvinodiwa munhu kukura nokukurumidza uye dzichiri kusimukira. Kutaura chokwadi zvinhu zvakanga zvakatonyanya kuipa. Chokwadi chokuti vanhu vekumaruwa zvokudya zvinenge chete avo zvinogadzirwa kuti akura mubindu. Industrial zvigadzirwa vanhu vanenge haana kutenga.

Panguva iyoyo, nyika kudiwa vashandi sezvo vazhinji. Natural "musarudzo" nezvebasa ravo aingova varimi chete. Ndizvo zvokufambisa kuguta vasingagoni, sapamazuva iyi, nhamba yevanhu uchapedza zvokudya aigona kuwedzera nokukurumidza. Chokwadi, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira nenzara. Kudiwa kuti reorient kuti indasitiri netsika itsva. rubatsiro runokosha rinoshandurwa inokosha zvokudya Kudya muRussia (Moscow, Kuban), izvo nyanzvi zvakagadzira siyana zvirongwa retrofit indasitiri.

Zvinosuruvarisa yomunharaunda nzira kugadzirisa dambudziko iri akasarudzwa zvakaipa zvachose. Kolkhoz ane wairambidza mombe pachedu farmsteads, kana zviri pamutemo yakarambidza nhamba yake. Rakanga vaifungidzira kuti iyi nyaya zvikurusa yauinayo. Chokwadi, kuti vawane chinangwa ichi inongogara ndichifumira mwero maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Kana toreva chirimwa Kugadzirwa ndiko kuwedzera zvibereko zvezviyo Zviremera takasarudza kutanga kurima manyowa muna Kazakhstan.

Yakanga, ndokudzokera kuti nokuda chakaipa nokushanda kurimwa munyika iri chirwere pfupi dzinokwanisa unyanzvi. Kutaura zvazviri, zvikazooneka kuti 40 chete% of zvachose kukudziridzwa nzvimbo yaigona kushandiswa maererano nemitemo zvokurima. Nokuda kwaizvozvi kuorera wevhu nokukurumidza rakadonha, izvo pakupedzisira kwakakonzera kudiwa kuzotenga zviyo kunze.

kugadzirisa

Pakazosvika mangwanani 90-ies zvokudya maindasitiri kuRussia hazvina mumamiriro ezvinhu. Nokuda ikozvino kunozivikanwa kusagona, upfumi chakarasikirwa kusvika 40% kubva Finished chigadzirwa uye zvinokosha mbishi zvinhu. Munguva kubva 1970 kusvika 1986 zvishoma nezvishoma kutsauka zvokurapa uye vasiri kugoverwa ounyanzvi hwokugadzira zhinji. Kutaura zvazviri, zviri zvakajairika panhau iyi taipiwa chete vamiririri utungamiri webato, mauto, vafambisi vengarava, vezvikepe uye muchadenga kunoongorora.

Pakutanga 1991, zvinodiwa vagari wacho miriwo, chingwa uye Pasta akafukidza munenge 80-90%. Kana shuga, mafuta, nyama, mukaka uye yehuku, nhamba yakanga haawanzotauri 55-60% akanakisisa. Ndiani kujaira kuva mumwe zviratidzo mukupera USSR tungamidzana kuti zvigadzirwa "wakareruka"? All Kudya zvokudya Russia mumakore iwayo ruzivo aiparadza yokushomeka vashandi, nokukurumidza anowira nenhanho nokudzidziswa nyanzvi yakabereka.

Pashure 1991 vakatanga akurumidze kuderera mune zvachose kugadzirwa. Vamwe chikafu indasitiri kwakaderedza kugadzirwa vhoriyamu ne 60%. Market mamiriro nokukurumidza zvanyanyoipa nokuti kuti zvinogona vatengi nyore haana kuwana kutenga zvigadzirwa zvezvipfuwo vagadziri. Izvi zvose zviri kuitika tikafunga ane simba kwemvura chisingakoshi kupinza zvinhu, izvo rwizi ruchiyerera napakati muganhu akazarurwa. Mumwe Kugadzirwa zvokudya maindasitiri kuRussia mumakore iwayo raingoreva kumanikidzwa kuita kuvamirira pachavo nokurasa dzakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza vamwe Kutenga kufarira zvigadzirwa zvavo.

