Aina kota, uye zvimwe zviratidzo upfumi kubudirana pachena

Open upfumi ichaongororwa kuva nyika apo vakawanda pamisika, mabhora uye sectors hwenyika rakavhurika kuwana dzimwe masangano. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, somugumisiro kuchinja upfumi hwenyika, nyika dzakawanda akatanga kuva imwe nyika pamwe yakazaruka upfumi.

Chinonyanya kukosha zviratidzi upfumi kubudirana pachena - kuita nyika zvokutengeserana (dzakananga ukoshi kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa pakuburitswa, uwandu dzimwe wezvokutengeserana kota), uyewo hama kurema wokumwe mubhizimisi hama kuti epamba. By Mhedziso zviratidzo zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, ukoshi kunze kwenyika nhumbi (mabasa) tichitarisa mari pa capita. Mune US, nhamba inopfuura $ 3,200, muRussia - vanenge 700 emadhora.

Pakachena hunhu munyika upfumi, hurumende anoita kukura National upfumi tichibatsirwa t. N. mutero uye asiri mutero ematongerwo. Kuwedzera kukura mutero zvinoshanda tsika mabasa ari kutorwa nhumbi. Muna 1948, pakati penyika - nhengo World Trade Organization chibvumirano chakaitwa, kubva pakutanga kuita izvo pamusoro mazuvano nenhanho netsika mabasa shoma kubva paavhareji 40% kusvika 5-7%. Zvino zvireruke kunonyanya kushanda non-mutero nzira.

Chii? Chekutanga - quotas. Foreign wezvokutengeserana kota - ari nekurovererwa pamusoro aina kana zvainoreva nhumbi maererano nokuwanda kana zvachose mutengo. Quotas iri kwenguva chaizvo nguva, uye pane zvose zvayo (nokuti pachena kushandiswa), uyewo inokosha:

- dzinongoitika kubereka zvausingakwanisi nokuda bandwidth, semuenzaniso, mafuta kana chengarava zviteshi;

- aakatipa (akapinda panjodzi kudzivirira womukati kumusika uye National Security);

- mutero (To kushomeka uwandu nenhumbi kupinza pane akaderedza mwero kana basa isina zvinhu, izvo kupinza kupfuura muganhu, kutereswa panguva pamwero wakazara.);

- ekisipoti uye imupota.

Export kota - shoma Vhoriyamu kunze kwenyika ane chigadzirwa. Kazhinji chinotarisirwa munyika kushandisa aina chaiyo pakugadzira zvinhu sezvo mwero mutengo Kudzikamiswa. Saka, aina kota chinhu quantitative chokukomborerwa kukosha kuti National zvoupfumi Export imwe mhando chigadzirwa kana mbishi zvinhu. It rinowanikwa kuti imwe nguva ari chikamu bhuku racho aivigirwa zvigadzirwa (uwandu kana kukosha) kuti kwakakura mumhuri kugadzirwa.

Kana yokuzvidira ekisipoti kota kurambidzwa zvinowa- yakasimbiswa ekisipoti vazvo achishandisa bilateral chibvumirano kana chibvumirano dzakawanda.

Kwakadaro chibvumirano vangasarudza mugove mumwe nyika iri aina imwe chigadzirwa (semuenzaniso, mafuta). Uyewo, aina kota dzinogona kusumwa nehurumende kuti:

- zvakakwana zvinodiwa dzomunyika pamusika uyu mhando chigadzirwa;

- kurambidzwa kunze kwenyika uye Kudzikamiswa kuti chinokosha mitengo mudzimai pamusika;

- nechokwadi nechiyero wezvokutengeserana mwero uye kudzivirira National maindasitiri zvido;

- pamutemo dzinotsanagura zvitengeswa uye kudiwa pamusoro wechipfuwo pamusika;

- ndichengetedze zviwanikwa;

- papiwa rusarura mune zvokutengeserana mitemo dzimwe nyika.

Import quotas kudzivisa kuvimba kupinzwa panyaya rutapudzo verudzi zvinokosha zvigadzirwa (nokuda okunze kana mamwe mamiriro) uye ndipiyona kushandisa kwakadzama pamusoro kunze kwenyika mishonga National.

Kota kwava kuchinja uye mberi mudziyo vemamwe mutemo pane nokuchinja tariffs, zvakawanda, sezvo vachangobva yakasimbiswa mitemo yenyika uye zvibvumirano dzakawanda, uyezve, haikwani kuwedzera kota wokutengesa nokuda ezasi mitengo. Uyezve, nokutora mashoko State anogona kutsigira dzimwe vaburitsi uye indasitiri.

Licensing vemamwe wezvokutengeserana anogona kuita sezvo chikamu kota gadziriro kana kumira-woga turusi chokupfeka. Rezinesi (hurumende mvumo) anogona rakapa kuita imupota uye ekisipoti kuvhiyiwa kana inzwi ravo. Rinoshandiswa kuti imwe nguva mune rusarura nenhumbi National uye pane dzimwe nguva dzakawanda. Muna Russian Federation inozviisa Licensing kodzero Export nhumbi pasi kota, uyewo imupota uye aina zvimwe zvigadzirwa unokudzwa (nemauto, mabwe anokosha uye nesimbi, uye vamwe.)