Oiri-kwekurasira kunyika. The exporters pakukura mafuta - pamazita

Vazhinji nyika mafuta- aigona kuva kwayo upfumi anoonga Implementation huru mokuwana. Asi simba kukura prices zvaisazova zvichikwanisika kana marudzi dzichiri haana vakabatana.

nyika mafuta-boka

Tisati tinoona ndezvipi masangano inodzora kugadzirwa oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo Implementation, zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti mamiriro vanopinda. Saka, huru exporters mafuta vari munyika umo mined. In mamiriro ichi, vari vatungamiriri venyika kubudisa anopfuura bhiriyoni emiti pagore.

Nyanzvi kunyika dzose vanokamurwa muzvikwata akawanda:

- weOPEC nhengo;

- the United States uye Canada;

- Sea North nyika;

- dzimwe inoti makuru.

utungamiri World ndoweboka rokutanga.

The nhoroondo weOPEC

An dzakawanda sangano rinounza pamwechete mikuru exporters mafuta, anowanzodanwa munhu cartel. It akasikwa nyika dzinoverengeka kuitira kudzikamisa mutengo dzinokosha mbishi zvinhu. Sangano iri rinonzi weOPEC (Chirungu weOPEC -. The Organization Petroleum kwekurasira Countries).

Huru munyika kwekurasira mafuta-, raiva kusimukira vakabatana 1960. Pakave chiitiko chenhau panguva September musangano Baghdad. The chirongwa chakatsigirwa munyika shanu: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait uye Venezuela. Izvi zvakaitika mushure 7 kupfuura transnational makambani anobatanidzwa mukurima mafuta, iyo inonziwo "Hanzvadzi Zvinomwe", akaderedza unilaterally kutenga pamusoro mafuta mutengo. Pashure pezvose, zvichienderana mutengo vaifanira kubhadhara rendi kodzero kuva deposits nemitero.

Asi achangobva kuzvimiririra inoti kuti kudzora kugadzirwa mafuta mundima yayo uye kuongorora pakushungurudzwa mari. Uye akapiwa chokwadi kuti muna 1960 zvinhu ichi mbishi nemushonga kwazvo kudiwa, ipapo mumwe zvinangwa weOPEC akanga kudzivisa kumwe mutengo rovira.

kutanga

Pashure pokugadzwa remarudzi sangano munyika kwekurasira mafuta-akatanga aitewo. Saka, panguva 1960 nhamba nyika dziri weOPEC, yakapetwa kaviri. Akabatana sangano, Indonesia, Kuwait, Libya, Algeria, United Arab Emirates. Panguva iyoyowo, rondedzero rakazoshandiswa, kugadzirira mafuta itsika. Rakati kuti nyika dzine kodzero yokushandisa zvachose vadzore zvinhu zvavo uye onai kuti vari kushandiswa sezvinodiwa pakukura kwavo.

Major mafuta exporters munyika muna 1970 akatora kudzora kugadzirwa ane combustible zvokunwa. Zviri kuna weOPEC mutengo basa kwava kubatsirwa, akatasva mbishi mokuwana. Panguva iyi, akabatana sangano, uye dzimwe nyika kwekurasira mafuta-. The Pamazita rakura zvokusanganisira 13 nenhengo: inosanganisirawo Ecuador, Nigeria uye Gabon.

zvakakodzera kuchinja

Pane kuoma nguva 1980. simbi. Pashure pezvose, pakutanga gumi, mitengo zvakawedzera unprecedentedly. Asi muna 1986 vaiva pasi, akaisa mari inenge 10 emadhora por dhiramu. Izvi kwaiva inokosha ichivhuvhuta, akatambudzika nyika dzose kwekurasira mafuta-. WeOPEC akakwanisa kudzikamisa mari mbishi zvinhu. Panguva iyoyowo, nhaurirano hwakagadzwa pamwe nyika zvisiri kusangano iri. Zvakanzi zvekare kuisa mafuta Kugadzirwa quotas kuti weOPEC nhengo. The cartel zvakabvumiranwa Pricing mashandiro.