State hwokugadzira zvinoriumba indasitiri

Pakazosvika mangwanani 90s uye munzvimbo iyi zvakanga zvakasuwa. Panyama, yakawanda michina iri kubva zuva kare hafu, uye somunhu tsika "yabvaruka" kuti zvaakaita zvakanga zvinoshamisa. The kukura rwokugadzirwa backwardness uye kusagadzikana zvemari hwenyika kunyange mberi yakawedzera zvakatoitika kwete kupfuura kwakajeka nzvimbo wechipfuwo chikafu indasitiri.

Somugumisiro, Russian kurimwa haana kukwanisa kupa yayo vanogara nezvokudya. Zvinhu zvakanga zvatowedzera kupfuura miviri dzakawanda utsanana-epidemiological basa wakaratidza mismatch wakakwana dzakawanda kupinza zvinhu, kunyange nezvinokosha zvinodiwa. Drumsticks Salmonella - kwete vakaipisisa chii ipapo kuwanikwa. Sezvingatarisirwa, zvakaita mbishi zvinhu zvakafanana iye une zvokudya bhizimisi kuRussia. 2014 panyaya iyi zviri nani zvikuru, miviri yedu utsanana-epidemiological kudzora basa zvikuru kupfuura.

The zvinoumba zvokudya indasitiri kuRussia

Chimwe chikuru mbiru maindasitiri ichi munyika yedu (uye nyika) ndiyo zvipfuwo. Its chinhu isu zvino ichakurukura. kwemauto ichi hwenyika rinopa dzinenge 60% zvinokosha mbishi zvokuvakisa izvo zvipfuwo zvokudya zvigadzirwa anobudiswa. Haiwa, pane nzvimbo shomanana muRussia, umo hunhu anobvumira ruchikonzera nyama mombe. Mumwe wavo ari eCaucasus. Social mamiriro ezvinhu pane vakadaro kuti kuzoita kuti indasitiri (hama) chete vakava zvinogoneka mumakore achangopfuura.

Saka, zvose ichangopfuura dzinenge 60% of zvinodiwa nevanhu vari chete nyama akatakurwa chose kupinzwa, nekuti izvo uchitambudzika nezvokudya bhizimisi weRussia. 2014 aizivikanwa pakatanga Western zvirango. Oddly zvakakwana, asi vapedzisira ezvinhu kunotibvumira tariro kungwara nezviremera, izvo, zvichida, vachiri kuteerera pachavo vaburitsi dzavo.

mombe rutoto

In nyika yedu, yakatanga nenzira mbiri: dheri uye nyama uye dheri mombe maberekero. Kunotangwa chete reEurope chikamu Russia, apo okunze uye zvokudya kuti kugadzirwa kunobatsira zvakakwana.

Domestic dheri zvigadzirwa mumakore achangopfuura, dzinoratidzwa zvakakwana high quality. Dambudziko iri mari duku subsidy kuti mamiriro anotumira kuti nokukwereta zvekutepfenyura. Tichingotarisa, izvi nokuda nyika vedu accession kuna WTO, asi Germany uye France, chokwadi ichi hakutadzisi kutsigira varimi avo. To musi, pane gangaidzo mamiriro ezvinhu: pasinei ndechokuti nyika anokwanisa kupa kwete asingasviki 89% kuti kudiwa nomukaka zvigadzirwa pachavo, ticharamba kuchitenga panze.

Nokuda kwaizvozvi zvakakanganisa chikafu indasitiri zvikuru muna Russia. Mushumo indasitiri nyanzvi pamusoro rokupedzisira gore rinoratidza kuti uri mukaka zvakazara kuzvidzora arambe nyika anokwanisa kuenda kuburikidza mashanu makore manomwe. Asi, mudzimba vagadziri zvakare kusiya pasina mirairo nehurumende uye mari.

Kana nyama, mamiriro acho ezvinhu kunyange sadder. Chokwadi ndechokuti nyika yedu hapana anoita pasina romukaka kurima sezvo vakadaro. All nyama wechipfuwo mavambo, iro rinowanikwa pamusoro echiShinto wedu zvakachengetwa - kubva dheri mombe. Rine pasi muviri maitiro akadaro kuti zvokudya indasitiri ndiyo yakatsvuka zvinhu yaizongoshandiswa sechinhu chinamatidzwa kuti nyama yenguruve. Varonge kugadzirwa mukuru-mugiredhi steaks kana Sausages havagoni kuva mariri, uye pashure zvose, zvigadzirwa izvi aigona yekudyidzana kuwedzera Russian vaburitsi mari.

nguruve-rutoto

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti anenge 2/3 of zvachose kudiwa mbishi nyama rinofukidza chaizvo nguruve. Domestic kugadzirwa zviri zvomucheka yepamusoro uye nguva dzose pamatunhu kudiwa pakati vatengi. Chinetso ndechokuti yenguruve - zvikuru kudhura chigadzirwa, nokuti ayo kugadzirwa zvinoda guru dzinopiwa nokuda kuvaka pamwero mukuru nguruve kumapurazi. The chaizvoizvo vakadaro kuti mamiriro invests mavari hapana kukurumidza, vachisarudza havo mari dzimwe vagadziri. Own zvokudya uye kubudiswa maindasitiri yokuRussia iri kusangana chirwere rokushaya mari.

Food indasitiri muRussia

Uye ikozvino tarira huru bazi chikafu bhizimisi kuRussia. Hwaro nheyo nokuisa kubudiswa emakambani munyika vari kuisa pakarepo zviviri: yakatsvuka zvinhu uye nevatengi. Kazhinji, kuvakwa emakambani matsva ari nezvatinovavarira pamusoro Kuwanikwa pakugadzira zvinhu, sezvo issuance zvokudya zvayo inodiwa zvikuru. Apo motokari pamusoro zvakawanda kana zvishoma madaro marefu kunoda zvikuru mari kuitira kuchengeteka kwayo, asi nekuti kugadzirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anova nyore uneconomical.

Zvichienderana wemishonga zvose izvi, nyanzvi muri matavi matatu chikafu indasitiri, izvo mune Russia:

• To kunobva mbishi zvinhu achiverengera kugadzirwa mukaka, starch uye molasses, shuga uye mafuta muriwo, muriwo zvinochengetedza. Somuenzaniso, kugadzirwa shuga tine chete kuCaucasus uye Central Black Earth kumatunhu, nekuti kumwe kutakura zviuru ematani pakugadzira zvinhu, umo vashoma gumi matani apera zvigadzirwa, zviri nyore maturo uye mapenzi. Pane emakambani kupfuura Russian zvokudya indasitiri (Aston, "Yug Rusi") kuti pave mafuta muriwo.
• Kusiyana, kugadzirwa bhekari indasitiri anogona kuwanikwa munyika. Izvi zvinobvumira iwe uitore kuti mutengi chikafu indasitiri. Zviyo nyore kutakura, asi goho ose apedza zvigadzirwa kubva mbishi zvinhu yakakura zvakakwana.
• Mixed maindasitiri: furawa uye nyama. Primary kubudiswa mbishi zvinhu anogadzirwa yepakarepo pedyo vezera rake, uye ipapo Semi-dzapedza zvigadzirwa vanotumirwa kune wokupedzisira kugadzira. A muenzaniso wakakwana - hove. -oma zviri kuitwa nomumwe trawler. Munyu somunhu herring Somuenzaniso, kubereka, kunyange Udmurtia pazviri kusvikira pedyo gungwa vanopfuura chiuru chimwe makiromita.

Zvimwe zvechadenga indasitiri

Kazhinji, zvipfuwo zvokudya indasitiri zvinosanganisira mazana kugadzirwa zvinogara, ndizvo chaizvo kunzwisisa. Chinonyanya kukosha ndivo zvinokosha mhando. zvigadzirwa zvavo yakatsvuka zvinhu zvakawanda yepamusoro maindasitiri. By kugadzirwa zvakadai dzinosanganisira: azvikuya maindasitiri, kugadzirwa mbishi shuga ose, kugadzirira uye ayo unozotevera kutonhora mukaka.