The zvinorehwa weOPEC

Kuti tinzwisise yose musika mafuta yokurera zvakakosha kuziva sei kuchinja weOPEC vakachinja zvinhu. Saka, mukutanga kwema1970, nyika nhengo kuongororwa ne 2 chete% of National kugadzirwa mbishi zvinhu izvi. Nechekare muna 1973, Hurumende nechokwadi chokuti pasi pavo hwakatamisirwa 20% okuwana mafuta, uye pakasvika 1980 raiva gore zviri pasi anopfuura 86% of zvachose kweShanduro upfumi. Tichifunga Munyika ichi kwekurasira mafuta-, dzakanga dziri weOPEC, vava simba kuzvipira kusarudza mumusika. Transnational makambani nevanhu kuti nguva yakanga varasikirwa simba ravo, nekuti hurumende kure sezvinobvira zvose nationalized ari mafuta indasitiri.

General kuitikawo

Asi kwete yose nyika kwekurasira mafuta-zvaiva chikamu unyanzvi masangano dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, kuma1990, hurumende Gabon chave akasarudza kusiya weOPEC, munguva imwe chete, Ecuador chakamboti rwoga kuita remabasa sangano (kubvira 1992 kusvika 2007). Russia, iyo rinonyomba kutungamirira chinzvimbo tichitarisa kugadzirwa ichi zvekuvaka, muna 1998 akava mucherechedzi ari cartel.

Pari, weOPEC nhengo yose, vanotakura 40% okuwana mafuta nyika. Muchiitiko chino, zvavanazvo 80% of kwakaratidza matura mbishi zvinhu izvi. The sangano kungachinja runodiwa nenhanho oiri ari kubatanidzwa kunyika nokuwedzera kana kudzikira woga. Panguva iyoyowo, nyika dzakawanda mubasa pokumuka deposits uyu zvekuvaka, kushanda panguva zvizere chinzvimbo.

exporters Major

Zvino weOPEC nhengo dziri 12 nyika. Vamwe States vakaita kusimukira yakatsvuka zvinhu nechigadziko, kushanda vakazvimiririra. Somuenzaniso, izvi ndizvo pakukura exporters mafuta, akadai Russia uye United States. Havana kuchizvivanza weOPEC kuti simba, sangano rake asingaiti kudzora zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa uye kutengesa mbishi zvinhu. Asi vanofanira kuwiriranisa pamwe yose yokurera rinotsanangura nhengo inoti cartels. Panguva iyoyo, Russia, uye United States nenzvimbo imwe kutungamirira nzvimbo pamisika nyika, pamwe Saudi Arabia. Maererano pachiyero zvinobata moto emura dzokubudisa pa mumwe mamiriro kweinopfuura 10%.

Asi kwete kuti ndicho zvose mikuru munyika kwekurasira mafuta-. List of pamusoro gumi kunosanganisirawo China, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates.

Zvino nyika dzinopfuura 100 dzakasiyana pane deposits mafuta munda kukura zvinoitiswa navo. Asi bhuku negohwo Chokwadi, husina duku ichienzaniswa avo dzaidzidziswa makuru nyika kwekurasira mafuta-.

mamwe masangano

WeOPEC ndiro sangano unokosha kupfuura rinoti mafuta, asi kwete chete. Somuenzaniso, muna 1970 rakanga rakarongwa neInternational Energy Agency. nhengo dzaro munyika 26 akatanga pakarepo. The IEA haadi waidzora mabasa exporters uye chikuru importers ose mbishi zvinhu. Chinangwa sangano iri kutanga kudyidzana zvigadziriswe kuti chinoda dambudziko ezvinhu. Saka yakatanga ayo nzira akabvumira zvishoma kuderedza weOPEC kuti musika simba. The chikuru mazano pamusoro IEA akagumisa kuti asike nyika reserves mafuta, kutanga zvakanaka nzira vanotama mbishi zvinhu kana zvezvirango nokuita urongwa zvakafanira. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti mumusika zvitungamirire mashoko anogona zvino kwete chete chikuru exporters mafuta.