Kwavari zvinobvira patsanura zvose zvokudya kubudiswa makambani muRussia, kushandisa dzichiri hove kana aurayiwe. Asi pano kare kuti mutsaure pakati sectors: zvakafanana nyama inogona pakarepo vaende zvitoro, uye zvinogona kushandiswa etc. kugadzirwa Sausages, nyama chingwa, yokuteverera idzi pezvakaitwa vanonzi chinokosha, sezvo zvichibva waivako zvigadzirwa kunounza .. mugove cheshumba pakati mubereko kuti mugadziri.

Zvinokosha zviri kugadzirwa

Food indasitiri zvose munyika yedu asangana zvinodiwa mamiriyoni vatengi. Izvi imhaka guru-siyana makambani, zvimwe zvacho kare pamusoro musika anopfuura makore ane zana (Nestle Somuenzaniso). The peculiarity pamusoro Bhizimisi iri kuti unofanira kugara kuwana vanofarira itsva uye kusunungura chimiro, sezvo zvido vatengi vanofanira kuchengetedzwa. Ndechokuti ekupedzisira chikonzero, ano Grocery indasitiri anofarira nokugadzirwa idzva kavha uye nzira kwayo kuurayiwa.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zvokudya indasitiri, kwete chete nyika yedu asi kunze, anopa basa zviuru zvevanhu zvinobatanidzwa kugadzirwa girazi, bepa, mapurasitiki uye simbi kavha. Munzira dzakawanda Chinokonzera uye hunhu yakatsvuka zvinhu ukaisa ari indasitiri: zvakafanana doro nani kudira pedyo napedyo kuti zvinomera, apo iripo, mapurasitiki nemagirazi mabhodhoro. Tora navo kuburikidza hafu nyika - zvinodhura.

The chikuru mari zvokudya indasitiri

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro profitability iyi mhando okuwana, ari yakawanda Mari chikafu maindasitiri kuRussia zvinokonzerwa kutenga ano kavha mitsetse uye michini, mutengo dzisiri democratic chaizvo. Very guru mari iri nyanzvi kudhinda patani package. Wedzera kuti kubhadhara vagadziri, telemarketers, mutengo advertising uye kukurudzira zvinhu zvayo. Saka, mazuva chikafu indasitiri - the indasitiri kwazvo, inodhura kwazvo.

Matambudziko chikuru zvokudya maindasitiri munyika yedu

Kazhinji, Takataura pamusoro vazhinji vavo. Saka, kukura zvokudya maindasitiri kuRussia kunzwisisa kwazvo kusavapo rutsigiro mamiriro nokuti bhizimisi rinenge rakazara. Mari nokuti rakamiswa kugadzirwa Mugove (ona pamusoro), mutero - zvakatonyanya, uye kufarira chaiye wokutanga vanhu hurumende mukuita kwayo yokugutsikana munyika vasingadaro.

Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti pane zvishoma mikuru vatambi vari indasitiri, izvo kudzora pamusika mishonga zvokudya zvose pasi pose. Makambani aya anozivikanwa wose, "Nestle", "Coca-cola", "Unilever", uye vamwe. Saka, vanenge vose carbonated mvura zvinoberekwa chirimwa, ane migove vari vaiva ne "Coca-cola". Ndiye ezvinhu chocolate: kunyange mumhuri achitenga zvihwitsi, uri kutsigira Swiss "Nestle".

Chokwadi, makambani aya Russian chikafu maindasitiri, mupfungwa kunobatsira sezvo rwakabhadharwa kuna yeUnited bhajeti yakawanda yemitero. The neizvi divi mari ndechokuti mumwe chete mumhuri kugadzirwa carbonated mvura anourawa zvinenge chose, sezvo makambani madiki vari hazvitomboiti kukwikwidzana "hove huru" vakadaro munyika indasitiri. Heano chikuru zvinetso Russian chikafu indasitiri.